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The Death of Saul
31 uNow the Philistines were fighting against Israel, and the men of Israel fled before the Philistines and fell slain von Mount Gilboa. And the Philistines overtook Saul and his sons, and the Philistines struck down wJonathan and xAbinadab and Malchi-shua, the sons of Saul. yThe battle pressed hard against Saul, and the archers found him, and he was badly wounded by the archers. zThen Saul said to his armor-bearer, “Draw your sword, and thrust me through with it, lest these auncircumcised come and thrust me through, and mistreat me.” But his armor-bearer would not, bfor he feared greatly. Therefore Saul took his own sword cand fell upon it. And when his armor-bearer saw that Saul was dead, he also fell upon his sword and died with him. Thus Saul died, and his three sons, and his armor-bearer, and all his men, on the same day together. And when the men of Israel who were on the other side of the valley and those beyond the Jordan saw that the men of Israel had fled and that Saul and his sons were dead, they abandoned their cities and fled. And the Philistines came and lived in them.
The next day, when the Philistines came to strip the slain, they found Saul and his three sons fallen on Mount Gilboa. So they cut off his head and stripped off his armor and sent messengers throughout the land of the Philistines, dto carry the good news eto the house of their idols and to the people. 10 fThey put his armor in the temple of gAshtaroth, and they fastened his body to the wall of hBeth-shan. 11 iBut when the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead heard what the Philistines had done to Saul, 12 jall the valiant men arose and went all night and took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons from the wall of Beth-shan, and they came to Jabesh kand burned them there. 13 And they took their bones land buried them under mthe tamarisk tree in Jabesh and nfasted seven days.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 31:1-13

The Battle at Mount Gilboa
c. 1010 b.c.
Philistine forces advanced to Shunem from Aphek and prepared to attack the Israelites near their camp in Jezreel. Saul, fearing the great army that faced him, slipped away during the night to consult a medium at En-dor in order to seek the counsel of the deceased Samuel. When the Philistines attacked the next morning, the Israelites retreated up the slopes of Mount Gilboa. Saul and three of his sons were killed, and the Philistines mocked Israel by hanging their bodies on the wall of Beth-shean. Later, men from Jabesh-gilead traveled through the night and recovered the bodies.

 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 540.

3-5절) 사울이 병기든 자에게 자신을 죽여달라고 한 이유 / 블레셋의 궁수에게 치명적인 상처를 입고 나서 자신이 죽을 운명임을 직감했고 당시 근동 지역 전투에서 치욕적인 죽음을 경험하느니 자살을 선택한 것이다. 당시 성기 절단이나 제거, 목베임등으로 상대방의 기세를 꺽는 행동들을 했다. 
Saul knew that his time to die had come. The Philistines were quickly advancing from the position where the fatal arrow had been launched, and they would overrun the king’s position in only minutes. Saul was keenly aware of the ancient Near Eastern customs regarding the treatment of mortally wounded enemy soldiers on the battlefield—including the mutilation or removal of genitalia (cf. 18:27) and decapitation (cf. 17:51). Wishing to deny “these uncircumcised fellows” (v. 4) the opportunity to “abuse” him and subject him to a torture-execution, Saul ordered his armor-bearer to deliver a swift and merciful death blow with his sword. In this way Saul was acting like the tragic character Abimelech (cf. Judg 9:54), the original wicked Israelite “king” (cf. Judg 9:6). However, the assistant “was terrified and would not do it,” perhaps because he feared the consequences of harming the Lord’s anointed (cf. 26:9–11). Consequently, “Saul took his own sword and fell on it,” thus becoming like the tragic figure Eli, who also “fell” at his death.163 In a tragic show of solidarity with his king, Saul’s armor-bearer followed his example and took his own life (31:5).
성경에서 이와같이 죽음을 돕는 행위들이 나온다. 
163 Saul’s action represents the second of six recorded suicide or assisted-suicide attempts in the Bible (cf. also Judg 9:54 [Abimelech]; 1 Sam 31:6 [Saul’s armor-bearer]; 2 Sam 17:23 [Ahithophel]; 1 Kgs 16:18 [Zimri]; Matt 27:5; Acts 1:18 [Judas]). Though the Bible does not explicitly prohibit such actions, each portrayal of this practice is replete with tragic overtones. The Bible seems to suggest that suicide or assisted-suicide is a desperate act by a deeply troubled individual. None of the individuals who resorted to this action is portrayed as a role model for the pious. Even Ahithophel, perhaps the most praised of the lot, is shown to have done this as the direct result of a treacherous act against Yahweh’s anointed.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 282.

6절) 결국 길보아 전투에서 이스라엘은 크게 패하여 사울과 그의 세아들(요나단, 아빈나답, 말기수아)가 죽임을 당한다. 

7-10절) 이 전투의 결과를 골짜기 건너편과 요단 건너편의 사람들이 보고 블레셋과 싸우기보다 도망을 선택한다. 결과적으로 성은 비었고 블레셋은 그곳에 들어와 거주하게 된다. 그리고 다음날 전리품을 챙기러 전장에 다시 나온 블레셋은 사울과 그 아들들이 길보아산에 죽어있는 것을 발견하고 사울의 목을 베고 갑옷을 벗겨 블레셋 사방에 보내어 알린다. 갑옷은 아스다롯의 산당에, 시체는 벧산 성벽에 못받아 자신들의 승리를 알리고 있는 것이다. / 왕의 시신을 수습하지 못할정도로 이 싸움이 얼마나 일방적인 살육이었는지 알수 있다. 

11-13절) 길르앗 야베스 주민들이 이 이야기를 듣고 새벽에 몇몇 용사들이 달려가서 사울과 그 아들들의 시체를 벧산 성벽에서 내려가지고 돌아와서 야베스에서 화장하고 그의 뼈를 가져다가 야베스 에셀 나무 아래 장사하고 7일간 금식하였다. 요단 건너편의 길르앗 야베스 주민들이 요단을 건너서 블레셋의 지경에 들어가는 것이 매우 위험한 일이었지만, 약 23km정도가 되는 거리, 자신들의 왕이 모욕을 받는 것에 분노하여 나아간 것이다. 에셀 나무는 이전 삼상 22:6절에 나오는 것으로 상징적인 의미를 지닌다. 
22:6 사울이 다윗과 그와 함께 있는 사람들이 나타났다 함을 들으니라 그 때에 사울이 기브아 높은 곳에서 손에 단창을 들고 에셀 나무 아래에 앉았고 모든 신하들은 그의 곁에 섰더니
 대한성서공회, 개역개정, n.d., 삼상 22:6.
길르앗 야베스의 용기있는 행동은 여러가지 이유가 있다. 
Though the efforts of the citizens of Jabesh Gilead were considerable and apparently exceeded those of any other Israelite city, they were thoroughly appropriate. After all, the city had once been rescued from humiliation at the hands of foreigners by Saul’s efforts on their behalf (cf. 11:1–11). In addition, Saul may have had genealogical ties with individuals within Jabesh Gilead (cf. Judg 21:10–12; 2 Sam 21:12–14). David would later commend the Gileadites for their heroic act of loyalty to Saul (cf. 2 Sam 2:5–7).
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 284.





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David Defeats the Amalekites
16 And when he had taken him down, behold, they were spread abroad over all the land, eating and drinking and dancing, because of all the great spoil they had taken from the land of the Philistines and from the land of Judah. 17 And David struck them down from twilight until the evening of the next day, and not a man of them escaped, except four hundred young men, who mounted camels and fled. 18 jDavid recovered all that the Amalekites had taken, and David rescued his two wives. 19 Nothing was missing, whether small or great, sons or daughters, spoil or anything that had been taken. jDavid brought back all. 20 David also captured all the flocks and herds, and the people drove the livestock before him,3 and said, “This is David’s spoil.”
21 Then David came to kthe two hundred men who had been too exhausted to follow David, and who had been left kat the brook Besor. And they went out to meet David and to meet the people who were with him. And when David came near to the people he greeted them. 22 Then all the wicked and worthless fellows among the men who had gone with David said, “Because they did not go with us, we will not give them any of the spoil that we have recovered, except that each man may lead away his wife and children, and depart.” 23 But David said, “You shall not do so, my brothers, with what the Lord has given us. He has preserved us and given into our hand the band that came against us. 24 Who would listen to you in this matter? lFor as his share is who goes down into the battle, so shall his share be who stays by the baggage. They shall share alike.” 25 And he made it a statute and a rule for Israel from that day forward to this day.
26 When David came to Ziklag, he sent part of the spoil to his friends, the elders of Judah, saying, “Here is a present for you from the spoil of the enemies of the Lord.” 27 It was for those in mBethel, in Ramoth of the Negeb, in nJattir, 28 in oAroer, in Siphmoth, in pEshtemoa, 29 in Racal, in the cities of qthe Jerahmeelites, in the cities of rthe Kenites, 30 in sHormah, in Bor-ashan, in Athach, 31 in tHebron, for all the places where David and his men had roamed.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 30:16–31.

