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Some Greeks Seek Jesus
20 Now eamong those who went up to worship at the feast were some fGreeks. 21 So these came to gPhilip, who was from Bethsaida in Galilee, and asked him, “Sir, we wish to see Jesus.” 22 Philip went and told hAndrew; Andrew and Philip went and told Jesus. 23 And Jesus answered them, i“The hour has come jfor the Son of Man to be glorified. 24 Truly, truly, I say to you, kunless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it remains alone; but if it dies, it bears much fruit. 25 lWhoever loves his life loses it, and mwhoever nhates his life in this world will keep it for eternal life. 26 If anyone serves me, he must ofollow me; and pwhere I am, there will my servant be also. qIf anyone serves me, rthe Father will honor him.



 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 요 12:20–26.

20-22절) 유월절에 예배하러 올라온 헬라인(그리스인), 이들의 정체는?  개종자이거나 하나님을 경외하는 자들이었을 것이다. 
Obviously these Greeks should not be identified as pagan worshipers of the pantheon or of the Eastern cults. They probably would best be identified either as proselytes or God-fearers (those who had not yet committed themselves fully to circumcision and the Jewish rites). The former were numbered among the Jews as converts and permitted into the inner Court of Israel. The latter were still regarded as Gentiles and were permitted only in the Court of the Gentiles, but not allowed beyond the stone wall that threatened death to the unworthy (or to those who encouraged them) if they crossed the boundary (cf. the false charge against Paul in Acts 21:28).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 47.

이들이 빌립에게 갈릴리 벳새다 사람 빌립에게 나아온 이유? 그가 헬라말을 하고 헬라이름을 가지고 있어서 일 것이다. 빌립은 앞서 나다나엘을 주님께로 인도했었다.(1:44)
이 사람들을 빌립은 안드레에게 인도하고, 안드레와 빌립이 예수께 데리고 나아간다. 안드레는 앞서 오병이어때 어린아이를 주님께로 인도했던 인물이다. 이처럼 안드레는 누군가를 주님께로 인도하는 역할을 감당했다. 

23-26절) “인자의 영광을 얻을 때가 왔도다”라고 말씀하시는 주님, 이제 주님의 사역에 있어서 매우 중요한 터닝 포인트로 진입하고 있는 것이다. 
Prior to this verse the evangelist had consistently pointed forward to the hour (cf. 2:4; 4:21, 23) and had noted that his enemies were not yet able to complete their death wish for him because it was not yet his hour (7:30; 8:20). Now, however, the dirgelike drumbeat leading to Jesus’ death had begun to play. The last act had now started; the hour had arrived (12:23; 13:1; 17:1)
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 49.

인자라는 표현, 인자(the Son of Man)는 주님께 사용하는 특별한 표현이다. 
The generic use of son of man, such as “sons of man” in Mark 3:28, is not present in John. The word combination “Son of Man” is used in this Gospel only of Jesus. The Son of Man in John is clearly regarded as a unique figure. He was none other than the divine one who had descended from heaven and who thereafter ascended as well (3:13; 6:62). Moreover, as the Son of Man he was a dying, lifted-up one (3:14; 8:28; 12:34) who in 12:34 is equated with the Christ figure and whose death-resurrection was viewed as glorification (cf. 12:23; 13:31).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 50.

24절) 한알의 밀의 비유, 이 비유를 듣는 일반인들이 농사에 익숙한 사람들이기에 이것이 무엇을 의미하는지 단번에 알 수 있었다. 또한 이 비유 이면에 두번의 아멘을 통해서 이것이 주님의 죽음과 부활을 의미하는 것임을 또한 알 수 있다. 


사랑함미워함
자기 생명잃어버림영생을 얻게됨

주님을 따르는 자들에게는 순종해야할 매우 중요한 역설이 있다. 그것은 자기 생명을 사랑하면 잃게 될 것이고, 이를 미워하면 영생을 얻게 된다는 것이다. 큰자가 되고자 하는 자는 낮아지고, 섬기는 자가 높아질 것이라는 것이다. 나아가 주님을 섬기기 위해서는 그분을 따라야 하고, 주님을 섬기면 하나님 아버지께서 주님을 섬기는 바로 그 사람을 귀하게 여기실 것이다. 



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The Plot to Kill Lazarus
When the large crowd of the Jews learned that Jesus4 was there, they came, not only on account of him but also to see Lazarus, owhom he had raised from the dead. 10 pSo the chief priests made plans to put Lazarus to death as well, 11 because qon account of him many of the Jews were going away and believing in Jesus.
The Triumphal Entry
12 The next day rthe large crowd that had come to the feast heard that Jesus was coming to Jerusalem. 13 So they took branches of spalm trees and went out to meet him, crying out, t“Hosanna! Blessed is uhe who comes in the name of the Lord, even vthe King of Israel!” 14 And Jesus found a young donkey and sat on it, just as it is written,
15 w“Fear not, daughter of Zion;
behold, your king is coming,
sitting on a donkey’s colt!”
16 xHis disciples did not understand these things at first, but ywhen Jesus was glorified, then zthey remembered that these things had been written about him and had been done to him. 17 aThe crowd that had been with him when he called Lazarus out of the tomb and raised him from the dead continued to bear witness. 18 The reason why the crowd went to meet him bwas that they heard he had done this sign. 19 So the Pharisees said to one another, c“You see that you are gaining nothing. Look, dthe world has gone after him.”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 요 12:9–19.

9-11절) 마리아가 향유를 붓는 사건 이후 이제 에수님과 나사로가 공개석상에 등장한다. 이는 예수를 죽이려고 모의하는 이들 앞에 나선 것이다. 나사로는 예수님이 특별하신 분이심을 증거하는 살아있는 증거로 이제 나사로를 죽이려는 모의까지 하게 되는 것이다. 그런 반면에 많은 유대인들은 나사로로 인해서 자신이 믿던 곳을 떠나서 예수를 믿게 되었다. 
- 무리를 떠나 베다니에서 기름부음을 받으시고 이제 예루살렘 입성을 향해 나오실때 이미 무리들중에는 주님께서 행하신 여러 이적, 특별히 다시 살아난 나사로로 인해서 많은 이들이 주님을 따랐고 이를 두려워하는 무리들은 나사로와 예수를 죽이려고 모의하기 시작한다. 

본문의 예루살렘 입성 기사는 4복음서 모두에 기록되어 있다. 
Although the event is recorded in all four Gospels (Matt 21:1–11; Mark 11:1–11; Luke 19:29–44; as well as here in John), the focus of the stories is not the same in all of them.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 39.

12절) 그 이튿날, 고난 주간의 주일(종려 주일)
The next day is probably Sunday of Passion Week, called “Palm Sunday” in Christian tradition
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2048.
If the anointing took place on the evening after Sabbath concluded, this event could be understood to have occurred on Sunday
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 40.

13절) 종려나무 가지를 흔들며 “호산나 찬송하리로다 주의 이름으로 오시는 이 곧 이스라엘의 왕이시여”라고 외침, 이 외침은 구약의 슥 9:9을 연상케 한다. 무리들은 예수님을 왕으로 삼으려고 했다. 물론 그분은 만왕의 왕이시다. 하지만 무리들이 요구하는 형태의 왕은 아니다. 그분은 정치적인 왕이 아니라 십자가에 달려 죽은 왕이 되실 것이다. 이 호산나라는 외침은 “우리를 구원하소서”라는 의미로 시 118편을 떠오르게 한다. 
The crowd here obviously came out to meet a hero (12:13), “shouting” their hosannas and pronouncing a blessing on the “one who comes” in the name of the Lord—namely, “the King of Israel!”27 This statement is a composite acclamation drawn particularly from Ps 118:25–26 and Zech 9:9, where Zion/Jerusalem is called upon to rejoice at the coming of their king. The expression “he who comes” (hōerchomenos) is a familiar designation for the expectation of the coming Messiah and the initiation of the messianic age (cf. Ps 118:26 and John 1:9).28
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 42.

