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The Crucifixion
So they took Jesus,
17 and ohe went out, pbearing his own cross, to the place called The Place of a Skull, which in Aramaic is called Golgotha. 18 qThere they crucified him, and with him two others, one on either side, and Jesus between them. 19 Pilate ralso wrote an inscription and put it on the cross. It read, “Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews.” 20 Many of the Jews read this inscription, for sthe place where Jesus was crucified was near the city, and it was written in Aramaic, in Latin, and in Greek. 21 So the chief priests of the Jews said to Pilate, “Do not write, ‘The King of the Jews,’ but rather, ‘This man said, I am King of the Jews.’ ” 22 Pilate answered, t“What I have written I have written.”
23 uWhen the soldiers had crucified Jesus, they took his garments and divided them into four parts, one part for each soldier; also his tunic.4 But the tunic was seamless, woven in one piece from top to bottom, 24 so they said to one another, “Let us not tear it, but cast lots for it to see whose it shall be.” vThis was to fulfill the Scripture which says,
w“They divided my garments among them,
and for my clothing they cast lots.”
So the soldiers did these things, 25 xbut standing by the cross of Jesus were his mother and his mother’s sister, Mary the wife of Clopas, and Mary Magdalene. 26 When Jesus saw his mother and ythe disciple whom he loved standing nearby, he said to his mother, z“Woman, behold, your son!” 27 Then he said to the disciple, “Behold, your mother!” And from that hour the disciple took her to ahis own home. 

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 요 19:17–27.
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17절) 예수께서 자기의 십자가를 지시고 골고다(해골)로 나아가셨다. 십자가형(사형)을 위해서는 진밖으로 나가야하는 것이 그들의 율법이기에 이를 위해서 십자가를 지게 한 것이다. 예수께서 직접 십자가를 지고 가시는 것은 아브라함이 자신의 아들을 희생제물로 바칠때 이삭이 번제에 쓸 나무를 직접 지고 가던 것을 떠오르게 한다. 
본문에는 다른 공관복음에서 다루는 십자가의 길(비아 돌로로사)에 대한 기록이 없다. 또한 구레네 시몬에 대한 언급도 없다. 

18절) 골고다(갈보리)에서 예수를 십자가에 못밖을때 좌우편에 강도들이 있었다. 이또한 구약의 예언의 성취이다. 
On crucifixion, see notes on 18:32; Matt. 27:35. Jesus’ crucifixion between two criminals is reminiscent of Ps. 22:16 (“a company of evildoers encircles me”) and Isa. 53:12 (“numbered with the transgressors”).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2065.

19절) 빌라도가 “나사렛 예수 유대인의 왕”이라고 기록된 패를 십자가위에 붙였다. 범죄자들에게 이렇게 패를 붙이는 이유는 사람들에게 이 죄인의 죄목을 알림으로 이런 죄를 짓지 못하도록 하게 하기 위해서 이다. 그런데 빌라도의 입을 통해서 그리스도가 유대인의 왕임이 선포되고 있는 것이다. 

20절) 골고다가 성에서 가까움으로 많은 유대인들이 이 자리에 참석하였다. 그들은 이 패에 기록된 내용을 읽을 수 있었는데 이 내용은 히브리, 로마, 헬라말로 기록되었다. 세가지의 언어로 동시에 기록된 것은 유대인들뿐 아니라 모든 이들에게 예수의 죽음의 이유를 알리기 위해서이다. 
Aramaic was the language most widely understood by the Jewish population of Palestine; Latin was the official language of the Roman occupying force; and Greek was the “international language” of the empire, understood by both Jews and Gentiles. The trilingual nature of the inscription thus ensured the widest possible awareness of the official reason why Jesus was being crucified.
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2065.

21-22절) 제사장들이 패의 내용을 “자칭 유대인의 왕”이라고 고쳐줄 것을 요청하지만 빌라도는 이를 거절한다. 제사장들의 입장에서 패의 내용을 인정하기 싫었기에 이런 요청을 한 것이다. 하지만 하나님께서는 불의한 지도자를 통해서 그 십자가의 길을 완성해 가신다 

23-24절) 군병들이 예수를 십자가에 못박고 그의 옷을 네조각으로 나누고, 속옷을 취했는데 이것은 통으로 만들어진 것으로 나누지 않고 제비뽑아 이것을 가져가는 게임을 제안한다. 죄인의 죽음앞에 그의 물품을 나누는 극악한 군병들을 통해서도 하나님께서는 당신의 말씀을 이루시고 성취하신다.(시 22:18) 

25절) 예수의 십자가 곁에 있던 여인들, 어머니 마리아와 이모, 글로바의 아내 마리아와 막달라 마리아
On Jesus’ mother, see vv. 26–27 and 2:1–5. His mother’s sister may be Salome, the mother of the sons of Zebedee mentioned in Matthew and Mark. On Mary the wife of Clopas, cf. Luke 24:18. Regarding Mary Magdalene, see John 20:1–18 (cf. Luke 8:2–3).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2065.

26-27절) 사랑하시는 제자는 누구인가? 명확하지는 않지만 이 복음서를 쓰고 있는 요한일 것이다. 이제 죽음을 앞두고 예수님께서 요한에게 모친을 부탁하고 계시는 것이다. 당시 장자가 부모를 봉양해야할 책임이 있는데 자신의 죽음을 앞두고 장자로서의 책임을 지기 위한 것이다. 
In addition to the women, one man is also mentioned as a friend of Jesus standing near. That man is identified as the disciple whom he loved and who was so designated earlier (cf. 13:23–25). That disciple is then linked to the mother of Jesus both by the fact that the Johannine evangelist identified them as standing together in Jesus’ sight and by the testamentary-type disposition that follows.
Jesus’ statement “Woman,137 here is your son!” spoken to his mother
  p 269  and the subsequent one spoken to the disciple, “Here is your mother,” are undoubtedly intended to be testamentary formulas.138 The statements are also akin to common practice, nonlegal adoption formulas such as in Tob 7:12.139
The significance of those statements is further defined by the evangelist’s editorial note that “from that time on this disciple took her into his home.” The traditional role of the oldest son in a Jewish family was to provide for the care of the mother when the husband or father of the house was no longer around to care for the mother. It seems clear that Jesus here fulfilled his family responsibility as a dutiful son.

137 The NIV translators in rendering the text “Dear woman” were obviously attempting to indicate that Jesus was not being impolite to his mother. The TEV completely omits the vocative “Woman” for the same reason. Cf. Newman and Nida, Translator’s Handbook, 589.
138 Cf. E. Stauffer, Jesus and His Story (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1960), 113; R. de Vaux, Ancient Israel (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961), 112–13.
139 The statement in Ps 2:7 is not unrelated to such formulas though there the statement is a divine decree.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 268–269.


본문은 골고다로의 여정, 십자가상의 패의 기록, 예수님의 물건을 탐하는 군병들, 여인들과 함께 하는 이들이 등장한다. 







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12 From then on gPilate sought to release him, but the Jews cried out, “If you release this man, you are not Caesar’s friend. hEveryone who makes himself a king opposes Caesar.” 13 So when Pilate heard these words, he brought Jesus out and sat down on ithe judgment seat at a place called The Stone Pavement, and in Aramaic2 Gabbatha. 14 Now it was jthe day of Preparation of the Passover. It was about the sixth hour.3 He said to the Jews, k“Behold your King!” 15 They cried out, l“Away with him, away with him, crucify him!” Pilate said to them, “Shall I crucify your King?” The chief priests answered, “We have no king but Caesar.” 16 mSo he ndelivered him over to them to be crucified.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 요 19:12–16.

12절) 빌라도는 예수에게서 죄를 찾지 못했다. 그래서 그늘 방면하려고 노력했으나 유대인들의 압박을 이기지 못한다. 유대인들은 스스로 왕이 되려고 하는 예수는 가이사에게 반역하는 것인데 이를 제대로 처리하지 않는 것은 문제가 있다며 빌라도를 압박한다. 빌라도가 권력지향적인 인물이었기에 이러한 상황에서 가야바를 비롯한 유대인들의 제안을 무시하기 힘들었을 것이다. 

13절) “가바다” 판결을 위한 높은 자리를 말한다. 

14절) 유월절의 예비일, 제육시는 정오를 이야기한다. 요한이 지금 이 날과 시간을 강조하는 이유는 바로 유월절 희생양으로 예수님이 자신을 드리시고 있는 장면이기 때문이다. 
The answer may simply be that the actual time was around 9:30–10:00 a.m. and John knew this, but his intention here was not to pinpoint the exact time but to note that it was nearing the time (“about” the middle of the day on “the day of Preparation”) when the Passover lambs would begin to be sacrificed in Jerusalem, thus highlighting a direct connection with Jesus as “the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world” (John 1:29).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2064.

15절) 빌라도가 내가 너희 왕을 십자가에 못 박으랴라고 말하자 대제사장들은 가이사 외에는 우리에게 왕이 없습니다라고 대답한다. 여호와만이 이스라엘에 왕이심을 대제사장들이 정면으로 부인한 것이다. 빌라도가 도리어 예수가 유대인들의 왕임을 말하지만 유대인들은 그가 우리의 왕이 아님을 이야기하며 도리어 저를 십자가에 못박으라고 외치는 것이다. 

16절) 이에 할수 없이 빌라도는 예수를 십자가에 못박도록 유대인들에게 넘겨주게 된다. 

행사할 수 있는 권한을 행사하지 않은 빌라도, 그래서 그는 지금까지 우리가 고백하는 신앙고백에 “본디오 빌라도에게 고난을 받으사 십자가에 못박혀 죽으시고”라고 계속해서 되뇌이고 고백되고 있다. 하지만 무리들의 교묘한 술책과 외침을 거부하기는 쉽지 않았을 것이다. 실제적인 반란이 두려웠을 것이고 또한 가이사에게 책잡힐 일을 하지 않으려는 마음이 있었을 것이다. 하지만 결과적으로 빌라도는 예수의 십자가 죽음의 책임자로 언급된다. 










