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David Hears of Saul’s Death
1 After the death of Saul, when David had returned afrom striking down the Amalekites, David remained two days in Ziklag. 2 And on the third day, behold, ba man came from Saul’s camp, cwith his clothes torn and dirt on his head. And when he came to David, dhe fell to the ground and paid homage. 3 David said to him, “Where do you come from?” And he said to him, “I have escaped from the camp of Israel.” 4 And David said to him, e“How did it go? Tell me.” And he answered, “The people fled from the battle, and also many of the people have fallen and are dead, and Saul and his son Jonathan are also dead.” 5 Then David said to the young man who told him, “How do you know that Saul and his son Jonathan are dead?” 6 And the young man who told him said, f“By chance I happened to be on Mount Gilboa, and there was Saul leaning on his spear, and behold, the chariots and the horsemen were close upon him. 7 And when he looked behind him, he saw me, and called to me. And I answered, ‘Here I am.’ 8 And he said to me, ‘Who are you?’ I answered him, ‘I am an Amalekite.’ 9 And he said to me, g‘Stand beside me and kill me, for anguish has seized me, and yet my life still lingers.’ 10 So I stood beside him and killed him, because I was sure that he could not live after he had fallen. hAnd I took the crown that was on his head and the armlet that was on his arm, and I have brought them here to my lord.”
11 Then David took hold of his clothes and itore them, and so did all the men who were with him. 12 And they mourned and wept jand fasted until evening for Saul and for Jonathan his son and for the people of the Lord and for the house of Israel, because they had fallen by the sword. 13 And David said to the young man who told him, “Where do you come from?” And he answered, “I am the son of a sojourner, an Amalekite.” 14 David said to him, “How is it you were not kafraid to put out your hand to destroy lthe Lord’s anointed?” 15 Then mDavid called one of the young men and said, “Go, execute him.” And he struck him down so that he died. 16 And David said to him, n“Your blood be on your head, for your own mouth has testified against you, saying, ‘I have killed othe Lord’s anointed.’ ”
1 After the death of Saul, when David had returned afrom striking down the Amalekites, David remained two days in Ziklag. 2 And on the third day, behold, ba man came from Saul’s camp, cwith his clothes torn and dirt on his head. And when he came to David, dhe fell to the ground and paid homage. 3 David said to him, “Where do you come from?” And he said to him, “I have escaped from the camp of Israel.” 4 And David said to him, e“How did it go? Tell me.” And he answered, “The people fled from the battle, and also many of the people have fallen and are dead, and Saul and his son Jonathan are also dead.” 5 Then David said to the young man who told him, “How do you know that Saul and his son Jonathan are dead?” 6 And the young man who told him said, f“By chance I happened to be on Mount Gilboa, and there was Saul leaning on his spear, and behold, the chariots and the horsemen were close upon him. 7 And when he looked behind him, he saw me, and called to me. And I answered, ‘Here I am.’ 8 And he said to me, ‘Who are you?’ I answered him, ‘I am an Amalekite.’ 9 And he said to me, g‘Stand beside me and kill me, for anguish has seized me, and yet my life still lingers.’ 10 So I stood beside him and killed him, because I was sure that he could not live after he had fallen. hAnd I took the crown that was on his head and the armlet that was on his arm, and I have brought them here to my lord.”
11 Then David took hold of his clothes and itore them, and so did all the men who were with him. 12 And they mourned and wept jand fasted until evening for Saul and for Jonathan his son and for the people of the Lord and for the house of Israel, because they had fallen by the sword. 13 And David said to the young man who told him, “Where do you come from?” And he answered, “I am the son of a sojourner, an Amalekite.” 14 David said to him, “How is it you were not kafraid to put out your hand to destroy lthe Lord’s anointed?” 15 Then mDavid called one of the young men and said, “Go, execute him.” And he struck him down so that he died. 16 And David said to him, n“Your blood be on your head, for your own mouth has testified against you, saying, ‘I have killed othe Lord’s anointed.’ ”
The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼하 1:1–16.