14-15절) 새끼 나귀를 타고 입성하시는 주님, 정복자로 건장한 말이나 낙타를 타신것이 아니라 나귀, 그것도 새끼를 타고 초라하게 입성하시는 모습은 그분의 겸손을 상징한다. 이 세상의 리더십과는 전혀 다른 형태의 리더십을 보여주고 계신 것이다. 
The crowd attached themselves to the idea of triumph in Zech 9:9.29 But when Jesus chose a young donkey for his entrance rather than a chariot and horses or a camel (the animals used by Roman and Eastern conquerors), he undoubtedly understood that there was another perspective in that text of Zechariah, a perspective that would not be warmly welcomed by the crowd. That perspective was humility.
29 See F. Bruce, “The Book of Zechariah and the Passion Narrative,” BJRL 43 (1961): 347. Cf. A. Hanson, The New Testament Interpretation of Scripture (London: S.P.C.K., 1980), 167–70.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 42.
지금 호산나를 외치는 무리들은 자신들의 외침이 어떤 의미인지 제대로 파악하지 못했다. 하지만 주님은 구약의 말씀대로 건축자의 버린 돌(시 118:22)로 오셔서 그 일을 성취하셨다. 
In the Feast of Tabernacles, for instance, the male participants (both men and boys) waved the lūlab when the Temple singers reached the crescendo of “Hosanna.”31 The use of the psalm in connection with Passover is also well identified in the tractate on Passover in the Mishnah.32 But what is most intriguing is the irony in the call of the crowd for salvation. It was in this entrance to Jerusalem that Jesus said that his hour had come (12:23). Indeed, it would be on the cross that Jesus would fulfill the confessional prediction of the Samaritans when they called him the “Savior of the World!” (4:42). But the crowd’s idea of salvation and their idea of a messianic savior was not what John knew this entrance was about. If they had only understood the messianic implications of an earlier verse in that psalm (Ps 118:22), maybe they would have come to realize that the rejected stone would “become the head of the corner” (cf. the use in Matt 21:42; Mark 12:10; Luke 20:17; Acts 4:11; 1 Pet 2:4, 7; cf. also Eph 2:20). But they did not.
31 The lûlāb is a festive bundle of green branches usually composed of palm, myrtle, and willow limbs.
32 See M. Pesah 5.7; 9.3; 10.7.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 43.

16절) 메시야를 열광하는 무리들 속에서 제자들은 이 일의 의미를 깨닫지 못했다. 하지만 이후에 주님이 십자가에 달려 죽으시고 부활하신 이후에 나귀를 타고 입성하시는 분이 바로 예언된 메시야임을 깨닫게 된다. 우리들도 어떤 사건속에서 그 당시에는 그 의미를 깨닫지 못하다가 이후에 그 경험속에 어떤 의미가 있는지를 깨닫게 되는 경우가 있다. 

17-18절) 이 많은 무리들 앞에서 나사로의 사건을 직접 목격한 이들이 이 이적이 얼마나 놀라운 일인지를 증거하자 무리가 예수를 열렬하게 맞이하고 있다. 결국 주님께서 나사로의 죽음이후에 의도적으로 이틀을 유하시고 나서 하나님 아버지의 영광을 타나내기 위함이라고 말씀하셨는데 이 말씀대로 나사로의 부활이 무리들앞에 하나님의 영광을 드러내고 있는 것이다. 이 표적 행하심을 듣고 무리들은 메시야에 대한 소망을 강하게 표현하고 있는 것이다. 

19절) 이러한 주님의 입성의 모습에 바리새인들은 위협을 느끼면서 “온세상이 저를 좇는다”고 하면서 자신들의 노력이 쓸데 없다라고 고백한다. 
본문의 세상의 의미는 그렇게 부정적이지 않다. 
The idea of world (kosmos) in John is not, as some Christians might have come to think, a negative term (cf. John 3:16–19). Neither is it basically a geographical or territorial designation, but rather a reference to the population of the world. Thus Jesus is the light of the people of the world (1:9; 8:12), and his coming into the world (1:10) was to take away the sin of the people of the world (1:29). But because of hard hearts and rejection, the coming of Jesus also meant the judgment of the world (9:39).
In the present text the reactive cry of the Pharisees was, of course, an exaggeration. Yet for those in the establishment, it probably seemed that their control was collapsing. But for John their statement must have seemed ironic. Jesus had not come to be a political leader, although his entrance into Jerusalem here marked a strategic step in becoming “the Savior of the World” (cf. 4:42).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 46.





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Mary Anoints Jesus at Bethany
12 Six days before ithe Passover, jJesus therefore came to Bethany, kwhere Lazarus was, whom Jesus had raised from the dead. So they gave a dinner for him there. lMartha served, and Lazarus was one of those reclining with him at table. mMary therefore took a pound1 of expensive ointment made from pure nard, and anointed the feet of Jesus and wiped his feet with her hair. The house was filled with the fragrance of the perfume. But Judas Iscariot, one of his disciples (he who was about to betray him), said, “Why was this ointment not sold for three hundred denarii2 and ngiven to the poor?” He said this, not because he cared about the poor, but because he was a thief, and nhaving charge of the moneybag he used to help himself to what was put into it. Jesus said, “Leave her alone, so that she may keep it3 for the day of my burial. For the poor you always have with you, but you do not always have me.”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 요 12:1–8.

본문의 이야기는 공관복음에도 등장하는 내용이다. 이런 내용은 오병이어의 기적, 성정 청결 기사, 세례요한의 이야기등이 있다. 
The fact that the story of the anointing appears in all four Gospels confirms its significance to the overall presentation of the good news. Given the general independence of John from the stories in the Synoptics, this fact is certainly worthy of note, especially since up to this point about all that is parallel in John with the three other Gospels has been the story of the feeding of the five thousand. Perhaps one could add the temple cleansing (if one allows for it to be placed at a different point from the Synoptics) and the story of John the Baptist (if one allows for a different role of the Baptizer in this book).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 31.

1-2절) 유월절 엿새 전에 베다니에 도착하신 주님, 유월절이 금요일 저녁에 시작되니까 토요일에 도착하셨다. 
Regarding the Passover, cf. 11:55 and note on 2:13. Six days before the Passover most likely refers to Saturday, since the Passover began Friday evening at sundown.
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2047.
본문의 장소에 대해서 공관 복음서는 다른 정보를 제공한다. 마태와 마가는 문둥병자 시몬의 집으로, 누가는 바리새인 시몬으로 기록한다. 
Moreover, whereas Bethany (likely to be in Judea) is mentioned in connection with the anointing in Matthew, Mark, and John, the setting in Luke, although not mentioned, would appear to be in Galilee since that was where Jesus was reportedly doing his early ministry at the time (cf. Luke 7:11 for Nain and 8:1, 22 villages and the sea of Galilee). Furthermore, the particular site of the reception is said in Matthew and Mark to be the house of Simon the leper while in Luke it is the home of a Pharisee named Simon (Luke 7:40).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 32.
날자도 요한은 유월절 6일전으로, 마태와 마가는 이틀전으로 설명한다. 
Furthermore, in John the event is placed chronologically six days before Passover (12:1), whereas in Matthew (26:2) and Mark (14:1) it is recounted following a meeting of the Jewish leaders two days before Passover.7 The Lukan dating is hard to coordinate with either of these dates.
7 Blomberg writes that Matthew and Mark “relocate this passage topically, because of the symbolism of preparing Jesus for his burial, sandwiching the narrative between a reference to the later plot of the Jewish leaders to arrest Jesus and Judas’ arrangement to betray him” (ibid.).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 32.
또한 본문의 마리아에 대한 묘사도 상이하다. 누가는 죄를 지은 한 여자(눅 7:37)로 묘사한다. 눅 8:2에 일곱 귀신이 나간 막달라 마리아와 나사로의 동생 마리아를 같은 여인으로 본다면 가능하다. 하지만 이 두 여인이 다른 여인이라면 향유를 붓는 사건은 두번에 걸쳐서 일어난 것이 된다. 
In addition, the woman who anointed Jesus is described by Luke (7:37) as a sinner and contrasted with the self-righteous Pharisee who organized the meal; but there is no such description in Matthew and Mark, and the woman remains virtually unidentified beyond the deed she did. John, on the other hand, identifies her as “Mary” (12:3), whom we assume to be the Mary of John 11, the sister of Lazarus and Martha. It is the particular Lukan designation of the woman as a sinner, however, that in the past has led to speculations that Mary of Bethany must have been a sinful woman and usually that she should be identified with Mary Magdalene, out of whom Jesus cast seven demons (Luke 8:2). But such speculation is merely a later construct of a Tatian-type mentality, and it is important to remember that even Luke, who categorizes Mary Magdalene in such a way, does not identify her with the sister of Lazarus and Martha (Luke 10:39–42).8
8 In his article on “Mary” E. H. Palmer warns against such synthesizing of identifications (rev. ed. ISBE 3.268). Cf. also the interesting comments of D. and F. Stagg in Women in the World of Jesus (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1978), 117–21 and 238–39.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 33.