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Jesus Delivered to Be Crucified
19 Then Pilate took Jesus and qflogged him. rAnd the soldiers twisted together a crown of thorns and put it on his head and arrayed him in a purple robe. They came up to him, saying, “Hail, King of the Jews!” and struck him with their hands. Pilate went out again and said to them, “See, I am bringing him out to you that you may know that sI find no guilt in him.” So Jesus came out, wearing tthe crown of thorns and the purple robe. Pilate said to them, u“Behold the man!” When the chief priests and the officers saw him, they cried out, “Crucify him, crucify him!” Pilate said to them, v“Take him yourselves and crucify him, for wI find no guilt in him.” The Jews1 answered him, “We have a law, and xaccording to that law he ought to die because yhe has made himself the Son of God.” When Pilate heard this statement, zhe was even more afraid. aHe entered his headquarters again and said to Jesus, b“Where are you from?” But cJesus gave him no answer. 10 So Pilate said to him, “You will not speak to me? Do you not know that I have authority to release you and authority to crucify you?” 11 Jesus answered him, d“You would have no authority over me at all unless it had been given you from above. Therefore ehe who delivered me over to you fhas the greater sin.”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 요 19:1–11.

1절) 빌라도가 예수를 데려다가 채찍질 함, 아직 십자가형이나 사형의 선고를 받기전에 태형을 당하는 것은 이상한 일이나 당시의 로마의 법을 보면 이해가 가능하다. 지금의 채찍질은 경범죄인들을 향해서 약하게 시행하는 형태의 형벌에 해당한다. 각각의 경우에 다른 동사가 사용된다. 
Jesus was beaten both before being sentenced (19:1) and after being sentenced to death (e.g., Matt. 27:26; Mark 15:15). Some interpreters think this first beating is the same as the severe “scourging” that Jesus received in Matt. 27:26 and Mark 15:15. However, it seems unlikely that Pilate would have administered so violent and severe a punishment to someone who had not yet been condemned to death (see John 19:16) and whom Pilate was still trying to release (see vv. 4, 10, 12). It seems more likely, therefore, that this flogging was what the Romans called fustigatio, the lightest form of flogging administered for minor crimes. Thus John 19:1 and Luke 23:16 use the verbs mastigoō and paideuō (respectively) to refer to this lighter flogging, whereas Matt. 27:26 and Mark 15:15 use a different word, phragelloō (“scourged”) to refer to the much more severe beating that Jesus received after Pilate pronounced the sentence of death (the Roman verberatio, which was the most horrible kind of beating, administered in connection with capital punishments, including crucifixion).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2064.
로마인들에게는 세가지 종류의 육체적 형벌, 태형을 가하는 방법이 있었다. fustiagatioflagellatio, verberatio, / 본문에서는 mastigoo라는 단어인데 이는 첫번째에 해당하는 가벼운 채찍질이다. 하지만 이후에 십자가의 형벌을 받을때는 세번째 가장 악독한 채찍질을 당하게 된다. 
The Romans devised three forms or patterns of bodily whipping or scourging in their repertoire of corporal punishments.75 The least severe was fustiagatio, which was a lashing for less serious offenses. This lashing was usually accompanied by a stern warning against any repetition of such an offense. A more serious stage was flagellatio, which was a flogging or beating that was severe and was intended to be sufficiently punitive to bring the victim into a state of full submission without execution, something like the so-called thirty-nine stripes. The third and most severe form of this type of punishment was verberatio, which was extremely brutal. In this form of punishment the victim was forcefully brutalized with rods or whips that frequently contained leather thongs fitted with spikes, bones, or scraps of metal. When used, these whips tore pieces of flesh from the victim’s body. Sometimes a recipient of such cruel punishment actually died while tied to the flogging block, and then the corpse was simply hung on the cross. The severity of such a beating depended on the ruthlessness or blood thirstiness of the officer in charge. Whether such a victim lived or died at the block mattered little since death was usually the expected end of this type of punishment process.
75 For a fuller description of such corporal punishments based on Justinian’s code see Sherwin-White, Roman Society, 26–28. For the code of Justinian see T. Mommsen, ed., The Digest of Justinian (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1985), at 40.19.7.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 246.
요한은 신학적인 면에 초점을 맞춰서 본인의 복음서를 기록하고 있다. 문학가는 반드시 역사성을 희생시키는 사람은 아니다. 역사적 신뢰성, 신학적 명료성 그리고 문학적 빈틈없음은 문학작품의 동반자가 될 수 있다. 
In making these comments, I have sought to be clear that the Johannine evangelist is a brilliant literary figure who organizes events to make important theological points. Yet to be a literary artist does not mean that historicity has to be sacrificed. Historical reliability, theological clarity, and literary astuteness can all be partners in a work of art.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 248.

2-3절) 가시면류관을 씌우고 보라색 옷, 왕의 의복을 입혔다. 이는 예수님을 유대인의 왕이라고 부르는 것에 대한 조롱의 표현이다. 그리고 예수님의 앞으로 와서 “유대인의 왕이여, 평안할지어다”라고 하며 손바닥으로 때렸다. 

4-5절) 빌라도는 면류관을 쓰고 채찍질 당하여 수척한 예수를 끌고 나와 그에게서 아무 죄도 찾지 못했다라고 말했다. 이정도면 유대인들의 마음을 누그러 뜨릴수 있으리라 생각했다. 그래서 무리들 앞에서 “보라, 이사람이로다(Belohd the man)”라고 외친다. 어찌보면 빌라도가 아무 생각 없이 외친 이 이야기가 바로 하나님의 아들, 둘째 아담으로 모든 죄에서 우리를 구원하신 바로 그 분을 선포하고 있는 것이다. 그리고 빌라도는 이사람에게서 아무 죄도 찾지 못한 것을 너희로 알게 하기 원한다라고 말한다. 
As such it is also a theological affirmation that Jesus was indeed “the man,” the second Adam, God’s Son, who dealt with the sin of the world introduced through the first Adam (cf. Rom 5:12–21; 1 Cor 15:22).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 250.

6절) 하지만 군중들은 예수를 십자가에 못박으라고 외친다. 빌라도는 군중들의 폭동을 두려워하여 죄 없으신 예수님을 그들의 손에 넘기려고 한다. 그래서 다시금 세번째로 나는 예수에게서 죄를 찾지 못했으니 너희가 그를 데려다가 십자가에 못받으라고 말한다. 

7절) 유대인들은 예수가 자기를 하나님의 아들이라 말함으로 이는 신성모독으로 자신들의 법대로 하면 죽어야 한다고 말한다. 
The Jews refused to accept the fact that Jesus claimed to have a direct relationship with God, and therefore they interpreted his statements as though he “made” himself the Son of God. The nuance in the meaning is slightly different. There is no doubt that Jesus made such a claim, but the evangelist would never say that Jesus made himself the Son of God because his repeated claim was that he served God as God’s agent (cf. John 5:30, etc.).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 251.

8절) 빌라도는 하나님의 아들이라는 말을 듣고 두려워한다. 로마가 여러 신들을 섬기고 미신적인 요소가 많기도 하고 자신의 아내가 한 이야기가 있어서 이것이 그를 더욱 두렵게 했을 것이다. 
Now the words “Son of God” produced a much more disturbing feeling. These words might not have put fear in the heart of a Jew, but for a superstitious Roman the situation may have been radically different. Indeed, Matthew apparently delighted in detailing elements of the mysterium tremendum in his testimony concerning Jesus, for he includes   p 252  details like the opening of the tombs when the bodies of holy people rose after the death of Jesus (Matt 27:52–53), the great earthquake, and the descent of a lightning-like angel at the opening of Jesus’ tomb (28:2–3). In his parallel account of the hearing, Matthew included an intriguing note concerning Pilate’s wife warning her husband to cease and desist from his judgment of this righteous or innocent man because of an unsettling dream she had (Matt 27:19).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 251–252.

9절) 이에 빌라도가 다시 관정에 들어가서 예수님께 “너는 어디로서냐?”라고 묻는다. 이에 예수는 고요한 침묵으로 말씀하신다. 지금 빌라도의 질문은 예수님의 신성에 대한 질문으로 본질적인 질문인 것이다. 

10절) 이에 빌라도는 더욱 두려워하며 자신이 가진 권세로 예수님을 겁박한다. 

11절) 하지만 예수님께서는 위에서 네게 권세를 주지 않았다면 나를 해할 권세가 네게 없었을 것이다. 그러므로 예수님을 너에게 넘겨준 자의 죄가 더욱 크다라고 말씀하신다. 그러면 예수를 넘겨준 자가 누구인가? 이를 유대인들, 대제사장과 바리새인들이라고도 하고 예수를 심문했던 가야바, 대제사장이라고도 말한다. 




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My Kingdom Is Not of This World
33 zSo Pilate entered his headquarters again and called Jesus and said to him, a“Are you the King of the Jews?” 34 Jesus answered, “Do you say this of your own accord, or did others say it to you about me?” 35 Pilate answered, “Am I a Jew? Your own nation and the chief priests have delivered you over to me. What have you done?” 36 Jesus answered, b“My kingdom cis not of this world. If my kingdom were of this world, dmy servants would have been fighting, that eI might not be delivered over to the Jews. But my kingdom is not from the world.” 37 Then Pilate said to him, “So you are a king?” Jesus answered, f“You say that I am a king. gFor this purpose I was born and for this purpose hI have come into the world—ito bear witness to the truth. jEveryone who is kof the truth llistens to my voice.” 38 Pilate said to him, “What is truth?”
After he had said this, mhe went back outside to the Jews and told them, n“I find no guilt in him.
39 oBut you have a custom that I should release one man for you at the Passover. So do you want me to release to you the King of the Jews?” 40 They cried out again, p“Not this man, but Barabbas!” Now Barabbas was a robber.7

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 요 18:33–40.