1-4절) 앞서 사울이 길보아 산에서 블레셋과의 전투에서 패하여 죽는 순간 다윗은 아말렉을 상대로 전투를 벌이고 있었다. 아말렉과의 전투에 승리하고 돌아와 각 성의 장로들에게 전리품을 보내고 시글락에 머문지 3일째 되는날 한 청년이 허름한 옷차림으로 나타나 이스라엘 진영의 일을 고하고 있다. 이야기는 충격적이었다. 블레셋과의 전투에서 패배해 많은 이들이 도망갔고 죽었으며 특별히 사울과 요나단이 죽었다는 것이다. / 이스라엘과 블레셋의 전투의 소식에 다윗은 특별한 관심이 있었다. 왜냐하면 두곳 모두 그에게는 매우 의미있는 곳이었기 때문이다. 블레셋에서 그는 용병으로서의 역할을 감당하기도 했던 것이다.
5-10절) 이 아말렉인의 정보를 재 확인 하는 다윗, 그의 이야기가 너무 충격적이어서 다윗은 진위여부를 확인한다. 청년은 자신이 직접 눈으로 죽음을 보았고, 사울과 대화를 나누었을 뿐만 아니라 사울의 왕관과 팔고리를 가져왔기에 그의 이야기의 신빙성을 높여주었다. 특별히 사울의 창에 대한 이야기를 통해 다윗은 사울이 얼마나 이 창을 가까이 두고 중요하게 여겼는지를 알았기에 더 깊이 신뢰하게 되었을 것이고, 병거와 기병에 대한 묘사를 통해서도 블레셋의 무기체계를 잘 알고 있기에 신뢰성이 높아졌을 것이다.
여기서 아말렉인의 손에 의해서 죽임을 당하는 사울의 모습속에서 우리는 아이러니를 발견한다. 아말렉을 진멸하라는 하나님의 명령을 순종하지 않았기에 지금 사울은 아말렉인, 이방인에게 자신을 죽일것을 명령하고 있는 것이다.
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The ironies of this event are not lost on the reader. Saul had lost his kingship because he had failed to kill an Amalekite king (cf. 1 Sam 15:9, 26); now an Amalekite that Saul had failed to eliminate would kill this Israelite king. Saul had been ordered to kill the Amalekites—now he ordered an Amalekite to kill him.
Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 287–288.
사울의 죽음의 이야기속에서 불일치가 발생한다. 삼상 31:4-5의 기록과 8-10의 아말렉인의 기록의 차이를 어떻게 설명할 것인가? 추가적인, 상세한 기록으로 볼 것인가 아니면 의도적인 거짓말로 볼 것인가? 두가지 모두 가능해 보인다. 사울 자신이 창에 엎드러져 자살을 시도했는데 바로 죽지 않고 숨이 붙어있던 때에 우연히 아말렉인이 그의 고통을 덜어주기 위해 죽였다고 볼 수도 있고, 죽음을 지켜본 아말렉인이 다윗에게 사울의 죽음에 대한 포상을 받기 위해서 몇가지 증표를 훔쳐서 나왔다고 볼 수도 있다. 어떻게 해석해도 문제는 없다.
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In spite of the evidence presented by the Amalekite, contradictions—or at least tensions—do seem to exist between the account of Saul’s death in 1 Sam 31:4–5 and the one presented in vv. 8–10. Was the Amalekite lying? Was he merely an opportunistic thief who robbed battlefield corpses before the Philistines could strip them? Had he accidentally stumbled across Saul’s corpse and imagined he could trade the jewelry and information for a great reward? Or are there multiple and incompatible sources that have been awkwardly bound together by a redactor?169 Many scholars assume the Amalekite concocted the story; others, especially commentators writing around the beginning of the twentieth century, accept it as truthful.170
On the other hand, the writer gives no indication that David questioned the veracity of the Amalekite’s account; on the contrary, he acted on the assumption that the words were true. Furthermore, the foreigner’s description of Saul with his spear seems to be that of an eyewitness. Finally, the Amalekite’s story best accounts for the fact that the Philistines did not gain possession of Saul’s crown or armlet. Thus, vv. 6–10 are most reasonably understood as a truthful retelling of 1 Sam 31:4–5, with the inclusion of additional details regarding the final moments of Saul’s life. The reader can conclude that Saul inflicted on himself a blow that, given sufficient passage of time, would have killed him; however, his death was hastened by the Amalekites’ efforts.