공관복음서와 요한복음의 본 기사를 하나로 볼려면 이 잔치를 주관한 사람은 시몬이라는 인물로 나사로와 가까운 인물일 것이다. 요한은 마치 나사로가 이 잔치의 주인인 것 처럼 기록하고 있다.

3절) 예수의 발에 비싼 향유, 순전한 나드 한 근을 붓고 머리털로 그의 발을 씻음, 공관복음의 기록에서는 옥합에 가져와 예수의 머리에 부었다고 기록되어 있다. 한근(327.45 그램)으로 300데나리온이나 되는 비싼 향유이다. 
Specifically, Mark and Matthew report an anointing of Jesus’ head whereas Luke and John speak of the anointing of his feet (Matt 26:7; Mark 14:3; Luke 7:38; John 12:3).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 32.
머리카락으로 발을 씻는 행동은 매우 특별한 행동으로 주님께 대한 전적인 존경과 헌신을 의미한다. 여기에서 마리아가 주님의 죽음을 직접적으로 인식했는지는 명확하지 않다. 
The Synoptics indicate that the perfume was kept in an alabaster jar (Matt. 26:7; Mark 14:3). It is recorded here that Mary anointed the feet of Jesus, while Matt. 26:7 and Mark 14:3 mention that she anointed Jesus’ “head.” Considering the large quantity of ointment, Mary apparently anointed both Jesus’ head and his feet. Attending to the feet was the work of servants (cf. John 1:27; 13:5), so Mary’s actions show humility and devotion. Her wiping of Jesus’ feet with her hair is also remarkable, since Jewish women rarely unbound their hair in public. Mary’s action indicates an expression of intense personal devotion to Christ, but no hint of immoral thoughts or conduct should be read into her actions.
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2047.

4-7절) 제자들의 반응과 이에 대한 평가
요한은 유다에 대해서 그의 복음서를 통해서 매우 부정적으로 평가한다. 
The story in John, however, makes a slightly different point. It certainly picks up the burial symbolism (12:7), but it refocuses the picture from the misunderstanding of the disciples to Judas, who was not merely mistaken. In this story John makes it plain that Judas was not an unfortunate, misguided person. He was inherently an evil thief who had no concern for the poor (12:6). Thus John would never agree with some modern portrayals of Judas as a tragic hero who merely misunderstood Jesus. For John, Judas was a devil-man (diabolos; 6:70), a receiver of Satan (13:27), and the son of doom or destruction (17:12). For John, he was the unforgivable betrayer (hōparadidous) who stood with the enemies of Jesus (18:5; cf. paradidonai; 12:5). For a discussion of Iscariot, see my comments at 6:71.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 36.

가룟 유다는 이렇게 허비하느니 300데나리온을 가난한 자에게 주는 것이 더 낫지 않느냐고 말한다. 하지만 이것에 대해서 요한은 가난한 자를 생각하는 것 처럼 보이지만 유다는 도적으로 돈 궤를 맡아서 이를 도적질 할려고 하고 있다라고 평가하고 있다. 주님은 마치 비이성적이고 매우 낭비적으로 보이는 이 여인의 행동을 칭창하시며 나의 죽음, 장사할 날을 준비하고 있다고 말한다. 결국 요한은 이 사건을 통해서 왕으로 오신 주님의 죽음을 예비하고 있는 것이다. 

8절) 이 여인의 행동과 유다의 반응에 대해서 주님은 ‘가난한 자들은 항상 있지만 나는 항상 너희와 있지 않다’라고 말씀하신다. 이는 가난한 자를 돕는 것이 잘못되었거나 우선순위가 떨어진다라는 것이 아니라 임박한 주님의 죽음의 중요성을 말씀하고 계신 것이다. 


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The Plot to Kill Jesus
45 nMany of the Jews therefore, owho had come with Mary and phad seen what he did, believed in him, 46 but some of them went to the Pharisees and told them what Jesus had done. 47 So the chief priests and the Pharisees qgathered rthe council and said, s“What are we to do? For this man performs many signs. 48 If we let him go on like this, everyone will believe in him, and tthe Romans will come and take away both our uplace and our nation.” 49 But one of them, vCaiaphas, wwho was high priest that year, said to them, “You know nothing at all. 50 Nor do you understand that xit is better for you that one man should die for the people, not that the whole nation should perish.” 51 He did not say this of his own accord, but ybeing high priest that year zhe prophesied that Jesus would die for the nation, 52 and anot for the nation only, but also bto gather into one the children of God who are scattered abroad. 53 So from that day on they cmade plans to put him to death.
54 Jesus therefore dno longer walked openly among the Jews, but went from there to the region near the wilderness, to a town called Ephraim, and there he stayed with the disciples.
55 Now ethe Passover of the Jews was at hand, and fmany went up from the country to Jerusalem before the Passover gto purify themselves. 56 hThey were looking for6 Jesus and saying to one another as they stood in the temple, “What do you think? That he will not come to the feast at all?” 57 Now the chief priests and the Pharisees had given orders that if anyone knew where he was, he should let them know, so that they might arrest him.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 요 11:45–57.

45-46절) 예수의 하신 일(죽은 나사로가 살아남)을 본 많은 유대인들(마리아를 따라 온 사람들, 31-32절)이 이일로 인해서 주님을 믿게 된다. 하지만 이중에 어떤 이들은 이를 바리새인들에게 밀고한다. 같은 이적을 보고 구원의 자리로 들어가는 사람이 있는가 하면 도리어 그 구원에서 멀어지게 되는 자들도 있다. 

47-49절) 이 일로 인하여 대제사장들과 바리새인들이 공회(산헤드린)를 소집한다. 공회는 70명으로 구성되어있고 대제사장(주로 사두개인)들과 서기관들(주로 바리새인들)로 구성되어 있다. 이중 대제사장(high priest)한명으로 당시 안나스 가문으로 종신직이지만 로마에 의해서 정년이 보장되지 못했기에 49절에 그 해 대제사장이 가야바라고 적시하고 있다. 당시 실제로 가야바는 AD 18-36에 대제사장으로 섬겼다. 
이 기득권층들이 예수를 두려워한 이유는 정치적인 폭동의 가능성이 있었고 또한 자신들의 기득권이 위협을 받기 때문이었다. 권력을 향유하는 이들은 이 권력의 기반이 되는 민중들이 자신을 떠나는 것을 본능적으로 두려워한다. 48절의 경우 로마인들이 와서 우리 땅과 민족을 빼앗아 갈것이다라는 것은 이중적인 의미로 해석되는데 첫째는 말그대로 우리 땅(거룩한 성전)과 민족을 압제 하는 것에 대한 두려움, 둘째는 our place를 단순히 물리적 인 땅이 아니라 그들에게 주어진 역할로 이해하면 자신들의 기득권을 빼앗길 것에 대한 두려움으로 해석된다. 

50-52절) 대제사장 가야바의 발언, ‘한 사람이 백성을 위해서 죽어서 온민족이 망하지 않게 되는 것이 유익하다’라는 발언은 가야바가 어떤 상황에서 이야기했던 간에 요한은 이에 대해서 이것을 스스로 말한 것이 아니라 하나님께서 주셔서 말씀하시게 하신 예언적인 발언이라고 말하고 있다. 가야바는 지금 위협받는 자신의 기득권을 지키기 위해서 주님을 희생양으로 삼아야겠다라는 의도에서 발언했을지라도 이것은 결국 온민족을 구원하시기 위한 하나님의 구원계획을 정확하게 설명하고 있는 것이다. 
Here the word of the high priest provides insight into the means whereby the nation would be spared from perishing. But the evangelist added that the death of Jesus (the sacrificial victim) would extend beyond the ethnic and geographical boarders of Israel (“the nation”) and unite into one group all the scattered children of God (11:52; cf. 10:16).351
351 For a discussion of the “one man” and the making of “them one” in this passage see Appold, The Oneness Motif, 236–45.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 366.

53절) 결국 이날 공회는 예수를 죽이기로 결정하게 된다. 그리고 그날이 바로 유월절이 가까운 시간이었다. 

54절) 이로 인해서 주님께서 공개적으로 다니지 않으시고 에브라인에 제자들과 유하셨다. 