33절) 관정에서 예수를 불러 “네가 유대인의 왕이냐?”고 묻는 빌라도, 이 질문은 예수가 로마에 정치적인 위협이 되는지를 알아보고자 하는 의도가 담겨 있다. 이미 로마의 지배자가 있는데 유대인들에게 왕이 존재한다는 것은 당연히 로마에게 위협으로 여겨질 수 있는 사안이다. 그래서 예수를 로마의 법정에 세우는 기소의 이유가 되는 것이고 그래서 빌라도도 이 질문을 먼저 한 것이다. 하지만 예수님은 군대를 조직하지도 어떠한 반란을 책동한 적도 없으시다. 

34-35절) 예수님은 빌라도의 질문의 의도를 묻고 계신다. 결국 이러한 질문을 하는 저의가 무엇인가 하는 것이다. 예수님의 질문에 빌라도는 대답하지 않고 계속 심문을 해 나간다. “내가 유대인이냐? 네 나라 사람과 대제사장들이 너를 내게 넘겼는데 네가 무엇을 했느냐?”라고 묻는다. 예수님은 십자가의 길을 향해서 계속해서 넘겨지고 있다. 유다에 의해서, 유대인들에 의해서 마지막에는 빌라도에의해서 넘겨져 십자가를 지신다. 

36절) 내 나라(하나님의 나라)는 이 세상에 속한 것이 아니다. 만약 이 나라에 속한 것이라면 이렇게 죄인으로 잡혀서 넘겨지지 않았을 것이다. 여기에 속한 것이 아니라 하늘에 속한 것임을 선포하시는 주님. 이 주장은 다니엘의 주장과 흡사하다. 
Jesus’ description of the nature of his kingdom echoes similar passages in Daniel (e.g., Dan. 2:44; 7:14, 27).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2063.
(단 2:44, 개정) 『이 여러 왕들의 시대에 하늘의 하나님이 한 나라를 세우시리니 이것은 영원히 망하지도 아니할 것이요 그 국권이 다른 백성에게로 돌아가지도 아니할 것이요 도리어 이 모든 나라를 쳐서 멸망시키고 영원히 설 것이라』
(단 7:14, 개정) 『그에게 권세와 영광과 나라를 주고 모든 백성과 나라들과 다른 언어를 말하는 모든 자들이 그를 섬기게 하였으니 그의 권세는 소멸되지 아니하는 영원한 권세요 그의 나라는 멸망하지 아니할 것이니라』
(단 7:27, 개정) 『나라와 권세와 온 천하 나라들의 위세가 지극히 높으신 이의 거룩한 백성에게 붙인 바 되리니 그의 나라는 영원한 나라이라 모든 권세 있는 자들이 다 그를 섬기며 복종하리라』
The fundamental attribute of Jesus’ kingdom is that it is not derived from or out of this world. Accordingly, it would not do battle with the Romans by means of earthly weapons. Jesus’ kingdom had its origin and strength external to the world, and therefore his followers would not take up arms to prevent his being “handed over.” Peter’s way in 18:10 was not the way of Jesus. Jesus’ kingdom is not a piece of land on earth or involved in earthly power and domination. Schnackenburg argued further that basileia here does not even refer to kingdom but is “a designation of function (‘kingship’).” Thus he proposed that it should be distinguished from the concept of kingdom in John 3:3, 5 and generally in the Synoptics.64 But Beasley-Murray is undoubtedly correct that the concept of kingdom includes kingship and the kingly reign of Jesus similar to the concept of malkuth in the Hebrew Bible.65 Jesus’ kingdom is directly related to the concept of the kingdom of heaven and the reign or authority of God. It is both a proleptic reality now and a future expectation yet to come in its fullness.66 Although this kingdom does not have its source in the world, it is nonetheless active in the world. But since it is related to God, it draws its power from a source external to the world. Moreover, its task is one of transformation in the world (cf. 20:31) so that its citizens will authentically represent God or Heaven here on earth.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 242.

37절) 빌라도의 질문, “네가 왕이 아니냐?” / “So you are a king?”(ESV) /  “So, are you a king or not?”(Message bible) / "아무튼 네가 왕이냐?”(공동번역) / “그렇다면, 당신이 왕이란 말이오?”(쉬운성경) /  `그러면 당신이 왕인가?’(현대어성경) / "You are a king, then!”(NIV)
이 빌라도의 질문을 통해서 주님은 자신이 이땅가운데 오신 이유와 그분의 사명이 무엇인지를 말씀하신다. 그분은 이땅에 속한 왕이 아니라 하늘에 속한 왕이심을 선포하신다. 
주님은 빌라도의 질문과 같이 내가 왕이고 이것을 위해서 났고 세상에 왔으며 진리에 대하여 증거하는 것이 자신의 사명임을 말씀하신다. 그리고 진리에 속한 자는 자신의 소리를 듣는다고 말씀하신다. 
There was no doubt what Jesus’ answer was intended to be. He certainly was a king! Indeed, he was born to be a king, even though he was not a king   p 243  in the earthly sense. But his kingship was intimately tied to his mission. His coming into the world was to be a witness or testifier to the truth.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 242–243.

38절) 진리가 무엇인지 묻는 빌라도, 앞선 대화를 통해서 빌라도는 예수가 로마에 정치적인 위협을 되지 않는다는 것을 알았고, 그가 선생으로서의 역할을 할것을 생각했다. / 진리를 구하는 빌라도는 이것이 진지한 구도자로서의 모습인지 아니면 정치적인 제스처인지는 알 수 없다. 하지만 예수님과의 첫 심문의 대화속에서 그는 예수님의 말씀에 큰 도전을 받은 것임에 틀림없다. 그 결과 그는 예수님과의 대화 속에서 그가 무죄임을 이야기한다.
Pilate apparently decides that Jesus is a teacher of abstract philosophical questions to which no one can find an answer, and thus decides that Jesus poses no threat to the Roman government. He seeks no answer from the only one who could give him the answer. he went back outside. See note on 18:29. I find no guilt in him. Pilate’s exoneration of Jesus, repeated three times (cf. 19:4, 6; cf. Luke 23:4), sharply contrasts with the death sentence later pronounced on Jesus due to extensive Jewish pressure (cf. John 19:12–16) and is an example of John’s skillful use of irony. See also note on 5:31–47.
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2063.

39절) 빌라도는 무리들에게 유월절의 결례대로 너희가 원하는 한 사람을 놓아주겠다. 내가 유대인의 왕을 놓아주기를 원하는가라고 질문한다. 그는 앞서 예수의 무죄함을 이야기했고 당연히 무리들이 예수님을 풀어줄 것을 생각했을 것이다. 하지만 무리들의 생각은 달랐다. 

40절) 예수님이 아니라  바라바를 원하는 군중들 / 바라바는 강도, 폭도, 반역자, 살인자로 중죄인이었다. 
-0  Barabbas means “son of the father” (Gk. bar-abbas). Ironically, the people wanted Barabbas released rather than the true Son of the Father, Jesus. The word translated robber (Gk. lēstēs) sometimes means “insurrectionist,” but the meaning “robber” is much more common in the NT (see 10:1, 8; also Matt. 21:13; 27:38; Luke 10:30; 2 Cor. 11:26). Each Gospel contributes something to the picture of Barabbas as a man who had committed multiple crimes, including robbery, insurrection, and murder (see Matt. 27:16; Mark 15:7; Luke 23:18–19).

 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2063.


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Peter Denies Jesus Again
25 mNow Simon Peter was standing and warming himself. So they said to him, “You also are not one of his disciples, are you?” He denied it and said, “I am not.” 26 One of the servants of the high priest, a relative of nthe man whose ear Peter had cut off, asked, “Did I not see you oin the garden with him?” 27 Peter again denied it, and pat once a rooster crowed.

Jesus Before Pilate
28 qThen they led Jesus rfrom the house of Caiaphas to sthe governor’s headquarters.6 It was early morning. They themselves did not enter the governor’s headquarters, tso that they would not be defiled, ubut could eat the Passover. 29 vSo Pilate went outside to them and said, “What accusation do you bring against this man?” 30 They answered him, “If this man were not doing evil, we would not have delivered him over to you.” 31 Pilate said to them, w“Take him yourselves and judge him by your own law.” The Jews said to him, “It is not lawful for us to put anyone to death.” 32 xThis was to fulfill the word that Jesus had spoken yto show by what kind of death he was going to die.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 요 18:25–32.