16-20절) 애굽 노예가 다윗을 아말렉의 진영으로 인도한다. 이때 아말렉인들은 블레셋과 유다땅에서 크게 약탈한 것을 가지고 승리에 도취되어 술잔치를 벌이고 있었다. 이를 틈타 다윗의 일행이 피곤한 여정에도 불구하고 새벽부터 저물때까지 그들을 쳤는데 낙타를 타고 도망간 400명의 젊은 이들을 빼고 모두 죽였다. 그리고 다윗 일행이 빼앗겼던 모든 것과 사람들을 되찾고 이에 더해 아말렉으로부터 많은 전리품을 얻게 된다. 


21-25절) 브솔 시내에서 피곤하여 전투에 합류하지 못했던 200명을 만나 그들을 영접한다. 그들을 비난한 것이 아니라 그들이 회복되었는지를 진심으로 묻고 있다. 하지만 전투에 함께 했던 사람들중에 일부가 이를 못마땅히 여기며 이탈자들과 전리품을 함께 나누지 말것을 제안한다. 하지만 이에 대해 단호히 반대하며 율례와 규례를 세운다. 

22절) 악한자와 불량배, 
Worthless is also used variously to describe a supposedly drunken woman (1:16), Eli’s sons (2:12), the men who opposed Saul (10:27), Nabal (25:25), David as described by Shimei (2 Sam. 16:7), and the rebel Sheba (2 Sam. 20:1).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 539.

23절) 다윗은 이 싸움에서 얻은 승리와 전리품이 누구로부터 온것인지 정확히 인식하고 있다. 이 모든 것이 하나님께서 주신 것이라고 고백한다. 그렇기에 이것을 전투에 참여한 자나 그렇지 않은 자들과 함께 나누도록 규례를 세우고 있다. 

25절) 이스라엘의 율례와 규례를 삼음( a statute and a rule for Israel) 
Rule (Hb. mishpat) is translated elsewhere as “custom” (2:13), “ways” (8:11), and “rights and duties” (10:25).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 539.
מִשְׁפָּט mishpat (1048b); from 8199; judgment:—arrangements(1), case(5), case*(1), cause(7), charge(1), claim(1), court(2), crimes(1), custom(11), customs(2), decide(1), decision(2), decisions(1), deserving(1), destruction(1), due(1), injustice*(2), judge(1), judged(1), judgment(62), judgments(40), just(4), justice(118), justly(3), kind(1), manner(3), matters of justice(1), mode of life(1), order(1), ordinance(29), ordinances(79), plan(1), plans(1), practice(1), procedure(4), properly(2), regulation(1), right(8), rightful place(1), rights(2), rule(1), sentence(2), sentenced(1), standard(1), trial(1), unjustly*(1), verdict(1), way prescribed(2), what is right(2), worthy(1).
 Robert L. Thomas, New American Standard Hebrew-Aramaic and Greek Dictionaries : Updated Edition (Anaheim: Foundation Publications, Inc., 1998).
다윗이 세운 규례의 원칙 : 첫번째로 승리가 하나님께로부터 왔다는 것이다. 전장에 내려갔던 자의 분깃이나 소유물 곁에 머물렀던 자의 분깃이 동일할지니 같이 분배할 것이니라(24) / 둘째로 전리품은 개인적인 안전과 대적들을 무찌른 것에 비하면 작은 것이다. /셋째로 앞서 전장에서 싸운자나 후방에서 위치해 있는자나 모두 전투를 위해서 필요한 역할을 수행한 것이라는 인식이다.(현장 사역자와 행정 인력들)

26-31절) 다윗이 탈취한 전리품을 시글락에서 유다 장로들과 여러 지역의 사람들에게 보낸다. 악한 재물로 사람들을 얻고 있다.  / 다윗은 지금 남유다지역의 14개 도시와 부족들에게 전리품을 보내고 있는 것이다. 이중에 저명한 지역도 있지만 일부는 알 수 없는 지역들도 있다. 
When David returned to the war-scarred village of Ziklag, he wisely chose to invest some of his newly acquired resources in building relationships with “the elders” (v. 26) who controlled settlements located throughout southern Judah. Perhaps he did so with the intention of creating a network of treaties that would allow him to move his sizable band of soldiers and their families back into Judahite territory, away from the bad memories and destruction of Ziklag.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 280.

26절) 다윗은 단순히 아말렉과의 싸움을 복수로 생각한 것이 아니라 성전으로 여기고 싸운 것이다. 
- David’s use of the phrase “the Lord’s enemies” in preference to “the Amalekites” provides the key to this interpretation. It casts David’s military exploits as a “crusade”—that is, essentially theological in nature—not a “conquest”—that is, fundamentally profane and secular. His actions against the Amalekites were not vengeance for burned houses and displaced families; rather, they were acts of spiritual obedience—the fulfillment of ancient Torah mandates and the fulfillment of timeless prophecies.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 280.
 

아말렉과의 싸움의 본질을 제대로 파악하고 있는 다윗, 이것이 그에게 커다란 위기였지만 이 위기를 잘 극복하여 큰 승리로 이끌었고 이 전리품을 잔류자들과 나누고 다른 지역의 장로들과 관대하게 나누면서 이제 실제적으로 왕으로서의 등극을 준비하고 있는 것이다. 


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David’s Wives Are Captured
30 Now when David and his men came to uZiklag on the third day, vthe Amalekites had wmade a raid against the Negeb and against Ziklag. They had overcome Ziklag and burned it with fire and taken captive the women and all1 who were in it, both small and great. They killed no one, but carried them off and went their way. And when David and his men came to the city, they found it burned with fire, and their wives and sons and daughters taken captive. Then David and the people who were with him raised their voices and wept until they had no more strength to weep. David’s xtwo wives also had been taken captive, Ahinoam of Jezreel and Abigail the widow of Nabal of Carmel. And David was greatly distressed, for the people spoke yof stoning him, because all the people were bitter in soul,2 each for his sons and daughters. But David strengthened himself in the Lord his God.
zAnd David said to Abiathar the priest, the son of Ahimelech, “Bring me the ephod.” So Abiathar brought the ephod to David. aAnd David inquired of the Lord, “Shall I pursue after this bband? Shall I overtake them?” He answered him, “Pursue, for you shall surely overtake cand shall surely rescue.” So David set out, and dthe six hundred men who were with him, and they came to the brook Besor, where those who were left behind stayed. 10 But David pursued, he and four hundred men. eTwo hundred stayed behind, who were too exhausted to cross the brook Besor.
11 They found an Egyptian in the open country and brought him to David. And they gave him bread and he ate. They gave him water to drink, 12 and they gave him a piece of a cake of figs and two clusters of raisins. And when he had eaten, fhis spirit revived, for he had not eaten bread or drunk water for three days and three nights. 13 And David said to him, “To whom do you belong? And where are you from?” He said, “I am a young man of Egypt, servant to an Amalekite, and my master left me behind because I fell sick three days ago. 14 gWe had made a raid against the Negeb of hthe Cherethites and against that which belongs to Judah and against the Negeb of Caleb, and we burned Ziklag with fire.” 15 And David said to him, “Will you take me down to this band?” And he said, “Swear to me by God that you will not kill me or deliver me into the hands of my master, and I will take you down to this iband.”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 30:1–15.

1-5절) 아벡으로부터 시글락까지는 80km의 거리이다. 아마도 아말렉 인들이 다윗의 군대가 멀리 아벡으로 출군 한 것을 알고 그곳을 노략하러 온 것이다. / 젊고 늙은 모든 여인들을 다 사로잡아 갔고 성읍을 불태웠다. 이로 인해서 돌아온 군인들이 자신의 아내와 자녀가 잡혀간 것을 알고 울 기력이 없도록 소리내어 울었다. / 다윗의 두 아내 아히노암과 아비가일도 모두 잡혀 갔다. 
Before the Amalekites burned the city, however, they had taken captive all its inhabitants (v. 2). In doing this the Amalekites’ actions were reminiscent of ancient Mesopotamian invaders, who also had attacked a city in the territorial region of Judah (cf. Gen 14:11–12), and invite a comparison of David’s actions with those of Abraham in a previous day. None of the Amalekites’ captives had been killed, perhaps because they were intended as bargaining chips with David or for sale in slave markets (cf. Amos 1:6, 9). Their act of kidnapping, however, was a capital offense according to the Torah (cf. Exod 21:16), and David would not countenance this especially personal violation of the Lord’s revealed will.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 275.