55-57절) 이제 유월절이 가까워졌다. 유월절은 어린양의 죽임을 통해서 이스라엘이 구원을 얻게 된 날을 기념하는 절기인데 요한이 이미 선포한대로 주님께서는 친히 세상죄를 지고 가는 하나님의 어린양으로 오셔서 이제 이 유월절에 그 일을 이루시기 위해서 한걸음 한걸음 나아가고 계신 것이다. 
For the Jews the Passover represented the death of the lambs and the birth of their nation to freedom in the exodus. For the evangelist, whose thematic perspective has been focused on “the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!” (1:29), however, the closing of the Festival Cycle at Passover was absolutely foundational to his message. The Lamb who had been sent by God was about to die. Yet ironically while all Jerusalem was gripped in a state of upheaval, this Lamb of God was removed from the chaos and intrigue as he waited for the hour of his destiny outside the “Holy” city. But intriguingly John notes that the people had come to “sanctify” or “cleanse” (hagnizein, 11:55) themselves while their leaders had indelibly stained themselves as they ruthlessly plotted the death of the blameless Son of God. The Festival Cycle had thus come to its predictable end!
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 367–368.
유월절을 지키기 위해서 많은 사람들이 자신을 성결케하기 위해서 미리 예루살렘에 올라왔는데 아이러니하게 죄없으신 주님을 잡아들일 것을 명령하고 있다. 

역사의 수레바퀴는 힘을 가진 자들이 자신의 기득권을 지키기 위해서 자신의 뜻대로 조종하고 좌지우지하는 것 같지만 결국 그 이면에 하나님의 흔들리지 않는 주권이 존재하고 그것을 그분께서 이루어가고계신다. 





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Jesus Raises Lazarus
38 Then Jesus, adeeply moved again, came to the tomb. It was ba cave, and ca stone lay against it. 39 Jesus said, “Take away the stone.” Martha, the sister of the dead man, said to him, “Lord, by this time there will be an odor, for dhe has been dead four days.” 40 Jesus said to her, e“Did I not tell you that if you believed you would see fthe glory of God?” 41 So they took away the stone. And Jesus glifted up his eyes and said, “Father, I thank you that you have heard me. 42 hI knew that you always hear me, but I said this ion account of the people standing around, jthat they may believe that you sent me.” 43 When he had said these things, he cried out with a loud voice, “Lazarus, come out.” 44 kThe man who had died came out, lhis hands and feet bound with linen strips, and mhis face wrapped with a cloth. Jesus said to them, “Unbind him, and let him go.”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 요 11:38–44.

38절) 다시 깊이 분노, 통분히 여기시며 돌로 막혀 있는 굴로 된 무덤을 향해 가시는 주님. 이후에 주님이 장사된 곳도 이러한 형태의 무덤이었다. 

39-40절) 돌로 막혀있는 무덤을 보시고 주님께서 무리를 향해서 이 돌을 치울것을 명령하신다. 이에 대해서 마르다는 죽은지 나흘이 되어 이미 시체가 부패하기 시작했고 썩은 냄새가 난다라고 대답하였다. 이는 다시 소생케될 확률이 거의 없기에 쓸데없는 일을 하지 말라는 의도가 담겨있다. 하지만 주님께서 마르다와의 대화를 상기시키시면서 ‘네가 믿으면 하나님의 영광을 보리라”는 것을 말씀하신다.(23-27절) 마르다의 모습속에 우리가 있다. 주님께서 부활이요 생명이시며 주는 그리스도시요 세상에 오시는 하나님의 아들이신줄을 믿음으로 고백했지만 지금 역사의 현장속에서 온전히 주님의 역사를 신뢰하지 못하고 있는 것이다. 우리도 주님께서 그러한 초월적인 역사를 베푸실 것을 믿어야 하지만 도리어 마르다의 모습이 우리의 현실적인 모습에 가깝다. 그렇다면 중요한 것은 이러한 실수와 믿음 없음 속에서도 굴하지 않고 하나님의 영광을 보기를 소원하고 있느냐 하는 것이다. 결과적으로 마르다의 조언, 죽은지 나흘이나 되어 썩은 냄새가 난다는 말은 주위의 사람들에게 너무나도 당연한 이야기였고 이것이 실제임을 확신하게 되는 계기가 되었다. 말하자면 그녀의 연약함이 도리어 하나님의 영광의 통로가 된 것이다. 중요한 것은 실수하고 실패하더라도 하나님의 역사의 현장에 서 있는 것이다. 

41-42절) 이제 하늘을 우러러 보시고 자신의 말을 들으신 것에 대해서 하나님께 감사의 기도를 드리신다. 42절의 ‘아버지께서 나를 보내신 것을 저희로 믿게 하려 함이다’는 바로 주님의 사명 선언(20:31)과도 같다. 주님께서 지금 죽은 자를 일으키시는 이적을 베푸시면서 바로 그 이유가 하나님께서 우리를 구원하시기위해서 당신의 아들을 보내셨음을 알고 믿도록 하기 위함이라고 말씀하시는 것이다. 

43-44절) ‘나사로야 나오라’라고 외치시는 주님. 이 명령은 나사로를 향한 외침이기도 하지만 동시에 죽음의 권세를 향한 명령이기도 하다. 결국 죽음의 권세는 주님의 명령에 순복한다. 

* 주님의 세번의 명령
1) 39절-돌을 옮겨 놓으라
2) 43절-나사로야 나오라
3) 44절-풀어 놓아 다니게 하라
When Lazarus came struggling forth, he was bound in the grave wrappings. So the third and final command of Jesus was to set him free (luein) of the bindings—to let him get out of the hindrances and be on his way (11:44). In summary, the first and third commands involved the mourners. The second involved Lazarus and the great enemy, “death.” What is important to note is that Jesus performed the miracle, but he employed human agents to assist him with the circumstances. Thus the very mourners who doubted him were agents in the completion of the miracle. In their participation the mourners in fact became part of the sign and therefore were undeniable witnesses to the power of Jesus (11:47–48).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 362–363.
결국 주님의 이 명령에 순종하는 과정을 통해서 나사로의 죽음앞에 애통해 하던 많은 사람들은 하나님의 영광을 보게 된다. 단순히 멀리서 보는 것만이 아니라 조금더 직접적으로 돌을 옮기면서, 두렵지만 수족을 베로 동인채로 나아오는 나사로를 자유롭게 해주는 과정을 통해서 직접 그 역사에 동참하게 된다. 

마르다가 주님의 역사에 참여하게 됨 / 무리들이 돌을 옮기고 묶였던 것을 풀어주는  수고로움속에서 하나님의 역사를 경험하게 됨.








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Jesus Weeps
28 When she had said this, she went and called her sister Mary, saying in private, r“The Teacher is here and is calling for you.” 29 And when she heard it, she rose quickly and went to him. 30 Now Jesus had not yet come into the village, but was still in the place where Martha had met him. 31 When the Jews swho were with her in the house, consoling her, saw Mary rise quickly and go out, they followed her, supposing that she was going to the tomb to weep there. 32 Now when Mary came to where Jesus was and saw him, she fell at his feet, saying to him, t“Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died.” 33 When Jesus saw her weeping, and the Jews who had come with her also weeping, he uwas deeply moved5 in his spirit and vgreatly troubled. 34 And he said, “Where have you laid him?” They said to him, “Lord, come and see.” 35 wJesus wept. 36 So the Jews said, “See xhow he loved him!” 37 But some of them said, “Could not he ywho opened the eyes of the blind man zalso have kept this man from dying?”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 요 11:28–37.

28-31절) 마르다가 동생 마리아에게 주님께서 부르신다고 이야기하자 마리아가 이말을 듣고 급히 일어나 주님이 계시던 곳, 처음 마르다가 맞던 곳으로 나아갔다. 이런 모습을 보고 조문하던 유대인들은 마리아가 곡하러 무덤에 가는줄로 생각했다. 여기서도 마리아와 마르다의 성격 차이, 행동 양식의 차이를 보게 된다. 마르다는 적극적으로 행동하는(눅 10:40) 유형으로 먼저 만나고 마리아에게 주님과의 만남을 주관해준다. 29절의 ‘급히’라는 단어를 통해서 그녀의 슬픔이 어떠한지, 그리고 주님을 얼마나 기다리고 있었는지를 알 수 있다.  
마리아가 나서는 모습에 따라나온 유대인들은 그당시 장례식에 애도하는 것을 돕기 위해서 함께 울어주는 사람들이었다. 마리아가 슬픔에 싸여 오라비, 나사로의 무덤으로 달려가는 것으로 생각하고 그를 따라가 그를 위로하고 돕기 위해서 따라나선 것이다. 