25-27절) 베드로의 부인.(2-3번째) / 베드로가 추위를 피해 불을 쬐고 있는데 사람들이 “너도 그의 제자가 아니냐?”라고 묻는다. 이에 나는 아니다.( “I am not” (ouk eimi).)라고 대답한다. 이어서 대제사장의 종 중에 베드로가 귀를 자른 말고의 일가중 한명이 베드로를 알아보고 예수님과 함께 동산에 있던 것을 내가 보았다라고 말하자 베드로가 다시 부인한다. 그리고 이때 닭이 울었다. 예수님의 사로잡힘과 심문당하시고 고난당하시는 것을 보면서 제자로서 당하는 아픔과 고민말고도 지금 자신에게 주어지는 압박속에서 주님을 부인하는 베드로의 모습은 어쩌면 우리의 모습을 너무나 닮았다. 그런데 바로 이때 닭이 울고 베드로는 예수님의 말씀을 기억하며 울었다.(병행구절 막 14:66-72, 마 26:69-75, 눅 22:54-62) 
(막 14:66-72, 개정) 『[66] 베드로는 아랫뜰에 있더니 대제사장의 여종 하나가 와서 [67] 베드로가 불 쬐고 있는 것을 보고 주목하여 이르되 너도 나사렛 예수와 함께 있었도다 하거늘 [68] 베드로가 부인하여 이르되 나는 네가 말하는 것이 무엇인지 알지도 못하고 깨닫지도 못하겠노라 하며 앞뜰로 나갈새 [69] 여종이 그를 보고 곁에 서 있는 자들에게 다시 이르되 이 사람은 그 도당이라 하되 [70] 또 부인하더라 조금 후에 곁에 서 있는 사람들이 다시 베드로에게 말하되 너도 갈릴리 사람이니 참으로 그 도당이니라 [71] 그러나 베드로가 저주하며 맹세하되 나는 너희가 말하는 이 사람을 알지 못하노라 하니 [72] 닭이 곧 두 번째 울더라 이에 베드로가 예수께서 자기에게 하신 말씀 곧 닭이 두 번 울기 전에 네가 세 번 나를 부인하리라 하심이 기억되어 그 일을 생각하고 울었더라』
(마 26:69-75, 개정) 『[69] 베드로가 바깥 뜰에 앉았더니 한 여종이 나아와 이르되 너도 갈릴리 사람 예수와 함께 있었도다 하거늘 [70] 베드로가 모든 사람 앞에서 부인하여 이르되 나는 네가 무슨 말을 하는지 알지 못하겠노라 하며 [71] 앞문까지 나아가니 다른 여종이 그를 보고 거기 있는 사람들에게 말하되 이 사람은 나사렛 예수와 함께 있었도다 하매 [72] 베드로가 맹세하고 또 부인하여 이르되 나는 그 사람을 알지 못하노라 하더라 [73] 조금 후에 곁에 섰던 사람들이 나아와 베드로에게 이르되 너도 진실로 그 도당이라 네 말소리가 너를 표명한다 하거늘 [74] 그가 저주하며 맹세하여 이르되 나는 그 사람을 알지 못하노라 하니 곧 닭이 울더라 [75] 이에 베드로가 예수의 말씀에 닭 울기 전에 네가 세 번 나를 부인하리라 하심이 생각나서 밖에 나가서 심히 통곡하니라』
(눅 22:54-62, 개정) 『[54] 예수를 잡아 끌고 대제사장의 집으로 들어갈새 베드로가 멀찍이 따라가니라 [55] 사람들이 뜰 가운데 불을 피우고 함께 앉았는지라 베드로도 그 가운데 앉았더니 [56] 한 여종이 베드로의 불빛을 향하여 앉은 것을 보고 주목하여 이르되 이 사람도 그와 함께 있었느니라 하니 [57] 베드로가 부인하여 이르되 이 여자여 내가 그를 알지 못하노라 하더라 [58] 조금 후에 다른 사람이 보고 이르되 너도 그 도당이라 하거늘 베드로가 이르되 이 사람아 나는 아니로라 하더라 [59] 한 시간쯤 있다가 또 한 사람이 장담하여 이르되 이는 갈릴리 사람이니 참으로 그와 함께 있었느니라 [60] 베드로가 이르되 이 사람아 나는 네가 하는 말을 알지 못하노라고 아직 말하고 있을 때에 닭이 곧 울더라 [61] 주께서 돌이켜 베드로를 보시니 베드로가 주의 말씀 곧 오늘 닭 울기 전에 네가 세 번 나를 부인하리라 하심이 생각나서 [62] 밖에 나가서 심히 통곡하니라』
본문의 요한의 기록은 공관복음의 기록과는 약간 상이하다. 베드로의 실패는 우리에게 시사하는 바가 크다. 그의 맹세와 노력에도 불구하고 그는 자신이 주님의 제자라는 사실을 공개적으로 고백하는 것에 실패한다. 하지만 그 실패에도 불구하고 주님께서는 그를 사랑하시고 성령을 부으심으로 하나님의 교회의 위대한 사도로 사용하신다. 
Specifically it may be said, therefore, that John’s particular description of these events is slightly different from those in the Synoptics. For example, the maid seems to be responsible for Peter’s second denial in Mark 14:69, yet another maid seems to take on that task in Matt 26:71, while in Luke 22:58 it is another man who confronts Peter, whereas here in John it is a collective “they.” Moreover, Peter simply is said to deny his relationship to Jesus in Mark, whereas in Matthew he denies it with an oath and with the statement “I don’t know the man!” In Luke he says, “I am not” (ouk eimi). John, of course, happily uses these same words because of his theological attachment to “I am” (egō eimi). Similar differences can be found with the third denial, particularly in Matthew and Mark, where Peter is said to have invoked a curse upon himself to prove his negative assertion, whereas in John special mention is made of the fact that the third interrogator was identified as a relative of the high priest’s servant who had his ear cut off. Although these differences are rather significant, they are actually part of the unique way the dynamic story involving a group campfire event is told by the various evangelists.
The point of all the narratives, however, is virtually the same. Peter failed at this stage of his discipleship. He was merely a fallible human whom the church must not remake into something more than a human. Clearly, sometimes he was a miserable failure as a follower of Jesus. But that fact helps us as human failures to realize that we do not have to be perfect to become followers of Jesus or to be accepted by God. Jesus knew Peter’s good intentions, but he also recognized his human insecurities and his resistance to full commitment, even after the resurrection (cf. John 21:21–22). That reality ought to help us find acceptance when we like Peter hear the trumpet blow or the cock crow55 and we are alerted to our failures.

55 The Romans divided the night watch into four segments for guard duty: the third was between midnight and the change of duty at 3:00 a.m., which became known as the “cock crow” (alectrophonia or gallicinium). This fourth segment was still night but known as early morning (prōi) and ran between 3:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m., at which point the Romans regarded the time as the dawning of a new day. The change of watches was signaled by the blowing of a Roman trumpet. The idea of the cock crow following Peter’s denials fits perfectly the Johannine theology that evil, lack of understanding, and rejection of Jesus are all linked to “night” (cf. John 3:2; 13:30). Cf. R. Brown, Death of the Messiah, 1.606 as well as John, 2.844. Concerning “night” cf. Bultmann, John, 651. That the Romans had a specific time designated as the “cock crow” does not mean a rooster could not have crowed at this point, but the classic arguments over whether or not there could have been roosters in Jerusalem at that time is rendered moot concerning the prohibition against foul in Jerusalem in the Mishnah (B. Qam. 7.7; cf. Str-B 1.992–93) if one recognizes the segments of Roman time. Cf. J. Jeremias, Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1969), 46–48 for his earlier discussion. It is also appropriate to recall the somewhat strange logic of J. Cheney, which was followed partly by H. Lindsell in The Battle for the Bible (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976), 174–75. In an attempt to take seriously all the biblical texts, Cheney added together all the Gospel accounts of the crowing of the cocks and in weaving them together actually arrived at six denial segments—a phenomenon that is in no biblical text.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 236.

28절) 예수를 대제사장 가야바에게서 로마총독의 궁전으로 새벽에 끌고 갔다. 그런데 이 과정에서 유대인의 정결예법을 지키기 위해서 관정에는 들어가지 않고 예수를 빌라도에게 넘겨주고 있는 것이다. 유대인의 절기 7일동안 무교병을 먹는데 이 기간중에 이방인의 집에 들어간다든지 시체와 접촉하게 되면 부정하게 되기 때문에 이런 행동을 하고 있다. 
In the second half of this verse the evangelist provides an ironic contrast between the Jews who were seeking Jesus’s death and their unwillingness to enter the praetorium for fear of defiling themselves lest they would not be able to eat the Passover.57 The Mishnah Ohol., 7–10 suggests that courtyards and some other outlying buildings did not always come within the definition of Gentile places where Jews would be contaminated and rendered religiously unclean. Although the laws of clean and unclean in respect to eating the Passover were complex, it seems that entering the residence of a Gentile would have been a major problem and would likely have rendered a Jew unclean for at least seven days and required the postponement of eating Passover for a month. The basic logic seems to have grown out of an interpretation of the rule of contamination from the dead in Num 19:11–13. It was widely believed that Gentiles aborted babies in their homes and either buried them within their homes or ran them down through their sewers.58 The uncleanness here was hardly the usual uncleanness of public encounter that could by sunset have been removed through a regular lustration or bath as an appropriate purification rite (cf. Lev 15:5–11).
57 See P. Duke, Irony in the Fourth Gospel (Atlanta: John Knox, 1985), 127–28. C. Story, in attempting to make sense of the confusing dating in John, argued that Jesus had eaten the Passover meal on the Thursday but that the arresting Jewish officers had not yet eaten the meal. So, using Exod 12:10, he proposed that they had until the conclusion of the fourth night watch (6:00 a.m.) to do so, and they still had the time to eat the meal. But such an argument seems to me to stretch all logic. The issue in John is not time but their possible defilement. See C. Story, “The Bearing of Old Testament Terminology on the Johannine Chronology of the Final Passover of Jesus,” NovT 31 (1989): 316–24.
58 For further references see Str-B, 1.838–39. Cf. Beasley-Murray, John, 327.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 238.

29-30절) 유대인들의 요구에 빌라도가 고소의 이유를 묻자 예수를 행악자라고 말한다. 유대인들의 입장에서는 예수를 죽이고자 하는 결정적인 원인이 신성모독이지만 빌라도의 경우는 이러한 종류의 죄에 대해서는 관심이 없기에 빌라도에게는 국가 권력에 반항하는 행동을 한다는 죄목을 이야기한다. 
In Luke the earlier hearing is clearly defined as a meeting of the Sanhedrin (22:66),   p 239  and the charge in that scene would be akin to blasphemy (Luke 22:70–71; cf. Matt 26:65). But then Luke says the whole Sanhedrin came over to Pilate, and there they introduced the entire situation with a shift in the charge to treasonable offenses (Luke 23:1–2).
In John the story seems to be crafted by the evangelist in stages so that the reader is engaged by the movement of the story. Pilate in this Gospel asked for the charge. The immediate response is not a statement of the charge but an accusation of Jesus being a criminal or literally “one who does evil.”
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 238–239.