6절) 백성들이 가족, 자녀들이 아말렉에 잡혀감을 인하여 슬퍼하고 분노하여 다윗을 돌로 치고자 하였다. 이로 인해 다윗이 크게 위축되고 다급하였으나 하나님으로 인하여 힘을 얻고 용기를 얻게 된다. 내부적으로 큰 문제가 있을때 우리는 반드시 이 일에 대한 책임을 질 사람을 찾게 된다. 이것이 정당한 경우도 있지만 대부분은 희생양을 찾는 것이고 단지 표출되어야할 감정이나 분노의 대상을 내부에서 찾는 것이다. 문제의 본질을 깨닫고 이것을 해결하기 위해서 정직하게 반응하는 것이 필요하다. / 중요한 것은 다윗은 지금 이 상황이 자신을 압도하도록 허락하지 않았다는 것이다. 그는 이 문제를 하나님 앞으로 가지고 나아갔다. / 본문속에서 사울과 다윗이 대조를 이룬다. 극심한 어려움, 대적들의 위협속에서 한 사람은 신접한 자에게 도움을 청했고 다른 한 사람은 제사장을 통해 에봇을 이용해서 하나님의 인도하심을 구하고 있다. 그 결과는 죽음과 승리였다. 
- 시 56:3-4  내가 두려워하는 날에는 내가 주를 의지하리이다 / 내가 하나님을 의지하고 그 말씀을 찬송하올지라 내가 하나님을 의지하였은즉 두려워하지 아니하리니 혈육을 가진 사람이 내게 어찌하리이까
30:6 But David strengthened himself in the Lord his God, and God comforts and strengthens him. Rather than despairing, David turns to God in prayer and worship (cf. Ps. 56:3–4).
30:6 David through the strength of God acts as deliverer, prefiguring Christ the deliverer of captives (Luke 4:18–19).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 538.

7-8절) 아비아달(아히멜렉의 아들 제사장)을 통해서 여호와께 아말렉을 추격하여 잡을 지를 묻고 있는 다윗, 하나님께서 그를 쫓아가서 잡고 다시 찾아올 것을 명령하심. 

9-10절) 하나님의 승리의 약속을 듣고 다시 600여명이 추격을 시작하여 브솔 시내에 도착을 한다. 이 브솔 시내는 남유다지역에 가장 크고 깊은 강으로 200여명의 사람들은 피곤하여 그곳을 건너기가 어려워서 다윗은 200명을 머물게 하고 나머지 400명을 이끌고 추격을 계속 한다. 앞서 아벡에서 시글락까지 오랜 여정을 했고, 게다가 가족들을 잃은 감정적인 어려움 가운데 있는 사람들을 계속 이끌고 나아가는 것을 어려운 일이다.

11-15절) 행군중에 죽어가는 애굽 사람 한명을 만나고 다윗은 그를 극진히 대접하여 그에게 아말렉의 정보를 얻어낸다. 지금 이러한 극박한 상황가운데 애굽 사람에게 호의를 베푼 이 내용을 이렇게 자세하게 기록하는 이유는 무엇인가?
- The writer’s detailed description of an Egyptian captive’s meal in the midst of one of the most tension-filled narratives in 1 Samuel certainly seems odd and perhaps inappropriate. In fact, if this narrative was intended only to be a record of David’s military exploits it would be. However, the writer possessed multiple agendas in putting this narrative together. By showing David’s kind and gracious treatment of this Egyptian sojourner, the author demonstrated that even in the midst of personal tragedy David was sensitive to Torah injunctions regarding the treatment of aliens, particularly Egyptians (cf. Exod 22:21; 23:9; Lev 19:34; Deut 23:7).
This incident with the unnamed Egyptian sojourner thus measures the circumference of David’s soul. David was wracked with emotional pain, but he was not so wrapped up in his own problems that he could not help another person in need. The greatness of David’s character is seen in the greatness of his provision for an alien in need.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 277.
 다윗의 위대함은 자신의 어려움가운데 압도되지 않고 다른 사람의 필요를 돕는 모습속에서 찾아볼 수 있다. 
이 애굽 소년은 아말렉 사람의 종으로 이전에 그렛 남방과 유다지방, 갈렙 남방을 침노했던 일행이었는데 이 소년에게 다윗은 본진의 행방을 묻는다. 그리고 이 소년은 다윗에게 자신의 안전을 보장해줄 것을 하나님께 맹세할 것을 요청한다. 

자신을 돌로 치려는 아군, 부하들을 보면서 다윗이 느끼는 부담은 어땠을까? 그도 동일하게 두 아내를 빼앗긴 상태에서 그를 향해서 분노를 표출하는 부하들을 보면서 그가 평정심을 유지하고 하나님께 나아갈 수 있었던 이유는 무엇인가? 결국 우리의 영성은 한순간에 이루어지는 것이 아니다. 일상의 삶가운데 축적된 영성이 우리의 삶의 결정적인 순간가운데 드러나게 되는 것이다. 나의 힘으로 아무것도 할 수 없는 것 같은 상황가운데서 사울이 아니라 다윗이 한 선택을 할 수 있기 위해서 날마다 하나님앞에 나아가는 것을 힘써야 할 것이다. 



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The Philistines Reject David
29 dNow the Philistines had gathered all their forces at eAphek. And the Israelites were encamped by fthe spring that is in gJezreel. As hthe lords of the Philistines were passing on by hundreds and by thousands, and David and his men were passing on in the rear iwith Achish, the commanders of the Philistines said, “What are these Hebrews doing here?” And Achish said to the commanders of the Philistines, “Is this not David, the servant of Saul, king of Israel, who has been with me jnow for days and years, and since he deserted to me kI have found no fault in him to this day.” But hthe commanders of the Philistines were angry with him. And the commanders of the Philistines said to him, “Send the man back, that he may return lto the place to which you have assigned him. He shall not go down with us to battle, mlest in the battle he become an adversary to us. For how could this fellow reconcile himself to his lord? Would it not be with the heads of the men here? Is not this David, of whom they sing to one another in dances,
n‘Saul has struck down his thousands,
and David his ten thousands’?”
Then Achish called David and said to him, o“As the Lord lives, you have been honest, and to me it seems right that pyou should march out and in with me in the campaign. For I have found nothing wrong in you from the day of your coming to me to this day. Nevertheless, the lords do not approve of you. So go back now; and go peaceably, that you may not displease the lords of the Philistines.” And David said to Achish, “But what have I done? What have you found in your servant from the day I entered your service until now, that I may not go and fight against the enemies of my lord the king?” And Achish answered David and said, “I know that you are as blameless in my sight qas an angel of God. Nevertheless, rthe commanders of the Philistines have said, ‘He shall not go up with us to the battle.’ 10 Now then rise early in the morning swith the servants of your lord who came with you, and start early in the morning, and depart as soon as you have light.” 11 So David set out with his men early in the morning to return to the land of the Philistines. But the Philistines went up to tJezreel.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 29:1–11.

1절) 본문의 내용은 28:1-2절과 연결된다. 블레셋이 아벡에 진치고 이스라엘 사람들은 이스르엘의 아마도 하롯 샘에 진 친 것으로 보인다.(삿 7:1) 이 상황에서 앞서 사울은 블레셋의 침공이 두려원 신접한 여인을 찾아갔고 블레셋의 방백들은 사울의 신하인 다윗을 거부하고 있는 것이다. 

3-4절) 블레셋 방백들은 지금 아기스에게 나아와서 사울의 신하인 다윗을 고소한다. 하지만 아기스는 자신과 함께 있는동안 다윗의 충성을 보았기에 그를 좋게 여기고 있다. 하지만 블레셋 방백들이 그를 싫어하고 두려워하여 다윗을 돌려보내게 된다. 지금 다윗은 아기스의 부하로 충성을 보이는 상황에서 이스라엘과의 전투가 벌어지면 내부 반란을 통해서 자신들을 해할 것을 두려워하고 있는 것이다. 지금 하나님께서는 대적들을 통해서 다윗의 고민을 해결해주고 계시는 것이다. 다윗 또한 이 전투가 벌어지면 자신이 이스라엘과 싸워야 하는지에 대해서 고민하고 있었다. 그런데 블레셋이 다윗을 거부하여 자연스럽게 아기스 왕의 휘하에서 벗어날 수 있게 된다. / 다윗이 사울의 휘하에 들어가기 위해서 자신들의 머리를 취할 것이라고 생각하며 두려워하고 있다. 
One can see the hand of the Lord working even through the Philistine commanders to keep David from fighting the Lord’s people, which he had managed to avoid doing so far. That would probably have shut him off from being accepted by Israel as king (27:8–12) and would have been a terrible evil (see note on 25:32–35).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 537.
블레셋이 다윗 일행을 두려워하는 이유, 이미 14:20-21에서 자신들의 본진에 들어와 혼란을 일으켜 서로 죽게 만드는 사건을 경험한 바있다. 
However, when the other Philistine commanders learned that “Hebrews” (v. 3) were in their ranks, they immediately raised some serious questions—and with good reason. In a previous battle against Saul and the Israelites, the Philistines had allowed some Hebrews who had been under their protection to join their army, and the results had been catastrophic. Hebrew soldiers wearing Philistine markings and armed with Philistine weapons had turned against their hosts in the heat of battle and had begun killing them (cf. 14:21). The chaos and confusion that resulted from that mistake caused the Philistines to kill many of their own men (cf. 14:20).
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 271.