32-33절) 그런 마리아가 달려간 곳은 예수님 앞이었다. 마리아의 질문은 마르다의 질문과 거의 유사하다.(21절) “주님께서 여기 계셨더라면”이라고 외치며 슬피 울었다. 이 슬픔의 모습은 동양적인 우리들에게 친숙하다. 
Mary expressed her loss differently from Martha. Mary’s tears have in fact taken the place of most of Martha’s words. The careful reader of John will remember the mourning of Mary Magdalene at the Lord’s tomb when what she wanted was merely to care for Jesus’ lifeless body (20:16). Here Mary’s pathetic piety became a hallmark of her portrait. Even her sacrificial anointing of Jesus (12:3) fits this picture of her.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 359.

33절) 심령에 통분히 여기시고 민망히 여기시는 주님. 
예수님께서 마리아와 마리아의 뒤를 따라온 유대인들이 우는 것을 보셨습니다. 예수님의 마음은 격한 감정이 들면서 몹시 아프셨습니다.(쉬운성경)
33 When Jesus saw her weeping, and the Jews who had come with her also weeping, he uwas deeply moved5 in his spirit and vgreatly troubled.
The Greek word underlying deeply moved, embrimaomai (elsewhere in the NT only in v. 38; Matt. 9:30 [“sternly warned”]; Mark 1:43 [“sternly charged”]; and Mark 14:5 [“scolded”]), means to feel something deeply and strongly. Jesus was moved with profound sorrow at the death of his friend and at the grief that his other friends had suffered. In addition, this sorrow was intermixed with anger at the evil of death (the final enemy; see 1 Cor. 15:26; Rev. 21:4), and also with a deep sense of awe at the power of God that was about to flow through him to triumph over death (in anticipation of his voice summoning the whole world to the resurrection on the last day)
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2046.
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 요 11:33.
본문은 원문의 부정적인 느낌을 다소 약하게 번역하였다. 주님이 지금 아파하시면서 그들에게 분노하며 꾸짖으시는 이유는 무리들의 반응 때문이었다. 마리아가 우는 것과 유대인들이 그 죽음, 죄의 결과, 앞에 우는 것을 보시고 아파하시고 계신 것이다. 죽음앞에 겁을 내고 슬퍼하며 무기력하게 울고 있는 이들을 바라보시고 안타까이 여기시며 통분히 여기고 계신 것이다. 주님은 죽음을 이기신 분이시기에 인간들이 느끼는 죽음에 대한 공포를 뛰어 넘어 계신다. 
- But the reaction of Jesus to that kind of wailing by the mourners was hardly empathetic support. The result was that Jesus became “disgusted” or “angered” (the Greek is embrimasthai) in his spirit and “perturbed” (tarassein) by the actions of the people (11:33). While psychoanalyzing Jesus is impossible from a report about Jesus, a statement needs to be made here about the meaning of v. 33. In contrast to German translations of this sentence, Beasley-Murray has argued convincingly that English polite translations (Including the NIV’s “he was deeply moved in spirit and troubled”) have failed to give sufficient negative impact to the Greek words in the sentence.328 The sense conveyed by most english versions is that Jesus was troubled along with the Jews over the death of Lazarus because he loved Lazarus (11:36). But that statement was made by the mourners, not Jesus. Clearly Jesus did not like death. Death, like sin, was an enemy for him, as it was for Paul (cf. 1 Cor 15:26, 54–57). His problem in this story, however, was not death. It was the mourners. Jesus was not a helpless human in the face of death. The story has a much different focus. Martha had been full of words, and here Mary and her supporters were full of tears and wailing. But for all of them Jesus was an unrecognized power in their midst.
NIV New International Version
328 See Beasley-Murray, John, 192–93. Beasley-Murray notes that even the second edition of English translation of Bauer’s Lexicon has the meanings of “scold, censure,” “warn sternly,” but for John 11:38 it has merely “deeply moved.” The necessary meaning should have carried some sense of anger. Cf. also Brown, John, 1.425–26; Carson, John, 415–16; Schnackenburg, St. John, 2.335–36.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 359–360.

34-37절) 나사로를 어디 두었는지 묻는 주님. 
35절) 눈물을 흘리시는 주님, 나사로의 죽음앞에 주님께서 눈물을 흘리신 이유는 믿음이 부족해서가 아니라 죽음과 이에 대한 고통의 실제에 대한 슬픔을 표현하신 것이다. 이 표현은 오직 이곳에만 등장한다. 
또한 주님의 눈물은 주님이 어떤 분이신지에 대해 오해하고 있는 무리들에 대한 연민과 안타까움에 대한 것이다. 그들은 이미 죽은지 사흘째 되어서 시체에서 악취가 나는 상태에서 희망을 상실한 상태에 있는 것이다.  








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I Am the Resurrection and the Life
17 Now when Jesus came, he found that Lazarus had already been in the tomb bfour days. 18 Bethany was near Jerusalem, about two miles3 off, 19 and many of the Jews had come to Martha and Mary cto console them concerning their brother. 20 dSo when Martha heard that Jesus was coming, she went and met him, but Mary remained seated in the house. 21 Martha said to eJesus, “Lord, fif you had been here, my brother would not have died. 22 But even now I know that whatever you ask from God, gGod will give you.” 23 Jesus said to her, “Your brother will rise again.” 24 hMartha said to him, “I know that he will rise again in ithe resurrection on the last day.” 25 Jesus said to her, j“I am the resurrection and kthe life.4 Whoever believes in me, lthough he die, myet shall he live, 26 and everyone who lives and believes in me nshall never die. Do you believe this?” 27 She said to him, “Yes, Lord; oI believe that pyou are the Christ, the Son of God, qwho is coming into the world.”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 요 11:17–27.

17-20절) 죽은지 4일째 되는 날 나사로의 무덤을 찾으신 주님. 여기에는 당시 장례 습관에 대해서 알 필요가 있다. 죽은 이후 3일 까지는 죽은자의 혼이 떠돌다가 다시 시체에 들어갈 방법을 찾다가 3일이 지나면 시체가 변색되고 혼이 다시 돌아가지 못하게 된다는 것이다. 
The general belief was that the spirit of the deceased hovered around the body for three days in anticipation of some possible means of reentry into the body. But on the third day it was believed that the body lost its color and the spirit was locked out. Therefore the spirit was obliged to enter the chambers of Sheol (the place of the dead).313 The passing of the third day, therefore, signaled the conclusion of the last modicum of hope for the mourners.
313 Cf. Gen. Rab. 100; Lev. Rab. 18:1 (15:1). For further references see Str-B 2.544–45, and A. T. Hanson, “The Old Testament Background to the Raising of Lazarus,” SE 6 (1973): 252–55. The general custom of visiting the grave site was practiced by a number of Middle Eastern people. See Sem 8 (1958): 55–70, and the later description of the Manichaeans in A. Böhlig, Die Gnosis III: Der Manichäismus (Zurich: J. Asmussen, 1980), 344, n.54. See also Borchert, “Is Bultmann’s Theology a New Gnosticism?” EvQ 36 (1964): 223, for a note on Mandean burial practices.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 354.

19절) 많은 유대인들이 나사로의 죽음에 위문하러 참석하였다. 그는 베다니에서 유력한 사람이었던 것을 알 수 있다. 

20절) 예수께서 오신 다는 소식을 듣고 마리아는 나가서 그분을 맞이하고, 마리아는 집에 앉아있었다. 이를 두 자매의 신앙, 성격의 차이를 볼 수 있다. 마르다는 적극적으로 직접 봉사를 하고 행동하는 것을 좋아했고, 마리아는 조용한 성격으로 예배를 드리고 말씀을 듣고, 자신의 오라비의 죽음앞에서 슬퍼하고 있었던 것이다. 

21-22절) 마르다는 주님께 처음에는 원망섞인 이야기, 주님이 계셨더라면 나사로가 죽지 않았을 것이라고 이야기하면서 이제는 이제라도 주께서 구하시는 것을 아버지 하나님께서 주실줄을 믿는다는 믿음의 고백을 드리고 있다. 

23-24절) 이제 예수께서 나사로가 살아날 것을 말씀하시지만 마르다는 마지막 날 부활이 있을 것으로 여기고 있다. 이는 당시 바리새인들의 종말론적인 부활의 가르침과 일치한다. 
Jesus’ response, “Your brother will rise again,” would have been startling had it been understood. Instead, it serves to introduce another of the familiar double-level ideas in John (e.g., two temples, 2:19; two births, 3:3; two waters, 4:10). For Martha the statement was perceived as a confirmation of her Pharisaic-like theology concerning the future. She would hardly have sided with the Sadducees of the Synoptics and Acts, who denied the resurrection (cf. Matt 22:23–33; Acts 4:1–2; 23:6–10; the Sadducees do not appear in John). The Pharisaic doctrine of the afterlife, however, had virtually become the popular theology of the people in Jesus’ day.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 355.