31절) 산헤드린에서는 로마의 법에 따라 절차에 맞춰서 예수를 사형시키기 원했다. 하지만 그들에게는 사형의 권한이 없었으므로 당시 총독인 빌라도의 허락이 필요했는데 문제는 그가 이스라엘의 종교적인 문제에 대해서는 개입하기를 원하지 않았다는 것이다. 그래서 신성 모독이 아니라 정치적인 이유들로 예수를 고소하고 있다. 빌라도는 이런 유대인들의 문제에 개입하고 싶지 않았다. 
The Sanhedrin clearly desired that Jesus’ execution be done officially in keeping with Roman law. Therefore the Jewish leaders had to get approval from Pilate. But this presented a problem for them, since Pilate would not be interested in condemning someone for a religious crime such as blasphemy or claiming to be God (see Matt. 26:64; Luke 22:69–71; John 8:58–59; 10:33; 19:7). This meant they needed to bring a political charge against Jesus, so they essentially accused him of treason by saying that he claimed to be king in opposition to Caesar (see 18:33, 37; 19:3, 12, 15, 19).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2063.

32절) 어떠한 죽음으로 죽을 것인지에 대한 말씀을 성취하시기 위하셨다. 십자가형은 나무에 달려 죽임을 당하는 형벌로 구약에 “나무에 달린자는 하나님의 저주를 받은 것이다.”라고 명시되어 있다. 만약 예수께서 산헤드린의 판결로 죽임을 당하셨다면 돌에 맞아 죽게 되었을 것이고 그렇다면 말씀이 성취되지 않게 되는 것이다. 
Crucifixion was looked upon with horror by the Jews. It was considered the same as hanging (Acts 5:30; 10:39), for which Mosaic law enunciated the principle, “A hanged man is cursed by God” (Deut. 21:23; cf. Gal. 3:13). If Jesus had been put to death by the Sanhedrin, he would have been stoned, the OT sanction for blasphemy (Lev. 24:16; cf. John 10:33; Acts 7:57–58).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2063.

예수를 십자가에 죽이려고 빌라도에게 넘겨주면서까지 종교적인 결례를 지키기 원하는 유대인들의 모습속에서 현재 우리 교회안에 형식주의에 같힌 그리스도인들의 모습을 본다. 그들안에 종교성은 남아 있지만 그래서 종교적인 형식을 지키고 예배를 드리지만 그들은 지금 하나님의 아들을, 온 세상을 구원하시기 위해 오신 그분을 알아보지 못하고 그분을 도리어 신성 모독으로, 그리고 그 죄목이 로마의 법에 의해서 사형에 해당하지 않기에 죄목을 만들어서, 로마에 반역한다는 명목하에 빌라도로 하여금 그를 사형에 처하도록 강요하고 있다. 자신의 손에 피를 묻히지 않기 위해서, 정당성을 확보하기 위해서 로마의 법을 사용하지만 결국 그 십자가에 달리신 예수님의 죽음이 우리를 구원하는 유일한 길이 되는 것이다. 우리의 종교적인 열심뒤에 숨겨진 진심, 정말 하나님이 기뻐하시는 길을 가고 있는지에 대한 고민이 필요하다. 


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The High Priest Questions Jesus
19 gThe high priest then questioned Jesus about his disciples and his teaching. 20 Jesus answered him, “I have spoken hopenly ito the world. I have always taught in synagogues and in the temple, where all Jews come together. jI have said nothing in secret. 21 Why do you ask me? Ask those who have heard me what I said to them; they know what I said.” 22 When he had said these things, one of the officers standing by struck Jesus with his hand, saying, k“Is that how you answer the high priest?” 23 Jesus answered him, “If what I said is wrong, bear witness about the wrong; but if what I said is right, why do you strike me?” 24 lAnnas then sent him bound to lCaiaphas the high priest.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 요 18:19–24.

19-20절) 안나스가 예수님께 그의 제자들과 그의 교훈에 대하여 묻는다. 여기서 문제는 안나스가 전임 대제사장이라는 것이다. 그의 사위, 가야바가 현직 대제사장임에도 불구하고 성경은 그를 대제사장이라고 명시하고, 그도 대제사장의 권위에 준하는 권력을 가지고 예수를 심문하고 있다. 예수님께서 유대인들이 모이는 회당과 성전에서 공개적으로 가르친 것이 그들에게는 도리어 도전이 되었을 것이다. 그래서 주님이 전하신 내용보다는 그 행위 자체를 문제삼으며 압박하고 있는데 주님은 자신이 아무것고 감춘 것이 없이 공개적으로, 드러내놓고 이야기한다고 말씀하신다. 20절 자체는 질문에 대한 대답이 아니다. 

21-23절) 예수님은 안나스에게 왜 나에게 그런 것을 묻느냐? 나는 공개적으로 모든 것을 말하였으니 그것을 들은 자들에게 물어볼 것을 말씀하셨다. 이 재판 과정은 결국 증인들의 증언을 통해서 이루어질 것이기에 그렇게 말씀하신 것이다. 그런데 이 과정에서 옆에 섰던 부하 하나가 대제사장에게 불경하게 대답하는 예수님의 태도때문에 예수님을 때린다. 과연 이 행동이 정당한 것인가? 예수님의 대답은 정당한 것인가? 앞서 말한대로 안나스는 현직 대제사장도 아니었고 이 부하의 행동은 단지 자신의 상관에게 잘 보이기 위한 행동에 지나지 않게 보인다. 예수님은 이러한 위협에 물러서지 않으신다. 만약 내가 말한 내용이 잘못이라면 그 잘못을 지적할 것을 말씀하신다. 만약에 그렇지 않다면 네가 나를 친 것은 옳지 않다라고 말씀하신다. 
“어둠은 빛을 이길 수 없다.
거짓은 참을 이길 수 없다.
진실은 침몰하지 않는다.
우리는 포기하지 않는다."

24절) 안나스가 예수를 결박한채 대제사장 가야바에게로 보낸다. 
- Before Jesus can be brought to the Roman governor, charges must be confirmed by the official high priest, Caiaphas, who presided over the Sanhedrin (see note on 3:1). Caiaphas managed to retain control of the high priesthood for nearly 18 years (c. a.d. 18–36)—longer than anyone else in the first century (cf. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 18.35, 95). He was certainly the high priest during Jesus’ ministry, although he also consulted frequently with his father-in-law Annas (John 18:13; cf. Luke 3:2).
c. about, approximately
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2062.

본문의 요한의 기록(안나스 앞에서의 심문 받으심)은 다른 공관복음서에서는 등장하지 않는다. 
When one compares the Gospel accounts on this portion of the Death Story, it becomes apparent that John focuses his story on a failed hearing before Annas that is not mentioned in the Synoptics. But Mark and Matthew focus on a Sanhedrin (Council) hearing, probably chaired by Caiaphas (cf. Matt 26:57). In all three Synoptic Gospels, Jesus is also struck and in Mark (14:65) and Matthew (26:67) even spit upon in the convened night session. Such a spitting was a degrading and condemning act rendered against someone regarded as guilty in Jewish tradition. But this incident is missing in the Johannine portrait. Neither included are any conflicting testimonies given by witnesses, some of whom claimed that Jesus would destroy “this man-made temple and in three days build another, not made by man” (Mark 14:58; cf. Matt 26:61). Nor is the high priest’s frustration after he could get little conclusive agreement from the witnesses or his questioning of Jesus about whether he was the Son of God/Son of the Blessed One/Christ and received Jesus’ response concerning being seated at the right hand of power (cf. Matt 26:63; Mark 14:61–62; Luke 22:67–69). Likewise missing in John is the tearing by the high priest of his robe (Matt 26:65; Mark 14:63) and his condemnation of Jesus to death for blasphemy (Matt 26:65–66; Mark 14:64). The frustration of the hearing before Annas and Jesus’ commanding serenity is the focus of John.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 234.

요즘의 비선 실세로 국정농단이 일어나는 상황 가운데서 안나스의 행동도 과연 얼마나 정당한 것인지 고민해볼 필요가 있겠다. 이미 직에서 물러난 상태에서 자신의 이전 지위를 이용하여 한 사람을 겁박하고 있는 것이다. 하지만 진실은 이긴다. 거짓은 참을 이길 수 없다. 






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Jesus Faces Annas and Caiaphas
12 So the band of soldiers and their captain and the officers of the Jews4 arrested Jesus and bound him. 13 First they yled him to zAnnas, for he was the father-in-law of aCaiaphas, who was high priest that year. 14 It was Caiaphas who had advised the Jews bthat it would be expedient that one man should die for the people.
Peter Denies Jesus
15 cSimon Peter followed Jesus, and so did another disciple. Since that disciple was known to the high priest, he entered with Jesus into the courtyard of the high priest, 16 dbut Peter stood outside at the door. So the other disciple, who was known to the high priest, went out and spoke to the servant girl who kept watch at the door, and brought Peter in. 17 eThe servant girl at the door said to Peter, “You also are not one of this man’s disciples, are you?” He said, “I am not.” 18 Now the servants5 and officers had made a charcoal fire, because it was cold, and they were standing and warming themselves. fPeter also was with them, standing and warming himself.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 요 18:12–18.

13절) 예수님은 포박당하여 안나스에게로 끌려가셨다. 안나스는 전임 대제사장으로 당시 대제사장이던 가야바의 장인이었다. 이당시는 특히 종교 권력이 세습되어 한 가문에 집중되었다. 

Jesus’ Arrest, Trial, and Crucifixion
The path from Jesus’ arrest to his crucifixion (part of which is often called the Via Dolorosa, “Way of Sorrows”) is difficult to retrace with certainty; the traditional route was fixed by Franciscan monks in the fourteenth century. The Bible records that after the Passover meal, Judas led a contingent of soldiers to Gethsemane to arrest Jesus (1). From there Jesus was led to Annas (location unknown), who sent him to his son-in-law Caiaphas, the high priest (2). The Jewish leaders then appealed to the Roman governor Pilate to have Jesus put to death (3). Luke records that Pilate sent Jesus to Herod Antipas (4), who questioned Jesus but returned him to Pilate without rendering any judgment (5). Pilate then sent Jesus to be crucified at Golgotha (6).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2061.