David Recovers Plunder from the Amalekites
As David and his men sought refuge in Philistia, the Philistines gathered their forces at Aphek to attack the Israelites. The Philistine commanders, skeptical of David’s loyalty in battle against his fellow Israelites, sent him to his home in Ziklag. When David arrived, he discovered that the Amalekites had raided the Negeb and burned Ziklag to the ground, carrying away many captives and belongings. David and his men pursued them, crossing the Besor Brook and attacking the Amalekites. He recovered all that had been taken, returned to Ziklag, and sent a portion of the spoils to the leaders of towns in the region (the locations of Bethel, Siphmoth, Racal, and Athach are unknown).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 537.

7절) 다윗에게 세가지 명령을 하는 아기스 
Achish issued three brief orders to David: “return” to Ziklag, “go peacefully,” and “do nothing the Philistine rulers would consider evil” (v. 7).
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 272.

8절) 아기스와의 대화에서 다윗이 말하는 내 주 왕은 누구인가? 보편적으로 아기스이면서 동시에 사울을 의미할 수도 있다. / 아기스와 사울은 매우 비슷하고 대조가 된다. 다윗은 둘의 호위대장, 보디가드의 역할을 했다. 둘을 위해 싸워 많은 업적을 세웠지만 결국 파면당하는 신세가 되기도 한다. 가장 신뢰받았던 인물이면서 동시에 가장 위험한 대적이 되기도 한 것이다. 

10-11절) 결국 다윗과 일행은 새벽에 아기스의 진영을 떠나 블레셋 사람의 땅으로 돌아가고 블레셋 사람들은 이스르엘로 올라가게 된다. 서로의 위치가 바뀌는 것이다. 

결국 이 사건을 통해서 하나님께서는 다윗에게 신적인 알리바이를 제공해주고 계신 것이다. 만약에 블레셋 방백들의 반대와 거부가 없었다면 다윗은 사울 왕가의 몰락에 개입되고 동족들의 피를 손에 묻혔을 것이다. 결국 사울이 죽던 날 다윗과 그의 일행들은 멀리 떨어진 곳에서 아말렉을 공격하여 하나님의 율법을 성취하고 있었던 것이다.
- The events of this chapter must be viewed as the providential supply of an alibi, excusing David from any involvement in the death of king Saul. This chapter answers any who might have accused David of conspiring with the Philistines to bring about the downfall of the Saulide dynasty. The events indicate that David could not and did not assist the Philistines in armed hostilities against the Israelites or their king. In fact, on the day of Saul’s death David and his men were a hundred miles away killing Amalekites,158 fulfilling a Torah command that Saul had neglected (cf. 15:18–19; Exod 17:15–16; Deut 25:17–19).
158 Cf. chart at 2 Samuel 1.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 273.


 




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Saul and the Medium of En-dor
28 In those days ithe Philistines gathered their forces for war, to fight against Israel. And Achish said to David, “Understand that you and your men are to go out with me in the army.” David said to Achish, “Very well, you shall know what your servant can do.” And Achish said to David, “Very well, I will make you my bodyguard for life.”
Now jSamuel had died, and all Israel had mourned for him and buried him kin Ramah, his own city. And Saul had put lthe mediums and the necromancers out of the land. The Philistines assembled and came and encamped mat Shunem. And Saul gathered all Israel, and they encamped nat Gilboa. When Saul saw the army of the Philistines, he was afraid, and his heart trembled greatly. And when Saul inquired of the Lord, othe Lord did not answer him, either pby dreams, or qby Urim, or by prophets. Then Saul said to his servants, r“Seek out for me a woman who is a medium, that I may go to her and inquire of her.” And his servants said to him, “Behold, there is a medium at sEn-dor.”
So Saul tdisguised himself and put on other garments and went, he and two men with him. And they came to the woman by night. And he said, u“Divine for me by a spirit and bring up for me whomever I shall name to you.” The woman said to him, “Surely you know what Saul has done, lhow he has cut off the mediums and the necromancers from the land. Why then are you laying a trap for my life to bring about my death?” 10 But Saul swore to her by the Lord, v“As the Lord lives, no punishment shall come upon you for this thing.” 11 Then the woman said, “Whom shall I bring up for you?” He said, “Bring up Samuel for me.” 12 When the woman saw Samuel, she cried out with a loud voice. And the woman said to Saul, “Why have you deceived me? You are Saul.” 13 The king said to her, “Do not be afraid. What do you see?” And the woman said to Saul, “I see a god coming up out of the earth.” 14 He said to her, “What is his appearance?” And she said, “An old man is coming up, and he is wrapped win a robe.” And Saul knew that it was Samuel, and he bowed with his face to the ground and paid homage.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 28:1–14.

1-2절) 블레셋 사람들이 이제 이스라엘과 싸우려고 군대를 모십한다. 이에 아기스가 다윗에게 이 전투에 함께 참전할 것을 요구하고 특별히 자신의 보디가드가 되어 달라고 말한다. 

3-4절) 사무엘의 죽음, 그를 라마에 장사지내고 사울은 이스라엘땅에 신접한 자와 박수(무당)을 몰아낸다. 이와 동시에 수넴에 진을 친 블레싯으로 인해서 사울의 군대는 길보아에 진치고 싸움을 준비한다. 

5절) 블레셋 군대를 보고 두려워하는 사울(무엇을 보느냐, 우리의 시야가 중요하다.) / 블레셋의 침공이 임박하자 두려워진 사울은 하나님의 뜻을 구하지만 주께서 꿈이나, 우림, 선지자를 통해서 말씀하시지 않자 신접한 자를 찾는다. 자신이 신접한 자나 무당을 모두 없앴으면서 자신이 다시 찾고 있는 것이다. 결국 이것이 사울의 죽음의 원인중에 하나가 된다. / 사울은 신접한 자를 만나는 것은 분명히 하나님앞에서 죄라는 사실을 잘 알고 있었다. 하지만 그에게 지금 하나님의 법보다 블레셋의 군대가 더 위협적으로 보이는 것이다. 
-  Chronicler specifically mentions this incident as one reason for Saul’s death: “So Saul died for his breach of faith … in that he did not keep the command of the Lord, and also consulted a medium, seeking guidance. He did not seek guidance from the Lord” (1 Chron. 10:13–14).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 536.

8-11절) 신접한 여인을 만나기 위해서는 블레셋의 캠프를 통과해야 했기에 사울은 다른 옷으로 변장하고 두사람만을 대동하여 밤에 그 여인을 찾아간다. / 이여인에게 면죄부를 주는 사울, 하지만 이것이 그의 발목을 잡는다. 하나님께서 금지한 일을 허용하는 것은 어리석을 뿐만 아니라 하나님을 모독하는 일이다. 

여기서 등장하는 사무엘은 어떤 존재인가? 정말 사무엘인가 아니면 악한 영의 존재인가?
-  Rabbinic interpretations include: (1) an actual raising of Samuel by the wicked means of necromancy; (2) a deception perpetrated by the necromancer; (3) God causing either Samuel or a demon to appear; and (4) a demon acting apart from God to deceive Saul. Additional suggestions include (5) a vision produced by hallucinatory drugs; (6) a psychologically induced illusion; and (7) a Satanic impersonation.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996).

-  First, the plain statement of the Hebrew text is that she did in fact see Samuel. Second, the medium reacted to Samuel’s appearance as though it was a genuine—and terrifying—experience: she “cried out at the top of her voice.” Her strong reaction also suggests that Samuel’s appearance was unexpected; perhaps this was the first time she had ever actually succeeded in contacting the dead. Third, the speeches attributed to Samuel contained allusions to a prior interchange between the two, allusions that would have been appropriate only for the real Samuel to have made. Fourth, Samuel’s role and message as a prophet, so much a part of his ministry in life, was unchanged in his encounter with Saul here.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 267.

-  An alternative reading of this passage suggests that it was not the skill of the medium but rather a unique act of God that brought Saul into contact with Samuel. The medium did not possess the capacity to disturb a dead saint; but God, as “a sign of his grace,”151 permitted Saul to have one last encounter with the prophet who had played such a determinative role in the king’s career.
151 Payne, I and II Samuel, 145.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 267.

12-14절) 사무엘의 등장을 통해서 사울을 알아보는 여인 / 영이 땅에서 올라오는 것을 보는 여인 / 사울이 그의 모습이 어떤 지를 요구하자 한 노인이 겉옷을 입고 올라오는 모습을 설명한다. 이에 그를 사무엘로 여기고 그에게 예를 표하는 사울

과연 이 존재를 어떻게 볼 것인가? 정말 죽은 자로서의 사무엘인가 악한 영의 등장인가? 이후의 대화의 내용을 통해서 더 깊이 생각해볼 필요가 있다. 