25-27절) 나는 부활이요 생명이다라고 선포하시는 주님, 마르다에게 이 부활의 놀라운 가르침을 선포하고 계신다. 이 부활과 생명은 두개의 아주 밀접한 연관이 있는 예수님의 선포이다. 주님은 부활의 주님으로 믿는자에게 그가 죽었더라도 부활시키실 수 있는 분이시다. 또한 이 부활이후에, 주님은 생명이시므로 요한이 그토록 강조하는 생명, 영생, 영원히 죽지 않음을 주실 수 있는 분이다. 이는 결코 동어 반복이 아니라 필연적인 두가지 중요한 신학적 주제이다. 주님은 부활이요 생명이시기에 그분을 믿는 우리는 부활에, 생명에 동참할 수 있게 되는 것이다. 
Resurrection and life were two related dimensions of Jesus’ proclamation. Jesus clearly possesses the power of resurrection so that the one who believes in Jesus, even though he were to die, will experience that power of resurrection (“will live,” 11:25) in their dead bodies. But beyond resurrection,322 Jesus is also life.323 Accordingly, whoever experiences resurrection (“lives and believes,” 11:26) also will experience the great Johannine goal of life (20:31) or eternal life (3:16) and will never die (11:26, or perish, 3:16). Jesus’ statement to Martha therefore is not a tautology. Her brother was dead and even though he had entered Sheol (the four days), he was not beyond the range of Jesus’ power. Martha, however, could think only eschatologically about Lazarus and thus she was in for a surprise.
322 For an interesting discussion see G. Ladd, I Believe in the Resurrection (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975).
323 For a dialogue concerning “life” see C. Moule, “The Meaning of ‘Life’ in the Gospels and Epistles of John: A Study in the Story of Lazarus. John 11:1–44,” Theology 78 (1975): 114–25, and L. Trudinger, “The Meaning of ‘Life’ in St. John: Some Further Reflections,” BTB 6 (1976): 258–63. See also “John’s View of Life as Present” in Bultmann, “ζάω,” TDNT 2.870–72.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 356.
마르다에게 “네가 이것을 믿느냐?”라고 질문하시는 주님. 이에 대해서 마르다는 “주는 그리스도시요 세상에 오시는 하나님의 아들이십니다.”라고 신앙고백을 한다. 결국 이 고백은 주님의 메시야십(그리스도), 낮아지심(하나님의 아들), 유대적 메시야에 대한 기대의 실현인 것이다. 
The story thus serves as a significant warning even to evangelicals who may be able to mouth all the correct theological statements about Jesus but actually have failed to bring words and life together. It is not enough to make statements about Jesus. Indeed, if a person would make a statement akin to Martha’s in some churches, the tendency would be to baptize such a person and accept him or her into membership.324 But we must all be warned that verbal confessions and life commitments are not always partners with each other.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 357.

우리는 마르다의 모습을 보면서 입으로 아무리 바른 말을 하고 신학적인 지식을 쏟아 놓는다고 해도 그것이 항상 삶과 일치되는 것은 아니라는 것을 생각하게 된다. 



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The Death of Lazarus
11 Now a certain man was ill, Lazarus of Bethany, the village of lMary and her sister Martha. mIt was Mary who anointed the Lord with ointment and wiped his feet with her hair, whose brother Lazarus was ill. So the sisters sent to him, saying, “Lord, nhe whom you love is ill.” But when Jesus heard it he said, o“This illness does not lead to death. It is for pthe glory of God, so that the Son of God may be glorified through it.”
Now qJesus loved Martha and her sister and Lazarus. So, when he heard that Lazarus1 was ill, rhe stayed two days longer in the place where he was. Then after this he said to the disciples, s“Let us go to Judea again.” The disciples said to him, t“Rabbi, uthe Jews were just now seeking to stone you, and are you going there again?” Jesus answered, v“Are there not twelve hours in the day? wIf anyone walks in the day, he does not stumble, because he sees the light of this world. 10 But xif anyone walks in the night, he stumbles, because the light is not xin him.” 11 After saying these things, he said to them, “Our friend Lazarus yhas fallen asleep, but I go to awaken him.” 12 The disciples said to him, “Lord, if he has fallen asleep, he will recover.” 13 Now Jesus had spoken of his death, but they thought that he meant taking rest in sleep. 14 Then Jesus told them plainly, “Lazarus has died, 15 and for your sake I am glad that I was not there, so that you may believe. But let us go to him.” 16 zSo Thomas, called the Twin,2 said to his fellow disciples, “Let us also go, athat we may die with him.”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 요 11:1–16.

5-11장의 두번째 사이클에서 5가지 주님의 이적을 볼 수 있다. 
Indeed, in this second cycle the five festival segments have been thoroughly laced with a handful (five) of Jesus’ powerful acts (5:8–9; 6:1–12, 19–21; 9:6–9; 11:43–44).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 346.

11장의 전체 플롯
Following the introduction (11:1–4), the miracle story can be divided into four segments: Jesus’ dialogue with the disciples (11:5–16), his encounter with Martha (11:17–27), his encounter with Mary as well as the mourners (11:28–37), and the miracle at the tomb (11:38–44). The chapter then contains three final segments: the hostile reaction of the Jewish authorities epitomized in the Passover plot (11:45–53), the withdrawal of Jesus (11:54), and the concluding Passover uneasiness in Jerusalem (11:55–57).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 348.

1-2절) 나사로라는 이름은 '엘르아살'이라는 이름의 애칭으로 ‘하나님이 도우신다’라는 의미이다. 
The name is likely an abbreviated form of the more familiar Hebrew name “Eleazar,” which means “God assists.” In both of the Lazarus stories the grace of God is made evident through divine assistance.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 349.
베다니라는 마을은 예루살렘으로부터 오리(3.2km) 정도 떨어진 마을로 ‘고통의 집’이라는 의미이다. 

- 마르다는 섬기는 자로, 마리아는 예배자로 12장에 등장한다. 2절에 대한 사건 설명이 12장에 등장한다. 본문은 이 모든 사건이 일어난 이후에 기록될 내용이기에 실제 사건의 순서와는 다르게 아직 일어나지 않은 마리아의 섬김에 대한 설명이 먼저 11장에 등장하고 있는 것이다. 
- Like the name of Lazarus, the sisters, Mary and Martha, also are mentioned in the Gospel of Luke (10:38–42). In both contexts Martha is represented primarily as a rather determined worker (Luke 10:41: cf. John 12:2) and Mary as the worshipful one (Luke 10:39, 42; cf. John 11:2; 12:3). In this present context an interesting technique of storytelling is employed. Mary the sister of Lazarus is identified here before the event as the one who anointed the Lord and wiped his feet with her hair (11:2; cf.12:3).302 That loving, sacrificial event must have seared itself into the minds of the early Christians, as both Mark (14:9) and Matthew (26:13) bear witness.
302 Carson (John, 405–6) reminds the reader of a similar preliminary reference concerning John the Baptizer in Matthew (4:12 and 14:3–12). In the Book of Acts, Luke used windows frequently by introducing figures early before their ministry had begun. See for example the introduction of Barnabas at Acts 4:32–37, where he becomes a contrast to Ananias and Sapphira (5:1–11) and then the supporter of Saul (11:19–26) in preparation for their joint ministry (13:1ff.). See also Silas in Acts 15:22 in preparation for 15:40. Such a technique in narrative writing provides helpful clues to the reader.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 349.

3-4절) 마르다와 마리아가 예수님께 사람을 보내어 자신의 오라비, 나사로가 병들었고 살려달라고 요청한다. 이에 대해서 주님께서는 이 병은 죽을 병이 아니라 하나님의 영광을 위함이다라고 말씀하신다. 이는 첫째로 나사로를 다시 살리심으로 그분의 능력을 드러내심으로 영광을 받으실 것을 말씀하시면서 동시에 유월절이후 자신이 죽으시고 부활하실 것에 대한 예표로 이적을 행하고 계신다. 
One sense is that the death of Lazarus was not to be the end of the story, but the glory of God would be evidenced in that Jesus was about to bring him back from the dead. In this sense the statement parallels the words of Jesus to his disciples before healing the blind man (cf. 9:3). Another sense is that the events of this story would lead inevitably to the Passover plot and the glorification of Jesus himself—his death and resurrection. But at each level the text should be interpreted to mean “on behalf” (hyper) of “the glory of God” (11:4).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 350.