14절) 가야바는 유대인들에게 한사람이 백성을 위해서 대신 죽는 것이 유익하다고 말하던 자이다. 
Caiaphas. See 11:49–52.
예수님의 십자가의 길은 하나님 편에서는 백성을 구원하는 유일한 길이지만 이 길에 여러 사람들의 개입이 있었다. 이들의 개입으로 하나님의 섭리는 실현된 것이다. 대제사장 가야바는 이미 한 사람이 백성을 위해서 죽는 것이 유익하다고 이야기하며 예수님을 그 희생양으로 지목하고 있었다. 그리고 그 일이 차근차근 진행되고 있는 것이다. 이는 편향된, 공정하지 않은 검찰 수사나 마녀 사냥에 가까운 행태이다. 하지만 이러한 방식을 통해서도 하나님께서는 당신의 일들을 한걸음 한걸음 진행해 가신다. 

15-16절) 베드로와 다른 제자 하나가 예수를 따랐다. 이 다른 제자는 대제사장과 아는 사이로 대제사장의 집뜰에 들어갔는데 이때 베드로는 문 밖에 서 있었다. 아마도 두려워서 일 수도 있고, 대제사장의 집에 함부로 들어갈 수 없어서 였을 것이다. 이때 이 제자가 문지키는 여자에게 말해 베드로도 들어올 수 있도록 하였다. 여기서 다른 제자는 누구일까? 예수님의 살아하시는 제자로 요한이라고 일반적으로 말한다. 그렇다면 세배대의 아들 어부 였던 요한이 대제사장을 알고 있었을까? 행 4:13을 보면 베드로와 요한을 “학문 없는 범인”으로 이야기한다. 이것에 대해서 배우지 못하고 무식한으로 해석하면 본문을 이해하는데 어려움이 생긴다. 이는 특별한 훈련을 받지 않은 일반인을 의미하는데 당시 아주 소수의 사람들만이 이러한 교육을 받을 수 있었고, 어부라는 직업도 그당시에 아주 하층의 직업군은 아니었다. 
To this setting Peter and “the other disciple” came following Jesus and the arresting band. This verse indicates that the other disciple was “known” to the high priest. Who this disciple was has been debated much by scholars. Of particular significance in the debate is the issue of whether or not the unnamed disciple could have been John and whether this John, a Galilean fisherman, could have been known to the high priest. The fact that the evangelist refers to almost everyone else in his Gospel by name suggests that the early readers must have had no difficulty identifying who this person was. Moreover, it is highly unlikely that the so-called beloved disciple who was commissioned to care for Jesus’ mother (19:25–27) and who was reclining next to Jesus at the supper (13:23) would be different from this “other” disciple here or the witness at the cross (19:35).38 As I indicated in my introduction to this commentary, the likely person would have been the one who stands behind the basic text of this Gospel, John the son of Zebedee.39
But could a Galilean fisherman have had access to the residence of the high priest, and could such a person have persuaded the female guard to let a companion outsider into the courtyard? The answer to that question relates to one’s view of fishermen.
Peter and John in Acts 4:13 are called agrammatoi eisin kai idiōtai. The KJV had referred to them as “unlearned and ignorant,” but more recent renderings have modified that to “unschooled, ordinary” (NIV), “uneducated and ordinary” (NRSV), and “ordinary men who had no special training” (NLT). But to understand the situation better one needs to get into the minds of those Pharisees who regarded themselves as elite and the people of the land or the people who worked with their hands as basically ignorant. The stories of the rabbis are filled with condemnations of such people, and even this Gospel has one such castigation (7:49). But if Mark 1:19–20 is any indication of John’s family, he was not a pauper. The skepticism I find in some comments that the son of Zebedee could not have had access to the high priest’s residence is based on an unproven premise that he must have been both illiterate and unconnected. I would stoutly challenge that   p 230  premise.
38 For a review of the issues involved see F. Neirynck, “The ‘other disciple’ in John 18:15–16,” ETL 51 (1975): 113–41. He considers it to be quite feasible that the ‘other disciple’ is the beloved disciple.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 229–230.

17절) 이제 집안으로 들어오면서 문제가 생긴다. 여종 하나가 베드로에게 “너도 이 사람의 제자중 하나가 아니냐?”라고 질문한다. 이에 대해서 베드로는 “나는 아니다”라고 답한다. 요한복음 전체를 통해서 주님은 “에고 에이미”를 선포하셨는데 앞서 5,8절에서도, 지금 베드로는 “오욱 에이미”를 말하고 있는 것이다. 베드로는 충동적인 성격으로 이미 앞서서 주와 함께 죽겠다(13:37)라고 말하기도 하고, 잡혀가시는 예수님을 보호하기 위해서 말고의 귀를 자르기도 했다.(18:10) 이처럼 주님과 함께 있을때는 담대하던 베드로가 주님이 잡혀가시고 홀로 남게 되었을때 그는 주님을 모른다라고, 나는 그분의 제자가 아니라고 그분을 부인하고 있는 것이다. 
Peter’s answer was a sharp ouk eimi (“I am not!”). For the evangelist, who has focused repeatedly on the affirmations of Jesus as egō eimi (“I am”) and most immediately at the arrest (18:5, 8), the contrast here is very striking. The denial is especially significant in light of Peter’s earlier forceful statement that he would be willing to die for Jesus (13:37) and his impulsive attempt to defend Jesus (18:10). When Jesus was present, Peter was filled with boldness and sought to interfere in Jesus’ mission. But when he was alone and challenged, he lost his courage and abandoned his discipleship.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 230.
베드로의 부인은 그 개인만의 문제가 아니라 주님을 따르는, 확신에 찬 많은 그리스도인들에게도 동일하게 적용된다. 우리의 믿음의 고백이 어려움이나 고난이 없을때는 정상적으로 작동하지만 어려움과 고난속에서 과연 내가 주님의 제자라고, 예수님을 따르고 그분을 믿는다고 고백하는 것은 대단히 어려운 선택일수 있다. 어쩌면 베드로의 이러한 선택은 우리의 성정과 더욱 가깝다고 할 수있다. 우리는 여전히 우리도 실수할 수 있는 존재라는 사실을 인정하고 겸허하게 우리의 신앙을 돌아 보아야 할 것이다. 

18절) 이때는 니산월로 점점 추워지는 시기이다. 뿐만 아니라 예루살렘은 사막기후로 낮에는 더워도 해가 떨어지고 바람이 불면 급격하게 기온이 떨어진다. 그래서 추운 날씨에 심문하기 위해서 숯불이 필요했던 것이다. 
This verse is an excellent climatic description of Jerusalem at Passover time. But time and temperature statements in John are often theological statements as well. Night with Nicodemus (3:2) and Judas (13:30) and winter in the Shepherd Mashal (10:22) are not merely physical descriptors. They are also theological descriptors of the situation in these texts. So also here the cold is indicative of the conditions in the story.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 231.

그런데 여기 등장하는 숯불은 요한복음에만 등장하는 것으로 이후에 21:9에 다시 등장한다. 이 숯불 앞에 주님을 부인했던 베드로는 부활하신 이후 주님을 숯불앞에서 다시 만나 다시금 주님을 사랑한다는 고백을 하게 되는 것이다. 숯불을 바라보는 그에게는 이전에 주님을 부인했던 트라우마가 있었을 것이다. 그런데 주님은 바로 그 현장에서 그 상처를 치유하고 계신다. 
But there is also one other feature in this verse that is absolutely crucial for understanding the significance of this event here. That feature is the “charcoal fire,” which appears in the New Testament only here and in 21:9 at Peter’s reinstatement. That double use of the word is not just a coincidence. These two events are directly connected in the mind of the evangelist. Accordingly
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 231.






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18 When Jesus had spoken these words, nhe went out with his disciples across othe brook Kidron, where there was a garden, which he and his disciples entered. Now Judas, who betrayed him, also knew pthe place, for qJesus often met there with his disciples. rSo Judas, having procured a band of soldiers and some officers from the chief priests and the Pharisees, went there with lanterns and torches and weapons. Then Jesus, sknowing all that would happen to him, came forward and said to them, t“Whom do you seek?” They answered him, “Jesus of Nazareth.” Jesus said to them, “I am he.”1 Judas, who betrayed him, was standing with them. uWhen Jesus2 said to them, “I am he,” they drew back and fell to the ground. So he asked them again, t“Whom do you seek?” And they said, “Jesus of Nazareth.” Jesus answered, “I told you that I am he. So, if you seek me, let these men go.” vThis was to fulfill the word that he had spoken: “Of those whom you gave me I have lost not one.” 10 Then Simon Peter, whaving a sword, drew it and struck the high priest’s servant3 and cut off his right ear. (The servant’s name was Malchus.) 11 So Jesus said to Peter, “Put your sword into its sheath; xshall I not drink the cup that the Father has given me?”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 요 18:1–11.

1절) 기드론 시내는 간헐천으로 비가 많이 내릴때만 물이 흐른다. 
이 장소는 예수님께서 자신의 잔을 옮겨주실 것을 간구하셨던 장소이다. 
-The Synoptics indicate that this was the place where Jesus was troubled and prayed his agonizing prayer (Matt 26:36–46; Mark 14:32–43; Luke 22:39–46).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 216.

2-3절) 유다의 배신, 군대와 하속들을 데리고 에수를 잡으러 왔다. 이 장소는 제자들과 예수님께서 가끔 모이시는 곳이었다. 지금 이 군대의 규모가 원어 상으로는 ‘스페이란’으로 로마 군인 600여명에 해당하는 규모이지만 실제로 그정도는 아니고 100-200여명 정도가 보내졌다고 추정한다. 그런데 평화적으로 사역하고 말씀을 전하시던 예수님을 잡기 위해서 등과 횃불, 병기를 가지고 간 것은 아이러니한 모습이다. 자신들의 위용을 과시하기 위해서 였을 것이다. 