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15 Then Samuel said to Saul, “Why have you disturbed me by bringing me up?” Saul answered, “I am in great distress, for the Philistines are warring against me, and xGod has turned away from me and yanswers me no more, either by prophets or by dreams. Therefore I have summoned you to tell me what I shall do.” 16 And Samuel said, “Why then do you ask me, since the Lord has turned from you and become your enemy? 17 The Lord has done to you as he spoke by me, for zthe Lord has torn the kingdom out of your hand and given it to your neighbor, David. 18 aBecause you did not obey the voice of the Lord and did not carry out his fierce wrath against Amalek, therefore the Lord has done this thing to you this day. 19 Moreover, the Lord will give Israel also with you into the hand of the Philistines, and tomorrow you band your sons shall be with me. The Lord will give the army of Israel also into the hand of the Philistines.”
20 Then Saul fell at once full length on the ground, filled with fear because of the words of Samuel. And there was no strength in him, for he had eaten nothing all day and all night. 21 And the woman came to Saul, and when she saw that he was terrified, she said to him, “Behold, your servant has obeyed you. cI have taken my life in my hand and have listened to what you have said to me. 22 Now therefore, you also obey your servant. Let me set a morsel of bread before you; and eat, that you may have strength when you go on your way.” 23 He refused and said, “I will not eat.” But his servants, together with the woman, urged him, and he listened to their words. So he arose from the earth and sat on the bed. 24 Now the woman had a fattened calf in the house, and she quickly killed it, and she took flour and kneaded it and baked unleavened bread of it, 25 and she put it before Saul and his servants, and they ate. Then they rose and went away that night.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 28:15–25.

15-19) 사울과 사무엘의 대화 / 어찌 나를 불러 올려서 성가시게 하느냐는 사무엘 / 이에 블레셋은 군대를 일으켜 침략했고 하나님은 자신을 떠나서 선지자로도, 꿈으로도 대답하지 않으시기에 답답해서 자신이 행할 일을 알라보기 위해서 사무엘을 불러올린 사울 / 이에 하나님께 대적이 된 네가 왜 나에게 묻느냐고 반문하는 사울, 그러면서 동시에 이제 하나님께서 나라를 사울의 손에서 다윗에게 넘겨주셨다고 예언한다. 그 이유는 하나님께서 아말렉을 진멸하라고 하셨는데 이를 순종하지 않았기에 이 진노를 네가 받게 된 것이다라고 대답함, 그러면서 이제 내일 이스라엘과 너와 네 아들이 이제 블레셋의 손에 넘겨지게 될 것이다라고 예언한다. 
- 이 대화를 통해서 우리는 신접한 여인이 불러낸 대상이 진짜 사무엘인지 다른 영적 존재인지 아니면 여인의 속임수인지 궁금하다. 본문 속에 등장하는 내용만으로 볼때 여인 스스로도 사무엘의 등장을 보고 깜짝 놀란 것으로 보아서 본인이 이때까지 행했던 것과는 전혀 다른 존재가 등장한 것으로 보인다. 그리고 본문속에서 여호와라는 단어가 7번이나 사용되고 사울에 대한 제대로된 예언을 한 것으로 볼때 이 존재를 그저 악한 영으로 보기는 어렵다. 하나님께서 이런 현상, 영을 불러내는 행위를 옳게 여기지 않는 것이 사실이지만 본문 속에서 여인을 통해서 사무엘의 등장으로 사울에게 예언하는 것을 허락하신 것으로 보인다. 
- 결국 사울의 문제는 하나님의 말씀에 순종하지 않은 것이다. 하나님의 기름부음을 받고 이스라엘의 왕으로서 하나님의 말씀에 순종하는 것보다 사람들의 시선을 의식하고, 하나님을 핑계대며 자신에 좋을 것을 선택한 것으로 인해서 책망을 받았고 결국 폐위되고 만다. 아말렉을 진멸하지 않은 것이나 죽은 자를 불러내는 이 행위들 모두 아주 심각한 불순종의 행위들이다. 

20-25절) 사무엘의 이 예언을 듣자마다 갑자가 땅에 쓰러지고 마는 사울, 이는 사무엘의 예언이 주는 두려움 때문만이 아니라 그가 하루 종일 금식했기 때문이다. 사울은 어떤 때는 매우 종교적이고(전군에 금식을 명함- ) 어떤 때눈 매우 불경스러운 행동을 한다. 이렇게 널뛰기를 하는 듯한 신앙 태도는 건강하지 못하다. / 이제 쓰러진 사울을 돕기 위해서 음식을 준비하는 여인(살진 송아지를 잡고 무교병을 만들어 제공함), 이를 먹고 힘을 얻어 돌아가는 사울과 그 일행들 / 여인의 풍성한 대접은 앞서 아비가일과 비교 된다. 하지만 큰 차이는 다음과 같다. 
The comparison of the women’s gifts invites a comparison of the women: whereas Saul was nurtured by a woman under the Lord’s curse (cf. Lev 20:27), David was nurtured by a woman under the Lord’s blessing (25:33).
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 269.

죽은 자를 다시 불러 올려서 대화하는 것은 성경이 금하고 있는 행위이다. 그렇다면 이것이 불가능한 일은 아니라는 것이다. 하여간 사무엘의 등장으로 인해서 사울 가문의 몰락과 다윗으로의 왕권의 이전이 명백해졌고 이것을 사울은 힘들지만 받아들이고 있는 것이다. 하여간 성경이 금하고 있는 이러한 행위를 적극적으로 행하거나 조장하는 일은 옳지 않다. 



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David Flees to the Philistines
27 Then David said in his heart, “Now I shall perish one day by the hand of Saul. There is nothing better for me than that I should escape to the land of the Philistines. Then Saul will despair of seeking me any longer within the borders of Israel, and I shall escape out of his hand.” So David arose and went over, he and uthe six hundred men who were with him, vto Achish the son of Maoch, king of Gath. And David lived with Achish at Gath, he and his men, every man with his household, and David with whis two wives, Ahinoam of Jezreel, and Abigail of Carmel, Nabal’s widow. And when it was told Saul that David had fled to Gath, he no longer sought him.
Then David said to Achish, “If xI have found favor in your eyes, let a place be given me in one of the country towns, that I may dwell there. For why should your servant dwell in the royal city with you?” So that day Achish gave him yZiklag. Therefore Ziklag has belonged to the kings of Judah to this day. zAnd the number of the days that David lived in the country of the Philistines was a year and four months.
Now David aand his men went up and made raids against bthe Geshurites, cthe Girzites, and dthe Amalekites, for these were the inhabitants of the land from of old, eas far as Shur, to the land of Egypt. And David would strike the land and would leave neither man nor woman alive, but would take away the sheep, the oxen, the donkeys, the camels, and the garments, and come back to Achish. 10 When Achish asked, “Where have you fmade a raid today?” David would say, “Against the Negeb of Judah,” or, “Against the Negeb of gthe Jerahmeelites,” or, “Against the Negeb of hthe Kenites.” 11 And David would leave neither man nor woman alive to bring news to Gath, thinking, “lest they should tell about us and say, ‘So David has done.’ ” Such was his custom all the while he lived in the country of the Philistines. 12 And Achish trusted David, thinking, “He has made himself an utter stench to his people Israel; therefore he shall always be my servant.”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 27:1–12.

1절) 사울과의 병적인 싸움을 마치기 위해서 다윗은 이스라엘 땅을 떠나 블레셋으로 가게 된다. 갓은 십 광야에서 북동쪽으로 40km지점에 있는 곳이다. 

1-4절) 사울을 피해서 갓으로 도망한 것이 이번이 처음이 아니다. 하지만 처음에는 단신으로 갔었고 그때는 그 의중을 모르던 아기스왕이 적대적이었지만 이번에는 사울로부터 쫓기는 것을 알고 있기에 다윗을 반겼다. 원수의 원수는 친구다라는 말이 적용되는 지점이다. 
/ 다윗은 자신을 따르던 600여명과 그 식솔들을 데리고 이곳으로 왔다. 가족들을 두고 왔을때 사울이 어떤 일을 하는지 알고 있었기에 두 아내를 대동했고 이 사실을 알고 사울은 이제 다윗을 추격하는 것을 그쳤다.
- David’s latest action marked the second time he had fled to Gath in order to escape Saul (cf. 21:10). Yet this time both David’s circumstances and his reception were different. The first time he had entered Gath armed and alone from the royal household in Gibeah—a circumstance that appeared threatening to Achish, who knew nothing of the conflict between Saul and David.
However, this time David was entering as an infamous outlaw—a would-be usurper of Saul’s throne who was so feared by the Israelite monarch that he had repeatedly sent thousands of men into the desert to track David down. The Philistines’ awareness of this conflict is evidenced by their timing a raid on Israel to coincide with one of Saul’s forays against David (cf. 23:27–28). Acting in accordance with the timeless dictum “My enemy’s enemy is my friend,” the Philistine ruler welcomed David, his men, and their families into his territory and probably considered them to be mercenaries (cf. 28:1).