5-6절) 나사로의 병들었다함을 듣고 이틀을 더 유하시는 예수님, 마리아와 마르다, 그의 친구들로 하여금 죽음의 역경과 슬픔을 충분히 경험함으로 부활의 기쁨을, 주님의 능력을 목도하고 그분께 영광을 돌리게 하기 위해서이다. 
So (Gk. oun, “so, therefore”) shows the reason why Jesus stayed two days longer: he allowed his friends to go through the sorrow and hardship of the death and mourning of Lazarus because he loved them and wanted them to witness an amazing demonstration of Jesus’ power over death, thus seeing “his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father” (1:14). The Lord does not always answer prayers as expected.
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2045.
다른 견해로 주님께서 이틀을 유하신 것에 대해서 이미 나사로는 죽어 있었다라고 해석되기도 한다. 39절에 주님께서 무덤에 들르셨을대 이미 죽은지 4일째 되었다. 이틀을 유하고 이동시간을 고려할때 이미 병들었다는 이야기를 듣는 순간 죽어있던 것이다. 그렇다면 이틀을 유한 것은 그 죽음을 확실하게 하기 위한 것이었을 것이다. 
When one reviews the time sequences in the story, it is quite possible that Lazarus was dead by the time Jesus received the message. By the time Jesus reached the tomb, the text says that Lazarus had been dead four days (11:39). Given the two-day delay and the time for travel, both of the messenger and of Jesus, it is not impossible that the sick man could have died while the messenger was en route. If such was the case, then the argument, as will become clear later, has an entirely different focus.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 351.

7-8절) 이틀을 보내시고나서 이제 제자들에게 유대로 다시 가자라고 말씀하시고 제자들은 예수를 돌로 쳐 죽이려는 사람들이 있는 곳으로 가는 것에 대해서 반대한다. 

9-10절) 낮-빛-실족하지 않음 / 밤-어둠-실족함
The former permits of safe travel whereas the latter is to be associated with the danger of stumbling. But picking up the theme from the Festival of Tabernacles that he was “the light of the world” (cf. 8:12; 9:5), Jesus reminded his disciples that the light enables them to see (blepein). Conversely, those who do not have the light in (en) them were in danger of stumbling. Time designations in John often carry powerful theological implications such as references to “night” (e.g., 3:2; 13:30) and “winter” (10:22). Like Nicodemus, who came by night, Jesus was implicitly suggesting in his sermonette that the disciples needed to deal with their spiritual condition of “nightness” by relying on the presence in their midst of “the light” (Jesus). Unfortunately, it will become evident in the crucial remark of Thomas (11:16) that the disciples were stuck in the fearful condition of night and were not responding to the presence of light.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 352.

11-16절) 이제 주님께서 직접 잠자고 있는 나사로를 깨우러 가겠다라고 하신다. 이에 대해서 제자들은 그가 잠들어 있다면, 혹은 아프다면 자연스럽게 시간이 지나면 낫게 될 것이다라고 말하며 위험한 곳으로 그분이 나아가는 것에 대해서 우려를 표한다. 이제 주님께서는 제자들이 이 상황에 대해서 정확히 알지 못하고 있는 것을 아시고 나사로가 죽었다라고 말씀하신다. 그리고 지금 그 죽음의 자리에 있지 않은 것을 기뻐하는데 이는 너희로 믿게 하기 위해서이다라고 하신다. 결국 그 죽음을 깨뜨리시고 살리시는 사건을 보여주심으로 그들의 믿음을 증진시키고자 하신 것이다. 
때로 우리의 역경과 고통의 자리가 주님의 영광의 통로가 될 수 있음을 기억하자. 
이제 도마는 결연한 태도로 주와 함께 죽으러 가자라고 외친다. 이후에 주님의 부활을 의심하여 도마를 의심의 대명사로, 비겁한 자로 보지만 본문은 전혀 그렇지 않다. 





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31 vThe Jews picked up stones again to stone him. 32 Jesus answered them, “I have shown you many good works from the Father; for which of them are you going to stone me?” 33 The Jews answered him, “It is not for a good work that we are going to stone you but wfor blasphemy, because you, being a man, xmake yourself God.” 34 Jesus answered them, “Is it not written in yyour Law, z‘I said, you are gods’? 35 If he called them gods to whom the word of God came—and Scripture cannot be abroken— 36 do you say of him whom bthe Father consecrated and csent into the world, ‘You are blaspheming,’ because dI said, ‘I am the Son of God’? 37 eIf I am not doing the works of my Father, then do not believe me; 38 but if I do them, feven though you do not believe me, believe the works, that you may know and understand that gthe Father is in me and I am in the Father.” 39 hAgain they sought to arrest him, but he escaped from their hands.
40 He went away again across the Jordan to the place iwhere John had been baptizing at first, and there he remained. 41 And many came to him. And they said, “John did no sign, but jeverything that John said about this man was true.” 42 And kmany believed in him there.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 요 10:31–42.

31-33절) 예수의 대적자들이 예수를 죽이기 위해서 계속적으로 돌로 치려고 했다. 
Throughout the Festival Cycle stoning was undoubtedly the way Jesus’ opponents were planning to kill him (10:31 and 8:59; and probably 5:18).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 342.
- In the Old Testament stoning was the means of punishment for various crimes, including witchcraft (Lev 20:27), sacrificing children (Lev 20:2), serving other gods (Deut 13:10; 17:5), immorality (Deut 22:24), and, particularly important in our study of John, for Sabbath breaking (Num 15:35–36) and blasphemy (Lev 24:23)
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 342.

34-38절) 예수를 돌로 치려는 이유가 바로 사람으로 자신이 하나님이라고 칭했기 때문이었다. 이제 이에 대해서 예수님께서 논리적으로 이를 변론하고 계신다. 예수님께서 마음속에 가지고 계신 말씀은 바로 시 82:6절 이었다. 
(시 82:6, 개정) 『내가 말하기를 너희는 신들이며 다 지존자의 아들들이라 하였으나』
(Ps 82:6, ESV) 『I said, "You are gods, sons of the Most High, all of you;』

이에 근거하여 성경에 “하나님이 말씀을 받은 사람들은 신이다”라고 하였기에 아버지 하나님께서 거룩하게 하셔서 세상에 보냄을 받은 내가 바로 하나님의 아들이다라고 선포하고 계신다. 
The argument is similar to Jesus’ unanswerable question when he quoted Ps 110:1 in his Synoptic arguments with the Jews (cf. Matt 22:41–46; Mark 12:35–37; Luke 20:41–44).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 343.

36절) 거룩하게 함(하기아조, 성별) 요한복음에 두번 사용(10:36, 17:19) / 보냄(아포스텔로, 파송)
- 하나님께서 친히 거룩하게 구별하여 보내신 분이 바로 예수님이다. 

37-38절) 주님의 변론 
- 내가 아버지의 일을 행하지 않는다면 나를 믿지 말라. 하지만 내가 아버지의 일을 행하거든 나를 믿지 아니할 지라도 그 일은 믿고 그 일을 하게하신 하나님을 믿으라. 그러면 너희가 아버지께서 내안에 계시고 내가 아버지 안에 있다는 사실을 알게 될 것이다. 
- 누군가를 믿고 신뢰한다는 것은 단순히 그가 한 말로 인해서가 아니라 그가 한 그 말을 온전하게 행하느냐에 달려 있다. 그가 행함으로 자신의 믿음, 확신, 신념을 지속적으로 보일때 우리는 그를 진정성있게 바라보게 되고 결국 그를 믿고 신뢰하게 된다. 그리고 나아가 그로하여금 그러한 믿음을 갖게 한 동인이 무엇인지에 관심을 가지게 되는 것이다. 

복음서의 목표는 보지 않고 믿는 것이다. 하지만 이전단계로 반드시 하나님과 주님과의 온전한 관계에 있어서의 앎이 선행되어야 한다. 이 앎은 바로 주님이 행하신 것에 대한 반응으로 드러나게 된다. 그래서 궁극적으로 사역에서 말씀으로의 전환을 바라는 것이다. 궁극적인 지향이 바로 이러한 말씀에 대한 인격적인 앎인데 우리의 신앙은 그렇지 않다. 보여지는 행위에 더욱 초점이 맞춰지는 것이다. 
The goal of the Gospel is to believe without seeing (20:29, namely, believing through the witness of words), but the early stage of achieving real understanding291 concerning the relationship between Jesus and the Father was to respond to the works of Jesus (10:37). This Gospel then is intended to serve as the transition from works to words.
291 The expression ἵνα γνῶτε καὶ γινώσκητε (something like “in order that you might know and might continue to know”) is almost like a Semitic double emphatic. I would interpret it as “really understand.” The Hebraic way of saying it would have been “in order that knowing you would know.”
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 344.