4-7절) 자신을 찾으러 온 무리들에게 자발적으로 나서셔서 누구를 찾느냐 물으신다. 이에 자신이 그들이 찾는 나사렛 예수라고 밝히고 이를 유다가 증거한다. 무기를 들고 자기를 잡으러온 이들앞에 항거하지 않으시고 나아가시매 도리어 자신을 잡으러 온 이들이 물러가며 땅에 엎드러지게 된다. 이는 거룩하신 하나님과의 조우에 일반적으로 나타나는 현상이다. 
‘나사렛 예수’를 찾는 무리들, 이렇게 이름을 명시한 이유는 예수님이 역사적 인물임을 방증한다, 당시 예수라는 이름이 일반적으로 사용되었기에 여러 예수중에 누구인지를 특정하기 위해서 이렇게 이름을 제시하고 있다. 결국 이는 하나님의 아들이신 예수 그리스도가 나사렛이라는 동네에서 사셨고 하나님의 뜻을 완전히 이루기 위해서 오셨다는 사실을 보여준다. 
The name used by the arresting officers here in their search for Jesus was “Jesus of Nazareth.” This designation is used only four times in the Gospel of John: first, in the context of the third cameo of witnesses that brought to a conclusion the opening identifying references to Jesus as the “King of Israel” and the “Son of God” (1:45–49); then, second and third, here two references at the arrest (18:5, 7); and fourth, in the official charge or verdict by Pilate against Jesus as the “King of the Jews,” which Pilate had attached to the cross (19:19). These strategic events, which focus on the fact that Jesus, who was a historical figure and was the King of Israel, was also the one who fulfilled God’s mission for him to be the dying Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (1:29).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 220.

8-9절) 예수님께서는 자발적으로 십자가의 길을 선택하신다. 자신을 잡으려는 손길을 인지하고 있었기에 이를 피할 수도 있었지만 선한 목자로서 이들을 구원하기 위해서 스스로 십자가의 길을 향해 나아가시는 것이다. 
Jesus’ statement summarizes 17:12, which in turn refers back to 6:39 and 10:28. Jesus is portrayed as the “good shepherd” who voluntarily chooses death to save the life of his “sheep” (cf. 10:11, 15, 17–18, 28). Their physical preservation symbolizes their spiritual preservation.
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2061.
예수님께서 다시 한번 너희가 찾는 이가 바로 나다라고 말씀하시며 그들에게 자신을 내어주신다. 그리고 이들이 가는 것을 용납하라고 말씀하신다. 결국 이 모든 사건의 주도권이 주님의 손에 있는 것이다. 주님을 군대에게 억지로 잡히신 것이 아니라 자발적으로 자신을 내어주셨다. 
Jesus’ answer to their second quest for Jesus of Nazareth was once again egō eimi (“I am”), yet here in addition to the self-identification and self-yielding by Jesus to the arresting band there is now added a stern imperative: “Let these men go!” The picture presented by John is once again very clear. The arresting band may have been a strong human force armed with weapons, but the person being arrested is here clearly represented as being in charge of the entire process. The King was not being captured; he was giving himself over to his enemies.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 220.

10-11절) 시몬 제드로가 대제사장의 종 말고의 오른편 귀를 벤다. 이에 대해 주님께서 베드로를 꾸짖으시고 그 검을 칼집에 도로 넣으라고 하시며 이 잔을 받는 것이 아버지의 뜻임을 말씀하신다. 이 기사는 마태와 누가복음에 동일하게 기록된다. 하지만 같은 사건을 각각의 저자의 관심사에 따라 약간씩 다르게 기록하고 있는 것을 볼 수 있다. 여기서 중요한 것은 피흘리는 것은 주님의 뜻이 아니며 이것이 역사적 사실임을 드러내는 것이다. 
A comparison of the present Johannine verses with parallels in the Synoptics has led some scholars to think that John was adding names to more general statements about the “ear-cutting” episode to enhance the historicity of the text, but such a view is unnecessarily skeptical. Only in John do you find that the ear cutter is Peter, but that action is certainly not out of line with his blundering style elsewhere. Only in John do you also discover   p 222  that the person who was attacked is Malchus, but both Matthew and Luke also indicate that the man was the servant of the high priest. Luke, who seems to have some interest in physical aspects of people, notes along with John that it was the right ear that was severed, which some scholars have argued rendered the servant of the high priest unworthy for Temple service.15 But one wonders if that is the point of the statements in the Gospels. Moreover, Luke also adds with the rebuke of Peter that Jesus restored the ear (Luke 22:51). Matthew, with his typical interest in angelic and spiritual forces, includes a different focus to Jesus’ rebuke by informing Peter that he could counter the arrest with twelve legions of angels, if that was his will (Matt 26:53). Clearly the focus of the three rebukes (Mark does not have this story) is different in each Gospel. But the rebuke is similar in each Gospel, although each evangelist chooses an aspect of the rebuke that is in conformity to his own interests and his own particular way of testifying to the basic concern of Jesus. Bloodshed is not the mission of Jesus.
15 Hobart earlier had argued that one could prove from the language of Luke that he was a physician (W. Hobart, The Medical Language of Luke [Dublin: Hodges, Figgis & Co., 1882]), but H. Cadbury (The Style and Literary Method of Luke [Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1920]) showed that such an argument could only prove that Luke was an educated person. Cadbury’s antithesis does not mean Luke was not a physician as stated in Col 4:14. D. Daube argued in his article, “Three Notes Having to Do with Johanan ben Zaccai,” JTS 11 (1960): 59–61, that the severing of the ear was an effort not to kill the servant of the high priest but to render him deformed and thus unworthy of serving in the Temple. But such an argument is a little too speculative and an overtheologizing of an incident in the narrative. There is no hint in any of the Gospels that such was the point, even though such an injury would have that effect. Cf. D. Garland, who argued similarly in “Malchus,” ISBE, 3.229 and in “John 18–19: Life Through Jesus’ Death,” RevExp 85 (1988): 487. Contrast N. Krieger, Der Knecht des Hohenpriesters,” NovT 2 (1957): 73–74.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 221–222.

11절) 아버지께서 주신 잔을 피하지 않으시는 주님, 이는 죄로부터 우리를 구원하시기 위한 진노의 잔이다. 이것이 부어져야만 용서함이 선포되는 것이다. 
Drink the cup serves as a metaphor for death and symbolizes God’s wrath (see Ps. 75:8; Isa. 51:17, 22; Jer. 25:15–17, 28–29; 49:12; also Rev. 14:10; 16:19). Note that the cup given to Jesus is from the Father, and hence Jesus is prepared to drink it. In addition to the physical suffering of the cross, Jesus suffered the agony of bearing God’s wrath, which was poured out on him as a substitute sacrifice and in payment for sins (see also notes on Rom. 3:25; 1 John 2:2; cf. Heb. 2:17; 1 John 4:10).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2061.







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20 “I do not rask for these only, but also for those swho will believe in me through their word, 21 tthat they may all be one, just as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that uthey also may be in vus, so that the world wmay believe that you have sent me. 22 xThe glory that you have given me yI have given to them, tthat they may be one even as we are one, 23 zI in them and you in me, athat they may become perfectly one, bso that the world may know that you sent me and cloved them even as dyou loved me. 24 Father, I desire that they also, whom you have given me, may be ewith me fwhere I am, gto see my glory that you have given me because you loved me hbefore the foundation of the world. 25 iO righteous Father, even though jthe world does not know you, I know you, and these know that you have sent me. 26 kI made known to them your name, and I will continue to make it known, that the love lwith which you have loved me may be in them, and mI in them.”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 요 17:20–26.

본문은 장래에 주님을 믿게될 이들을 위한 기도이다. 주님의 관심은 그를 따르는 이들과의 연합과 사랑이다. 신자의 연합, 하나됨은 하나님 안에서의 하나됨에 기인한다. 그분과 연합되면 그들은 하나님의 보내심을 받은 자로서 예수님에 대한 진정한 일체감을 증거하는 증인이 되게 될 것이다. 
Jesus does not stop at praying for himself (vv. 1–5) and his disciples (vv. 6–19) but now prays for those who will believe in me in the future. Jesus’ concern is for his followers’ unity (vv. 21–23) and love (v. 26). The vision of a unified people of God has previously been expressed in 10:16 and 11:52. Believers’ unity results from being united in God (cf. 10:38; 14:10–11, 20, 23; 15:4–5). Once unified, they will be able to bear witness to the true identity of Jesus as the Sent One of God.
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2060.

20절) 주님의 간구는 지금 믿는 사람들만이 아니라 이들, 제자들과 주님을 따르는 사람들이 전하는 복음을 인하여 예수를 믿게될 사람들을 위한 것이다. 

21절) 하나됨, 연합은 기독교의 신비중의 하나이다. 아버지께서 주님안에, 주님이 아버지 안에, 우리들도 하나가 되어 성부와 성자 안에 거함으로 복음(아버지께서 아들을 보내신 것)을 믿게되기를 구하고 계신다. 역사를 통해서 이 하나됨은 여러가지의 오해를 불러일으켰다. 이러한 신자들의 하나님과의 하나됨은 하나님과의 하나됨을 경험한 공동체를 전제로 한다. 하나님안에 거한다는 것, 주님안에 거한다는 것이 그저 신비적인 체험, 그분의 어떤 신성안에 흡수되는 체험으로 제한되어서는 안된다. 세상은 하나님과의 관계속에서 성도들의 하나됨을 보게 될 것이고 이것을 통해서 믿게 될 것이다. 
 This oneness with the Godhead is not to be viewed as a mystical flight of the hermit to be alone with God or to be mystically absorbed into the divine. Nor is this relationship to be understood as an individualized self-centered salvation that has developed in many churches as a result of the subjective individualistic philosophies of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This relationship of believers with God is premised on a community who together experience a oneness with God.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 207.

22절) 하나님께서 주님에게 주신 영광을 우리들에게도 주시겠다고 말씀하시는 주님, 영광을 우리들에게 주심으로 우리도 주님과 아버지와 간이 하나가 되게 하시기 위해서 이다. 주님의 영광을 보고 경험한 사람은 진정한 연합, 하나됨을 이룰 수 있다. 우리가 이땅을 살면서 진정한 하나됨을 경험하고 살아내지 못하는 이유는 주님의 영광을 보고 경험하지 못하게 때문이다. 주님의 영광을 본자는 바울의 고백과 같이 이전에 자신이 가치롭게 여기던 모든 것을 배설물과 같이 여길 수 있다. 