169 For a useful overview of multiple-source theories, as well as a conservative evaluation of them, cf. B. Arnold, “The Amalekite’s Report of Saul’s Death: Political Intrigue or Incompatible Sources?” JETS 32 (1989): 289–98.
On the other hand, the writer gives no indication that David questioned the veracity of the Amalekite’s account; on the contrary, he acted on the assumption that the words were true. Furthermore, the foreigner’s description of Saul with his spear seems to be that of an eyewitness. Finally, the Amalekite’s story best accounts for the fact that the Philistines did not gain possession of Saul’s crown or armlet. Thus, vv. 6–10 are most reasonably understood as a truthful retelling of 1 Sam 31:4–5, with the inclusion of additional details regarding the final moments of Saul’s life. The reader can conclude that Saul inflicted on himself a blow that, given sufficient passage of time, would have killed him; however, his death was hastened by the Amalekites’ efforts.
169 For a useful overview of multiple-source theories, as well as a conservative evaluation of them, cf. B. Arnold, “The Amalekite’s Report of Saul’s Death: Political Intrigue or Incompatible Sources?” JETS 32 (1989): 289–98.
170 Cf. Baldwin: “The reader knows that his story does not tally with the events already recorded” (1 and 2 Samuel, TOTC [Leicester: InterVarsity, 1988], 176); McCarter: “The contradiction is deliberate, a result of the writer’s self-conscious portrayal of the Amalekite messenger as a liar” (II Samuel, 64); Anderson: “It must have been fairly clear to the readers that the Amalekite was exaggerating his own role in this particular episode” (2 Samuel, 5); Hertzberg: “His account does not tally with that of ch. 31” (I and II Samuel, 236); Gordon: “He will be executed as a regicide …, but he was more probably a common looter with some facility in story-telling” (I and II Samuel, 209); and Youngblood: “Josephus … errs in his basic assumption that the Amalekite was telling the truth” (1, 2 Samuel, 806). But see Smith: “The easiest hypothesis is that the Amalekite fabricated his story. But the whole narrative seems against this” (Samuel, 254); and Kirkpatrick: “It is not necessary to regard this as a lie of the Amalekite” (The First Book of Samuel, 51). Brueggemann is noncommittal on the point, suggesting that “there is no way to adjudicate the question of the historicity of either narrative” (First and Second Samuel, 213).
Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 288.
11-16절) 다윗과 일행은 사울의 죽음과 이스라엘의 패배의 소식에 슬퍼하며 금식했다. 그리고 사울을 죽인 이에게 상 대신에 사형을 집행한다. /
여호와의 기름부음 받은 자를 죽이기를 두려워하지 않은 아말렉 청년에 대한 다윗의 반응, 다윗은 삼상 24:6에서 분명하게 하나님의 기름부음받은 왕, 사울을 죽이는 것은 옳지 않다라고 밝혔다. 이 아말렉 청년도 이스라엘안에 거주하는 자로 반드시 사울의 병기든 소년처럼 당연히 사울을 죽이는 것을 두려워해야만 했다. 다윗 자신도 사울 죽이는 것을 거부했다. 다윗은 폭력과 부정한 방법으로 왕위에 오르는 것을 원하지 않았다. / 하나님께서 기름부으신 자를 죽이는 것은 하나님을 거절하고 적대하는 행위와 다르지 않기에 아말렉인을 사형에 처했다.
16절)
Your blood be on your head means that the Amalekite (not David) is responsible for his own death (see Josh. 2:19; 1 Kings 2:32, 37; Ezek. 33:4).
Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 543.
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The logic was that of the lex talionis; as the man had done, so it would be done to him (cf. Exod 21:23–25; Lev 24:19–21; Deut 19:21).
Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 289.