40-42절) 어떤 사람은 본문을 '대중사역에 대한 명백한 결론’이라고 말한다. 또한 절기 사이클의 결정적 순간으로 나아가기 전의 휴지기로 말하기도 한다.  
이제 자신을 치려는 사람들을 피해서 예수님께서 요한이 처음 세례 주던 곳으로 건너가셨다. 그리고 많은 사람들이 예수님에 대해서 요한은 아무 표적도 행하지 않았지만 요한이 주님을 대해 말한 것은 모두 참이었다라고 고백한다. 그리하여 거기서 많은 사람이 예수를 믿게 된다. 
Indeed, that role of the Baptizer was reaffirmed here by the people of that region who confirmed that “all that John said about this man [Jesus] was true” (alēthē, 10:41). The “all” and “true” (or “faithful”) are generalizations concerning an authentic witness and are not meant to indicate that the final stages of Jesus’ saving work had been completed (cf. John’s confession at 1:29). But the text serves as a crucial reminder to the reader of the continuing power of a testimony even after the witness is no longer present. God has a way of using past testimonies and new encounters together to bring about believing (10:42).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 346.



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Jesus Asserts His Deity
22At that time the Feast of the Dedication took place at Jerusalem;
23it was winter, and Jesus was walking in the temple in the portico of aSolomon.
24aThe Jews then gathered around Him, and were saying to Him, “How long 1will You keep us in suspense? If You are 2the Christ, tell us bplainly.”
25Jesus answered them, “aI told you, and you do not believe; bthe works that I do in My Father’s name, these testify of Me.
26“But you do not believe because ayou are not of My sheep.
27“My sheep ahear My voice, and bI know them, and they follow Me;
28and I give aeternal life to them, and they will never perish; and bno one will snatch them out of My hand.
291My Father, who has given them to Me, is greater than all; and no one is able to snatch them out of the Father’s hand.
30aI and the Father are 1one.”

 New American Standard Bible: 1995 Update (LaHabra, CA: The Lockman Foundation, 1995), 요 10:22–30.

22-24절) 수전절 : 하누카 라고 불리우는 이 절기는 빛의 축제이다. 이는 출애굽당시 불기둥으로 애굽을 탈출시키시는 하나님을 바라보게 할 뿐만 아니라 메시야를 통한 독립을 고대하는 시간이기도 했다. 
Like the earlier Tabernacles Feast, this Festival of Dedication (Hanukkah) was symbolized by a celebration of lights. But here the lights did not so much look back to the past leading of God in the time of Moses. Rather they pointed to a hoped-for time when the Messiah would come to the temple and establish, as Judas Maccabeus had anticipated, a time of independence.271 The Jewish messianic dreams of a great independent Israelite state, which constantly seethed in the Jewish minds just below the surface particularly at festival seasons, bubbled into sporadic uprisings until they were crushed by the Roman destruction of Jerusalem in a.d. 70.
271 Unlike the Festival of Tabernacles, where the light service was temple-oriented, the Festival of Dedication with its celebrative candles was joyously commemorated in Jewish homes as well as in the temple. It thus became an extremely popular family celebration coming near the time of the winter equinox, when the pagan world had their drunken festivals like Saturnalia. For further references to Dedication see Str-B 2.539–40, and Barrett, New Testament Background, 111.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 337.
본문에서 겨울은 말 그대로 추운 날씨를 말하지만 요한 복음 전체를 통해서 이는 영적인 상태를 드러내기도 한다. 
The reader’s natural impulse might be to assume this is a mere description. After all, it was winter. But the thoughtful reader of the Gospel understands that time and temperature notations in John are reflections of the spiritual condition of the persons in the stories (cf. 3:2; 13:30; 18:3, 18; 20:1, 19; 21:3–4).272
272 Beasley-Murray’s note that this statement “may … relate to spiritual climate” (John, 173) is certainly on the right track and from my point of view can be stated much more emphatically when one views more of the time and temperature texts of John. See contra, Carson, John, 391–92.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 337–338.

예수를 에워싸고 정체를 밝힐 것을 촉구하는 사람들. 무리들중에는 이미 예수를 정죄하고 죽이려는 이들도 있었지만 그분의 행적을 바라보면서 그분이 진정 그리스도인지에 대해서 궁금해 여기는 이들도 있었다. 그래서 솔직하게 이야기할 것을 촉구한다. 

25-30절) 예수님께서는 솔직히 이야기할 것을 촉구하는 이들에게 이미 너희에게 말했지만 믿지 않았다라고 말씀하신다. 그분이 명백히 말로 이야기하신 것이 아니라 바로 “아버지의 이름으로 행하는 일들”을 통해서 말씀하셨다는 것이다. 우리의 믿음은 바로 이러한 말씀과 역사를 통해서 일어나게 된다. 그들의 문제는 정보의 부족아니라 그분의 양이 무리에 들지 못한 것이다. 말하자면 믿음의 반열에 들지 못한 것이다. 여기서 주님께서는 그들의 이해를 돕기 위해서 앞서 사용하신 양의 이미지를 다시 사용하고 계신다. 
양과 목자의 심상을 통해서 그분이 양들의 안전, 더 나아가면 영원한 생명을 보장해주신다는 사실을 강력하게 보여주고 있다. 
The reintroduction of the shepherd motif serves an important function here. Not only do the sheep hear and obey him (10:3, 27), but in their relationship with Jesus as the shepherd his sheep find their security (10:9, 28). In the earlier context safety or security (salvation) is defined in terms of the sheepfold and the pasture (10:9). In this context it is defined in the typical Johannine concept of life—indeed eternal life (10:28). The purpose of the coming of Jesus, like the purpose of the writing of this Gospel (20:31), was the giving of eternal life or salvation (3:16–17). Coordinated with that giving of life was the protection of Jesus’ sheep (10:29), his true disciples (17:12).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 339.

한번 받은 구원이 폐기될 수 있는가 하는 질문 : 우리는 우리의 피상적이고 얄팍한 믿음때문에 구원의 확신이 흔들린다. 하지만 요한이 이야기하고 있는 이 믿음은 그런 신앙이 아니다. 
The perishing of true sheep was an unthinkable idea to early Christians. But contemporary Christians often wrestle with the question because they fail to perceive the logic of the biblical writers. Moreover, they often fear to read thoroughly texts like Hebrews 6. The biblical writers did not have such a superficial view of salvation that would consider walking down the aisle of a church and going through waters of baptism to be a guarantee of salvation. Nor did the biblical writers have a superficial temporal view of salvation based on an inadequate understanding of John 3:3 and other passages. Instead, the biblical writers have no problem placing side by side texts concerning God’s love, grace, and covenant promises with God’s stern warnings to the readers of the Scripture.277
The biblical view of salvation is clarified by John in the first epistle when he tells us how we can determine if a person is a true Christian. John’s rationale is that a true believer remains faithful to commitments, whereas the opposite is true for pseudobelievers (cf. 1 John 2:19; cf. John 2:23–25; 12:42–43; 15:26–16:1; 17:11, 15–19; 20:28–29; 21:22). The same perspective is present in Hebrews 6, where between the two great “impossibles” of warning and assurance (Heb 6:4–6 and 6:18–19) stands the confessional words of the preacher, “We are confident of better things in your case—things that accompany salvation” (Heb 6:9).278 How do we know who are true Christians? Is it merely by their words? We can sense in the passages just cited the inherent concern John had to identify stages of faith.

277 See Borchert, Assurance and Warning (Nashville: Broadman, 1987). This work discusses current superficial views of salvation and details the tension throughout the Bible on this issue.
278 For my discussion of the so-called troublesome Hebrews 6 see ibid., 172–76.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 1–11, vol. 25A, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 339–340.

만유보다 크신 아버지 하나님께서 확정하신 구원을 아무도 아버지와 아들 손에서 빼앗을 수 없다. 하나님의 굳건한 팔이 우리를 붙잡고 계신 것이다. 영생은 유일하신 하나님께서 우리에게 허락하신 선물이다. 우리는 오직 그리스도를 통해서만 그 구원의 은혜를 누릴 수 있는 것이다. 
이러한 자기 계시 속에서 “아버지와 나는 하나이다”라는 발언은 유대인들에게 대단히 충격적이었다. 



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