 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 260.

5-7절) 아기스왕에게 지방 성읍 시글락을 구하는 다윗, 그곳에서 1년 4개월을 거주했다. 
Achish, who probably was both flattered by David’s words and relieved to have an excuse to move the group of foreigners away from his city’s food and water resources, “gave him Ziklag” (v. 6). Ziklag (modern Tel Seraʿ?)141 was located about twenty-five miles southwest of Gath in what was technically territory assigned to both the tribes of Simeon (cf. Josh 19:5) and Judah (cf. Josh 15:31). Though the city was allotted to the Israelites, they had never conquered it. Yet David’s cleverness did what previous military campaigns failed to do; it brought Ziklag into Israelite hands, “and it has belonged to the kings of Judah ever since.” Thus David redeemed his time in exile, using it to resume Israel’s conquest of Canaan.
141 The location of Ziklag is much disputed. Proposed sites include Tel Ḥ̣alif (so F. M. Abel), Tel Seraʿ (so B. Mazar, Y. Aharoni, Z. Kallai, and E. D. Oren), Tel Massos, and Tell es-Sebaʿ (so V. Fritz). Cf. J. D. Seger, “Halif, Tel,” in New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 553–59; E. D. Oren, “Sera, Tel,” idem, 1329–35; and V. Fritz, “Where Is David’s Ziklag?” BAR 19 (1993): 58–61.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 261.

8-12절) 다윗 일행이 올라가 그술, 기르스, 아말렉을 쳐서 멸하고 전리품을 취함, 누구를 침노하였느냐는 아기스의 질문에 유다 네겝, 여라무엘 네겝, 겐 네겝을 쳤다라고 했다. 
In his visits to the Philistine royal city David would have a personal audience with Achish. As the king was receiving his share of David’s spoils, he would ply the Israelite warlord with questions regarding the location of his plundering activities. David’s cunning and deceitful answers suggested that he was raiding territories in the Promised Land that were under Israel’s control—“the Negev of Judah,” “the Negev of Jerahmeel,” and “the Negev of the Kenites” (v. 10). The answer seemed credible to Achish, for none of David’s victims survived who “might inform” the king to the contrary.
David’s scheme was ingenious and effective. His conscious use of deceit was arguably the lesser of two evils: granted that lying is wrong and to be avoided (cf. Lev 19:11; Col 3:9), in this case David’s deception saved lives and thus fulfilled the Spirit of the Torah. Not only did it enable hundreds of Israelites to avoid a deadly confrontation with Saul, but it also helped Israel fulfill military assignments left undone since the days of Moses.145

145 Cf. discussion at 20:4 regarding the tension between the biblical mandate to speak the truth and the need to preserve life.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 262.


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13 Then David went over to the other side and stood far off on the top of the hill, with a great space between them. 14 And David called to the army, and to Abner the son of Ner, saying, “Will you not answer, Abner?” Then Abner answered, “Who are you who calls to the king?” 15 And David said to Abner, “Are you not a man? Who is like you in Israel? Why then have you not kept watch over your lord the king? For one of the people came in to destroy the king your lord. 16 This thing that you have done is not good. kAs the Lord lives, you deserve to die, because you have not kept watch over your lord, the Lord’s anointed. And now see where the king’s spear is and the jar of water that was lat his head.”
17 Saul recognized David’s voice and said, m“Is this your voice, my son David?” And David said, “It is my voice, my lord, O king.” 18 And he said, n“Why does my lord pursue after his servant? For what have I done? What evil is on my hands? 19 Now therefore let my lord the king hear the words of his servant. If it is the Lord who has stirred you up against me, may he accept an offering, but if it is men, may they be cursed before the Lord, ofor they have driven me out this day that I should have no share in pthe heritage of the Lord, saying, ‘Go, serve other gods.’ 20 Now therefore, let not my blood fall to the earth away from the presence of the Lord, for the king of Israel has come out to seek qa single flea like one who hunts a partridge in the mountains.”
21 Then Saul said, r“I have sinned. Return, my son David, for I will no more do you harm, because my life was precious in your eyes this day. Behold, I have acted foolishly, and have made a great mistake.” 22 And David answered and said, “Here is the spear, O king! Let one of the young men come over and take it. 23 sThe Lord rewards every man for his righteousness and his faithfulness, for the Lord gave you into my hand today, and I would not put out my hand against the Lord’s anointed. 24 Behold, as your life was precious this day in my sight, so may my life be precious in the sight of the Lord, and may he deliver me out of all tribulation.” 25 Then Saul said to David, “Blessed be you, my son David! You will do many things and will tsucceed in them.” So David went his way, and Saul returned to his place.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 26:13–25.

자신의 사람 다윗을 보호하시기 위해서 적들을 깊은 잠에 빠뜨리시는 하나님, 도저히 상상할 수 없는 일이 적진 한가운데서 일어난 것이다. 바로 주님이 하셨다. 

13-16절) 다윗이 건너편 산 꼭대기에 올라서 넬의 아들 아브넬을 부른다. 깊은 잠에 빠져있던 아브넬과 이스라엘 군사들은 정신을 차리고 그 부름을 듣는 것이다. 
다윗의 질문 : 1) 네가 용사가 아니냐? 2) 이스라엘에 너 같은 자가 누가 있느냐? 3) 그런데 어찌 네가 왕을 보호하지 않느냐? 4) 왕의 창과 물병이 어디 있느냐? / 다윗은 지금 아브넬을 책망하고 있다. 왕을 보호하고 전쟁의 임무를 수행하는 장수로서 어찌 마땅히 감당해야할 일들을 하지 못하고 있ㄴ냐는 것이다. 그리고 이렇게 자신에게 맡겨진 임무를 제대로 수행하지 못한 것은 옳지 못하고 죽어 마땅하다라고 선포하고 있다. 

17-20절) 다윗은 사울 앞에서 다시금 자신을 변호하고 있다. 자신을 쫓는 이유가 무엇인지를 묻고 있다. 그가 기도하는 형태로 묻고 있는 요지는 두가지 이다. 첫째로 사울을 충동시켜서 자신을 죽이라고 한 분이 하나님이시라면 기꺼이 그 제물이 되겠다. 하지만 둘째로, 자신을 죽이려고 하는 사람이 사람들이라면 그들은 여호와앞에서 저주를 받게 될 것이다. / 지금 다윗은 자신이 하나님의 백성으로 하나님의 기업에 참여하지 못하도록 다른 신을 섬기라고 말하는 거짓 선지자와 같은 이들을 고발하고 있다. 하나님의 기업은 땅과 언약백성으로서의 신분, 관계를 모두 의미한다. 그러므로 하나님의 기업이 되지 못한다는 것을 그 땅을 유산으로 받지 못하는 것만이 아니라 하나님의 백성 공동체에 함께 하지 못하는 것을 말하는 것이다. 

19절) 자신을 해하려는 사람들은 다윗에게 가서 다른 신들을 섬기라고 하며 여호와의 기업에 참여하지 못하게 하는데 이에 대해서 다윗은 분노하고 있다. 이는 근동 지역의 사상으로 자신이 살고 있는 땅에서 그 땅의 신을 섬길수 있다는 생각에 바탕을 둔다. 
David seems to be near the end of his endurance. “Serve other gods” reflects the common Near Eastern idea that a god could be worshiped only on its own soil (2 Kings 5:17) and also perhaps the idea that one worships the god of the people among whom one lives. This is not David’s own view, but his report of the views of others who were saying this.
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 534.

20절) 자신은 죄가 없으니 이제 나를 해하려고 하지 말라고 당부한다. 자신을 잡기 위해서 수많은 이스라엘의 군대를 동원하는 것은 마치 메추라기나 벼룩을 잡기 위해서 군대를 동원하는 것과 같다는 것이다. / 여기에 앞서 24;14에 사용되었던 내용이 반복되어서 표현된다. 
Reiterating a theme expressed in his first encounter with Saul in the Desert of Ziph (cf. 24:14), David asked Saul to put his present actions in proper perspective. The king was squandering precious national resources “to look for a flea,” to hunt “a partridge,”139 and he should stop it.
139 McCarter correctly notes (I Samuel, 408) that David was making a wordplay using הַקֹּרֵא (here = “partridge”). In v. 14 Abner used the same term to mean “who calls.” Thus David became “the partridge”/“the one who calls” in the mountains.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 258.