23절) 주님이 우리안에, 아버지께서 주님안에 계심으로 우리로 온전한 하나됨을 이루려 하심은 세상으로 하나님께서 주님을 보내셨음을 그리고 하나님께서 주님을 사랑하시는 것처럼 우리를 사랑하심을 알게하려 함이다. 
But unity is neither self-generated in the disciples nor their ultimate goal. Oneness is a means to enable the world to realize what God has been doing. The marvelous message is that God sent Jesus on an important mission to the world and that he not only loved his beloved Son but that he also loved the train of disciples who are fulfilling that continuing mission to the world.
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 208.

24절) 예수님께서 당신을 따르는 미래의 신자들로 보게되기를 원하는 것은 바로 하나님께서 주님에게 주신 주님의 영광이다. 여기서 보다라는 헬라어는 바로 “데오레로”로 어떤 것을 지속적인 관심을 가지고 관찰하는 것을 의미한다. 주님의 그 영광은 창세전부터 사랑하심으로 하나님께서 주신 것이다. 바로 그 영광을 함께 하기를 원하신 다는 것이다. 
See represents the Greek word theōreō, “to observe with sustained attention,” and includes the idea of entering into and experiencing something. You loved me before the foundation of the world implies that love and interpersonal interaction among the members of the Trinity did not begin at any point in time but has existed eternally (cf. v. 5).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2060.

25절) 타락한 세상은 하나님을 알지 못한다. 아니 알려고 하지 않고 그분을 알지 못하는 것이 바로 죄이다. 중요한 것은 바로 주님이 하나님을 알고 그분을 전하셨으므로 세상이 주님을 보고 아버지 하나님께서 주님을 보내신 줄을 알았다. 결국 주님의 사명은 바로 하나님을 알지 못하는 세상으로 하여금 그 하나님을 알게 하는 것이다. 그들의 눈이 가리워져서 하나님을 보지 못하기에 그분이 친히 성육신 하심으로 그분의 삶으로 하나님을 알게 하신 것이다. 우리의 사명도 마찬가지이다. 하나님을 알지 못하는 세상으로 하여금 우리의 착한 행실로 그리스도를 선포하고 하나님의 선하심을 세상으로 알게하는 것이 바로 우리의 사명이다. 

26절) 주님께서 아버지의 이름을 우리들에게 알게 하였고 또 계속해서 알게 하실 것이다. 하나님께서 예수님을 사랑하시는 그 사랑이 우리 안에 있고 예수님도 우리안에 있게 하심이다. 이처럼 우리 안에 계신다는 표현은 언약적인 표현이다. 구약을 통해서 성막 가운데 계신 주님께서 우리가운데 계실 것을 말씀하고 계신 것이다. 본문 속에서 이제 주님의 부재, 떠남 이후에 도리어 보혜사를 통해서 그분의 사랑이 우리안에 충만히 거하시게 될 것이다. 
The phrase I in them is filled with covenantal overtones (cf. 14:20; 17:23). After the giving of the law at Sinai, God came to dwell in the midst of Israel in the tabernacle (Ex. 40:34). As they moved toward the Promised Land, God frequently assured his people that he was in their midst (Ex. 29:45–46; Deut. 7:21; 23:14).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2060.

The world is a hostile place, and the disciples were now to be sent to that world. With what spirit should they go? And what would be their model and resource? Those questions are answered in the concluding words of the prayer, which are both an affirmation and a petition. The spirit of the disciples was to be that of love, not the love of which the world speaks but the kind of love God had for the Son. May that kind of love be in us! And the model and resource of the disciples? Surely not the power structures of the world. It must be Jesus himself. Jesus would act in them after the resurrection through the agency of the Paraclete. That is the reason he breathed on them as God breathed on Adam (cf. John 20:22; Gen 2:7). Jesus himself through the Spirit would be the focal resource of Christians, even though such a resource may seem foolish and weak to the world (cf. 1 Cor 1:22–25). The way of God in Christ Jesus is neither foolish nor weak because, as Pilate would learn, ultimate power is not in the world. It is from above (John 19:11).
 Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 211.


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d“I have manifested your name to the people ewhom you gave me out of the world. fYours they were, and you gave them to me, and they have kept your word. Now they know that everything fthat you have given me is from you. For I have given them gthe words that you gave me, and they have received them and have come to know in truth that hI came from you; and ithey have believed that you sent me. I am praying for them. jI am not praying for the world but for those kwhom you have given me, for lthey are yours. 10 mAll mine are yours, and yours are mine, and nI am glorified in them. 11 And I am no longer in the world, but othey are in the world, and pI am coming to you. qHoly Father, rkeep them in your name, swhich you have given me, tthat they may be one, ueven as we are one. 12 vWhile I was with them, I kept them in your name, which you have given me. I have wguarded them, and xnot one of them has been lost except ythe son of destruction, zthat the Scripture might be fulfilled. 13 But now aI am coming to you, and these things I speak in the world, that they may have bmy joy fulfilled in themselves. 14 cI have given them your word, and dthe world has hated them ebecause they are not of the world, fjust as I am not of the world. 15 I gdo not ask that you htake them out of the world, but that you ikeep them from jthe evil one.1 16 kThey are not of the world, just as I am not of the world. 17 lSanctify them2 in the truth; myour word is truth. 18 nAs you sent me into the world, so I have sent them into the world. 19 And ofor their sake pI consecrate myself,3 that they also qmay be sanctified4 in truth.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 요 17:6–19.

15절) 주님께서 당신의 제자들을 위해서 간구하시는 것은 그들을 악한 세상에서 건져 데려가시는 것이 아니라 이 악한 세상속에서 악에 빠지지 않고 보전하시기를 위함이다. 
Even though God’s people in the midst of hardship may sometimes want to be taken out of the world (see Num. 11:15; 1 Kings 19:4; Jonah 4:3, 8), Jesus does not ask for that. The place of believers during this lifetime is not to withdraw from the world but to remain in the world and to influence it continually for good, as difficult as that may be. keep them. The central request of the prayer is repeated again (see John 17:11). Jesus prays that his own will be guarded from the evil one, that is, Satan, who would attack them to destroy their lives and their ministries. But the Greek phrase ek tou ponērou can also mean “from evil” (see ESV footnote), since Greek nouns denoting abstract qualities often take a definite article, in which case it would be a prayer that their lives and ministries not be overcome by Satan or by any other kind of evil, and that they be kept from doing evil as well (see 1 John 5:19).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2059.

16절) 우리 그리스도인들은 세상안에 살지만 세상에 속한 존재들이 아니다. 이는 전적으로 이 세상과는 다른 본성을 가지고 있다는 것을 의미한다. 우리들은 세상과는 다른 소원, 다른 근본적인 목적 그리고 궁극적으로 다른 신, 하나님을 섬긴다. 
Those who believe in Christ are not of the world, meaning that they have an entirely different nature (see 3:3–8), including different heart desires, different fundamental goals, and ultimately a different God. The common saying that Christians are “in the world but not of the world” is not found exactly anywhere in Scripture, but the idea is true and is taken from 17:15–16.
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2059.

17절) 성화의 과정은 모든 그리스도인이 전 삶을 통해서 이루어가야 하는 내용이다. 이는 관계적 측면(악에 영향을 받지 않는 것과 악에 동참하지 않는 것)과 도덕적인 측면(거룩함에 자라감 혹은 태도와 생각, 행동에 있어서 도덕적 순결함을 기르는 것)을 포함한다. 
Sanctify them. The sanctification of Christians is a lifelong process. It involves both a relational component (separation from participating in and being influenced by evil) and a moral component (growth in holiness or moral purity in attitudes, thoughts, and actions). This occurs in the truth, that is, as Christians believe, think, and live according to “the truth” in relation to God, themselves, and the world. This truth comprises the entire Bible, for Jesus says, your word is truth. The Greek word is surprisingly not an adjective (meaning “your word is true”) but a noun (alētheia, “truth”). This implies that God’s Word does not simply conform to some other external standard of “truth,” but that it is truth itself; that is, it embodies truth and it therefore is the standard of truth against which everything else must be tested and compared.
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2059.


* The High Priestly Prayer
The Father Gave the Son . . .John 17             
authority to give eternal lifev. 2
people out of this worldvv. 2, 6, 9, 24
work to accomplishv. 4
wordsv. 8
his namevv. 11, 12
gloryvv. 22, 24

The Son Gives Believers . . .John 17             
eternal lifev. 2
the Father’s wordvv. 8, 14
manifestation of the Father’s namevv. 6, 26
gloryv. 22

The Son Asks the Father to . . .John 17    
glorify himvv. 1, 5
keep believers in the Father’s namev. 11
keep believers from the evil onev. 15
sanctify believers in the truthv. 17
make believers onev. 21

Jesus’ Followers and the WorldJohn 17             
they are sent into the worldv. 18
they are in the worldv. 11
they are not of the worldv. 16
the world has hated themv. 14
their unity with each other and union with God may cause the world to believe the Father sent the Son
v. 21

Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2059.

18-19절) 아버지께서 아들을 세상에 보내신것 처럼 아들 예수님께서 우리들을 세상에 보내셨다. 우리 그리스도인들로 세상가운데서 거룩함을 추구하며 살도록 하게 하시기 위해서 주님 자신이 거룩한 삶을 추구하셨다. 사람들로 하여금 진리로 거룩함을 얻게 하는 방법은 다름아닌 바로 나 자신이 거룩한 삶을 추구하는 것이다. 세상은 우리 믿는 이들에게 구별된 삶을 요구한다. 세상을 살지만 세상에 물들지 않은 경건함을 추구하는 삶을 보일때에야 비로서 우리가 믿는 신앙, 복음이 차별성을 가지게 되는 것이다. 


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