21-25절) 이제 다윗의 이야기를 듣고 사울은 자신이 범죄 하였음을 인정한다. / 다윗은 한 소년을 보내어 왕의 물건(창과 물병)을 가져가게 한다. 
23절) 공의와 신실을 따라서 갚으시는 하나님 / 뿌린대로 거둘 것에 대한 매우 중요한 다윗의 고백. 
This gracious offer by the triumphant David was accompanied by a brief discourse on the “law of spiritual sowing and reaping,” the last recorded words spoken by David to his royal father-in-law. The major premise in David’s closing words is that “Yahweh returns to a man his righteousness and faithfulness” (v. 23; NIV, “the Lord rewards every man for his righteousness and faithfulness”), a statement that foreshadows Paul’s assertion in Gal 6:7. Because David acted righteously and faithfully by sparing “the Lord’s anointed” when “the Lord delivered” him into David’s hands, David could humbly expect and pray that the Lord would “value [his] life and deliver [him] from all trouble” (v. 24; cf. Ps 54:7).
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 259.
실제로 다윗이 사울을 선대하였고 이 공의롭고 신실한 행동으로 하나님께서 그를 환난에서 구하신다. 이 사건 이후 사울과 다윗은 서로 만나지 않는다. 공의(righteousness, 체다크)와 신실함(faithfulness, 에무나) / 하나님께서는 지금 이땅 가운데 하나님을 향해서 신실한고 그분의 의를 따르는 이를 찾고 계신다. 



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David Spares Saul Again
26 tThen the Ziphites came to Saul at Gibeah, saying, “Is not David hiding himself on the hill of Hachilah, which is on the east of Jeshimon?” So Saul arose and went down to uthe wilderness of Ziph with vthree thousand chosen men of Israel to seek David in the wilderness of Ziph. And Saul encamped on the hill of Hachilah, which is beside the road on the east of Jeshimon. But David remained in the wilderness. When he saw that Saul came after him into the wilderness, David sent out spies and learned that Saul had indeed come. Then David rose and came to the place where Saul had encamped. And David saw the place where Saul lay, with wAbner the son of Ner, the commander of his army. Saul was lying within xthe encampment, while the army was encamped around him.
Then David said to Ahimelech the Hittite, and to Joab’s brother yAbishai the son of Zeruiah, z“Who will go down with me into the camp to Saul?” And Abishai said, “I will go down with you.” So David and Abishai went to the army by night. And there lay Saul sleeping within xthe encampment, with his spear stuck in the ground aat his head, and Abner and the army lay around him. Then Abishai said to David, b“God has given your enemy into your hand this day. Now please let me pin him to the earth with one stroke of the spear, and I will not strike him twice.” But David said to Abishai, “Do not destroy him, for who can put out his hand cagainst the Lord’s anointed and be guiltless?” 10 And David said, d“As the Lord lives, ethe Lord will strike him, or fhis day will come to die, gor he will go down into battle and perish. 11 hThe Lord forbid that I should put out my hand against the Lord’s anointed. But take now the spear that is iat his head and the jar of water, and let us go.” 12 So David took the spear and the jar of water from Saul’s head, and they went away. No man saw it or knew it, nor did any awake, for they were all asleep, because ja deep sleep from the Lord had fallen upon them.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 26:1–12.

1-4절) 십 사람들은 갈렙족속으로 사울에게 계속해서 다윗의 행방에 대한 정보를 제공하고 있다. 왜 십사람들이 이 시점에서 이런 다윗에게 적대적인 정보를 넘긴 것인가? 어쩌면 나발의 죽음과 아비가일과의 결혼으로 자신들의 기업에 대한 강탈로 여겼을 것이다. 이 정보를 듣고 사울은 이전과 같이 3000명의 군사를 이끌고 십광야로 내려가 하길라 산 길가에 진을 친다. 이 소식을 정탐꾼들로부터 다윗이 듣게 된다. 

5-7절) 다윗은 사울의 일행에 비해서 기동성과 정보력이 더욱 뛰어났다. 3000명이 진을 쳤다면 상당히 대규모였을 것이고 그 진 중앙에 사울이 위치해 있었다. 그리고 그 주변에는 군사령관 아브넬과 다른 군인들이 둘러 진을 치고 있었으므로 기습이 있으리라고는 상상하지 못했을 것이다. 그런데 허를 찌르고 다윗은 단신으로, 조카인 아비새만을 데리고 그 진영의 한복판으로 나아가고 그곳에서 자고 있는 사울을 발견한다. 

8-9절) 아비새가 다윗에게 지금이 사울을 단칼에 찔러서 죽일 수 있는 기회라고 하지만 다윗은 결단코 하나님이 기름부으신 왕을 죽일 수 없다고 말한다. 앞서 24:4의 내용과 비슷하다. 
God has given your enemy into your hand. Abishai uses the same arguments as David’s men in 24:4, and David again refuses, adding that God will surely strike Saul instead, a lesson he perhaps learned from the death of Nabal (25:39).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 534.

11절) 창과 물병을 취하는 다윗 / 창은 그의 지위와 권력을 상징하고 물병은 그의 삶을 지탱하는 자원을 의미한다. 
he commanded Abishai to take Saul’s “spear”—symbol of his power in society—and “water jug”—symbol of his life-sustaining resources. Having thus symbolically stripped Saul of both his social standing and life, they left.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 256.

11-12절) 사울의 장막에 들어가 그가 깊이 잠든 사이에 그의 창과 물병을 가지고 나온다. 이것을 누가 직접 가지고 나온 것인가? 11절에서는 다윗이 아비새에게 시킨 것으로 나오고 12절 에서는 다윗 자신이 가지고 나온 것으로 나온다. 이는 이전에 도엑이 실제로 제사장을 죽였지만 사울이 죽였다(22:21)라고 말하는 것과 같다. 왕이 실제로 하지 않은 일이지만 그 왕의 계획과 의지에 의해서 명령된 것이라면 왕이 행한 것과 같은 것이다. / 이것은 인간의 전략의 승리라기 보다는 하나님이 행하신 놀라운 일이다. 진의 모든 이들을 깊이 잠들게 하신 분이 바로 하나님이시다. 
David and Abishai accomplished this entire act of bravado in secrecy: “No one saw or knew about it, nor did anyone wake up” (v. 12). Yet the writer does not credit this achievement to human skill or stealth; as in previous crises (cf. 17:46–47; 23:12–14), it was the Lord who was at work on David’s behalf. The means the Lord used were diverse—a perfectly aimed stone, a word of revelation, “a deep sleep”—but in each case the result was the same. The Lord once again demonstrated his incredible capacity to provide exactly what was needed to rescue his saints.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 256–257.

하나님께서는 다윗을 계속해서 시험하고 계신다. 어쩌면 단칼에 사울을 죽이는 것이 이런 위험한 도피의 생활을 청산하는 간편하고 빠른 방법이겠지만 하나님께서 기름부으신 왕을 해하는 일이 하나님의 뜻이 아님을 알았기에 그럴 수 없는 것이다. 하나님 께서는 이러한 극단적인 상황속에서 자신을 의지하고 자신의 뜻을 따르는지를 보기 원하셨던 것이다. 그러면서 그 과정중에 인간의 힘과 계략만이 아니라 그분의 전적인 도우심을 보여주시는 것이다. 하나님만을 신뢰하고 나아가는 과정속에 나에게 허락하시는 시험과 그분의 도우심을 경험하며 살기를 원한다. 




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23 When Abigail saw David, she hurried uand got down from the donkey vand fell before David on her face and bowed to the ground. 24 She fell at his feet and said, w“On me alone, my lord, be the guilt. Please let your servant speak in your ears, and hear the words of your servant. 25 Let not my lord regard qthis worthless fellow, Nabal, for as his name is, so is he. Nabal3 is his name, and folly is with him. But I your servant did not see the young men of my lord, whom you sent. 26 Now then, my lord, xas the Lord lives, and as your soul lives, because ythe Lord has restrained you from bloodguilt and from zsaving with your own hand, now then alet your enemies and those who seek to do evil to my lord be as Nabal. 27 And now let this bpresent that your servant has brought to my lord be given to the young men who follow my lord. 28 Please forgive the trespass of your servant. For the Lord will certainly make my lord ca sure house, because my lord dis fighting the battles of the Lord, and evil shall not be found in you so long as you live. 29 If men rise up to pursue you and to seek your life, the life of my lord shall be bound in the bundle of the living in the care of the Lord your God. And the lives of your enemies ehe shall sling out as from the hollow of a sling. 30 And when the Lord has done to my lord according to all the good that he has spoken concerning you and has appointed you prince4 over Israel, 31 my lord shall have no cause of grief or pangs of conscience for having shed blood without cause or for my lord zworking salvation himself. And when the Lord has dealt well with my lord, then remember your servant.”
32 And David said to Abigail, f“Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel, who sent you this day to meet me! 33 Blessed be your discretion, and blessed be you, ywho have kept me this day from bloodguilt zand from working salvation with my own hand! 34 For as surely gas the Lord, the God of Israel, lives, ywho has restrained me from hurting you, unless you had hurried and come to meet me, truly by morning there had not been left to Nabal so much as one male.” 35 Then David received from her hand what she had brought him. And he said to her, h“Go up in peace to your house. See, I have obeyed your voice, and I have granted your petition.”
36 And Abigail came to Nabal, and behold, ihe was holding a feast in his house, like the feast of a king. And Nabal’s heart jwas merry within him, for he was very drunk. So she told him nothing kat all until the morning light. 37 In the morning, when the wine had gone out of Nabal, his wife told him these things, and his heart died within him, and he became as a stone. 38 And about ten days later lthe Lord struck Nabal, and he died.
39 When David heard that Nabal was dead, he said, f“Blessed be the Lord who has mavenged the insult I received at the hand of Nabal, nand has kept back his servant from wrongdoing. oThe Lord has returned the evil of Nabal on his own head.” Then David sent and pspoke to Abigail, to take her as his wife. 40 When the servants of David came to Abigail at Carmel, they said to her, “David has sent us to you to take you to him as his wife.” 41 And she rose qand bowed with her face to the ground and said, “Behold, your handmaid is a servant to wash the feet of the servants of my lord.” 42 And Abigail hurried and rose and mounted a donkey, and her five young women attended her. She followed the messengers of David and became his wife.
43 David also took Ahinoam of rJezreel, sand both of them became his wives. 44 Saul had given Michal his daughter, David’s wife, to Palti the son of Laish, who was of Gallim.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 25:23–44.

아비가일과 다윗의 만남을 성경에 가장 인상적인 여성 주도적인 만남이라고 할 수 있다. 
Other significant female-initiated contacts between genders include Adam and Eve (Gen 3), Judah and Tamar (Gen 38), Deborah and Barak (Judg 4), Ruth and Boaz (Ruth 3), and the woman who anointed Jesus with perfume (Matt 26:6–13).
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996).

23절) 아비가일은 다윗과의 만남에서 먼저 행동으로 이야기했다. 이런 비 언어적인 행동이 더 큰 영향을 줄 수 있다. 그녀는 다윗을 보자마자 나귀에서 내려서 그의 발앞에 엎드려 얼굴을 땅에 대고 말한다. 이러고나서 하는 그녀의 말은 더욱 신뢰감을 주었을 것이다. 여기서 아비가일의 대화가 성경에서 가장 길게 나오는 여인의 대화이다.(153단어) 24-31절
The so-called Song of Deborah (Judg 5:2–31) is actually longer (352 Hb. words), but the words of the song were sung by Deborah and Barak—not Deborah alone.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996).

아비가일의 행동의 의미
Abigail did three remarkable things: (1) she successfully interceded in behalf of her husband, (2) she prophetically revealed David’s destiny as the founder of a dynasty and vanquisher of enemies, and (3) she prevented David from bringing judgment down on himself through an egregious violation of the Torah.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 250.

아비가일은 다윗에게 용서와 평화를 구할뿐만 아니라 예언자적인 어조로 그의 미래를 이야기한다. 여호와께서 그의 왕국을 든든히 세우실것을 이야기하는데 이것은 이스라엘을 향한 라합의 예언과 연관성이 있다. 이스라엘과 다윗의 관계를 좀더 깊이 생각해 볼 필요가 있다.
Polzin notes the similarity that exists between Abigail’s words here regarding David’s destiny and Rahab’s words regarding Israel’s destiny (Samuel and the Deuteronomist, 208; cf. Josh 2:9). The parallel is real and reinforces the connection between Israel and David as the metaphorical representative of Israel.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996).

29절) 본문의 생명 싸개에서 사용된 bundle는 가방이라는 의미만이 아니라 document, book라는 의미를 가지고 있다. 그래서 이것은 생명책에 기록되어 있다라는 의미로 해석될 수 있다. / 또한 아비가일이 물매라는 단어를 사용한 것도 의도적이고 상징적인 의미를 가지고 있다. 
The term “bundle” (Hb. צְרוֹר) is believed by some to mean “document” and thus is the equivalent to the Book of Life (cf. Phil 4:3; Rev 3:5; 13:8; 17:8; 20:12, 15; 21:27; 22:19).
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996).

31절) 아비가일은 자신의 대화 마지막에 “내 주의 여종을 생각하소서,  then remember your servant”라고 말한다. 이것이 의미하는 바가 무엇일까? 지금 다른 남자의 아내인 아비가일에게 다윗이 할 수 있는 것이 무엇인가? 지금 이 순간 아비가일이 다윗의 아내가 될 것을 계획하거나 생각했을리는 없다. 아마도 자신의 자녀들을 부탁하는 의미로 사용했을 것이다. 하지만 하나님의 섭리속에서 이 요청은 다윗의 아내가 되는 것으로 이루어지게 된다. 
One of the most unusual aspects of Abigail’s remarkable speech was her request that David “remember your handmaid” (NIV, “servant”). As used here the term “remember” (Hb. zākar) means to “act favorably in behalf of.” It is uncertain, however, what sort of favor David could have bestowed on another man’s wife in that society, except perhaps the granting of special privileges for her children (cf. 2 Kgs 4:13–37; Matt 20:20–21).
One of the most noteworthy aspects of Abigail’s speech was her repeated use of the term translated “my lord” (Hb. ʾădonî). Her fourteen uses of the term are both ironic and prophetic since the word also means “my husband.”
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 250–251.

32-33절) 아비가일의 이야기를 듣고 자신의 맹세(22절, 내일 아침까지 나발 집안의 모든 남자들을 죽이겠다는 맹세)를 돌이킨다. 
Giving up vengeance meant breaking the vow made in v. 22. If one vows to sin, however, it is better in the eyes of the Lord to break the vow than to commit the sin vowed, a principle that Jephthah (Judg. 11:29–40) and Herod the tetrarch (Matt. 14:7–9) should have heeded. (Of course, making a rash oath in the first place was a sin that needed to be compensated for, as Lev. 5:4–6 requires.)
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 533.
다윗은 아비가일의 말을 듣고 그녀를 칭찬한다. 먼저는 그녀를 보내주신 하나님을 찬양하고, 그녀의 지혜를 칭찬하며 이어 자신이 복수로 인해서 피흘릴 것을 막은 것을 칭찬하고 있다. 

35절) 아비가일의 청을 듣고 자신의 복수를 철회하는 다윗, 사울의 모습과 대조된다. 
this providential intervention sharpened the contrast between David and Saul: David spared the clan of those who offended him, but Saul wiped the clan out that offended him (cf. chap. 22:6–23).
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 251.

36절) 그녀가 다윗과 만남을 마치고 집으로 돌아왔을때 엄청나게 화려한 잔치가 열리고 있었고 남편인 나발은 술에 취해서 대화가 불가능한 지경이었다. 왕처럼 잔치를 했다고 하는데 의도적으로 사울과 나발을 생각나게 하고 있다. 둘다 부자이고 권력이 있고 다윗의 도움을 받았음에도 다윗에게 적대적인 태도를 취하고 있다. 두 집안의 여인들이 모두 다윗을 도왔다.(미갈과 아비가일) 

37-38절) 나발이 술이 깨고 제정신이 돌아온 후에 아비가일이 자초지종을 말하자 낙담하고 10일후에 하나님이 그를 치신다. 
When he heard these words, “his heart/mind/intellect/emotions [Hb. lēb] died inside of him” (NIV, “his heart failed him”), “and he became like a stone.” In more contemporary medical terms, Nabal may have experienced a stroke that resulted in a coma. Whatever the case, “ten days later” Nabal died (v. 38). But the writer was careful to note that the ultimate cause of Nabal’s death was not an unfortunate medical problem: “The Lord struck Nabal.” His death came as the direct result of personally administered divine judgment (cf. Acts 12:23); David’s oath was fulfilled (1 Sam 25:22, Hb. text).
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 252.

39절) 나발의 죽음후에 아비가일을 자신의 아내로 맞이하는 다윗, 가까운 친족으로 기업을 무르는(고엘) 자로서의 역할을 수행하는 의미도 깊다. 

42절) 아비가일을 아내로 맞이하여 합법적으로 다윗은 나발의 지위, 재산을 보유하게 되었고 이것은 이후 그의 행보에 큰 도움이 되었다. 
Indicative of David’s growing prestige and power, Abigail was technically his third wife. Marrying Nabal’s widow gave David legitimate claim to Nabal’s position and wealth (cf. 2 Sam 12:8; 16:21–22) and thus probably was of strategic importance in David’s later rise to power in Hebron (2 Sam 2:4), a town in the vicinity of Carmel.
 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 253.

43절) 아히노암을 아내로 맞은 다윗, 다윗의 맞아들 암논의 어머니이다. 

44절) 사울이 다윗의 아내인 미갈을 라이스의 아들 발디에게 주었다. 

아비가일이 다윗의 아내가 되는 이 과정에 여인의 노력과 하나님의 섭리가 교묘하게 함께 교차하며 어우러진다. 그녀가 자신의 지혜로 자신의 집안을 멸하러 오는 다윗의 분노를 멈추려고 했던 행동과 말을 통해서 결국 그녀는 다윗의 아내가 되는 것이다. 그녀가 이것을 의도하지 않았지만 본인에게 주어진 상황속에서 최선을 다하는 열심을 통해서 하나님께서 그 일을 이루신 것이다. 



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