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Peter Denies Jesus Again
25 mNow Simon Peter was standing and warming himself. So they said to him, “You also are not one of his disciples, are you?” He denied it and said, “I am not.” 26 One of the servants of the high priest, a relative of nthe man whose ear Peter had cut off, asked, “Did I not see you oin the garden with him?” 27 Peter again denied it, and pat once a rooster crowed.
25 mNow Simon Peter was standing and warming himself. So they said to him, “You also are not one of his disciples, are you?” He denied it and said, “I am not.” 26 One of the servants of the high priest, a relative of nthe man whose ear Peter had cut off, asked, “Did I not see you oin the garden with him?” 27 Peter again denied it, and pat once a rooster crowed.
Jesus Before Pilate
28 qThen they led Jesus rfrom the house of Caiaphas to sthe governor’s headquarters.6 It was early morning. They themselves did not enter the governor’s headquarters, tso that they would not be defiled, ubut could eat the Passover. 29 vSo Pilate went outside to them and said, “What accusation do you bring against this man?” 30 They answered him, “If this man were not doing evil, we would not have delivered him over to you.” 31 Pilate said to them, w“Take him yourselves and judge him by your own law.” The Jews said to him, “It is not lawful for us to put anyone to death.” 32 xThis was to fulfill the word that Jesus had spoken yto show by what kind of death he was going to die.
The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 요 18:25–32.
25-27절) 베드로의 부인.(2-3번째) / 베드로가 추위를 피해 불을 쬐고 있는데 사람들이 “너도 그의 제자가 아니냐?”라고 묻는다. 이에 나는 아니다.(
“I am not” (ouk eimi).)라고 대답한다. 이어서 대제사장의 종 중에 베드로가 귀를 자른 말고의 일가중 한명이 베드로를 알아보고 예수님과 함께 동산에 있던 것을 내가 보았다라고 말하자 베드로가 다시 부인한다. 그리고 이때 닭이 울었다. 예수님의 사로잡힘과 심문당하시고 고난당하시는 것을 보면서 제자로서 당하는 아픔과 고민말고도 지금 자신에게 주어지는 압박속에서 주님을 부인하는 베드로의 모습은 어쩌면 우리의 모습을 너무나 닮았다. 그런데 바로 이때 닭이 울고 베드로는 예수님의 말씀을 기억하며 울었다.(병행구절 막 14:66-72, 마 26:69-75, 눅 22:54-62)
(막 14:66-72, 개정) 『[66] 베드로는 아랫뜰에 있더니 대제사장의 여종 하나가 와서 [67] 베드로가 불 쬐고 있는 것을 보고 주목하여 이르되 너도 나사렛 예수와 함께 있었도다 하거늘 [68] 베드로가 부인하여 이르되 나는 네가 말하는 것이 무엇인지 알지도 못하고 깨닫지도 못하겠노라 하며 앞뜰로 나갈새 [69] 여종이 그를 보고 곁에 서 있는 자들에게 다시 이르되 이 사람은 그 도당이라 하되 [70] 또 부인하더라 조금 후에 곁에 서 있는 사람들이 다시 베드로에게 말하되 너도 갈릴리 사람이니 참으로 그 도당이니라 [71] 그러나 베드로가 저주하며 맹세하되 나는 너희가 말하는 이 사람을 알지 못하노라 하니 [72] 닭이 곧 두 번째 울더라 이에 베드로가 예수께서 자기에게 하신 말씀 곧 닭이 두 번 울기 전에 네가 세 번 나를 부인하리라 하심이 기억되어 그 일을 생각하고 울었더라』
(마 26:69-75, 개정) 『[69] 베드로가 바깥 뜰에 앉았더니 한 여종이 나아와 이르되 너도 갈릴리 사람 예수와 함께 있었도다 하거늘 [70] 베드로가 모든 사람 앞에서 부인하여 이르되 나는 네가 무슨 말을 하는지 알지 못하겠노라 하며 [71] 앞문까지 나아가니 다른 여종이 그를 보고 거기 있는 사람들에게 말하되 이 사람은 나사렛 예수와 함께 있었도다 하매 [72] 베드로가 맹세하고 또 부인하여 이르되 나는 그 사람을 알지 못하노라 하더라 [73] 조금 후에 곁에 섰던 사람들이 나아와 베드로에게 이르되 너도 진실로 그 도당이라 네 말소리가 너를 표명한다 하거늘 [74] 그가 저주하며 맹세하여 이르되 나는 그 사람을 알지 못하노라 하니 곧 닭이 울더라 [75] 이에 베드로가 예수의 말씀에 닭 울기 전에 네가 세 번 나를 부인하리라 하심이 생각나서 밖에 나가서 심히 통곡하니라』
(눅 22:54-62, 개정) 『[54] 예수를 잡아 끌고 대제사장의 집으로 들어갈새 베드로가 멀찍이 따라가니라 [55] 사람들이 뜰 가운데 불을 피우고 함께 앉았는지라 베드로도 그 가운데 앉았더니 [56] 한 여종이 베드로의 불빛을 향하여 앉은 것을 보고 주목하여 이르되 이 사람도 그와 함께 있었느니라 하니 [57] 베드로가 부인하여 이르되 이 여자여 내가 그를 알지 못하노라 하더라 [58] 조금 후에 다른 사람이 보고 이르되 너도 그 도당이라 하거늘 베드로가 이르되 이 사람아 나는 아니로라 하더라 [59] 한 시간쯤 있다가 또 한 사람이 장담하여 이르되 이는 갈릴리 사람이니 참으로 그와 함께 있었느니라 [60] 베드로가 이르되 이 사람아 나는 네가 하는 말을 알지 못하노라고 아직 말하고 있을 때에 닭이 곧 울더라 [61] 주께서 돌이켜 베드로를 보시니 베드로가 주의 말씀 곧 오늘 닭 울기 전에 네가 세 번 나를 부인하리라 하심이 생각나서 [62] 밖에 나가서 심히 통곡하니라』
본문의 요한의 기록은 공관복음의 기록과는 약간 상이하다. 베드로의 실패는 우리에게 시사하는 바가 크다. 그의 맹세와 노력에도 불구하고 그는 자신이 주님의 제자라는 사실을 공개적으로 고백하는 것에 실패한다. 하지만 그 실패에도 불구하고 주님께서는 그를 사랑하시고 성령을 부으심으로 하나님의 교회의 위대한 사도로 사용하신다.
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Specifically it may be said, therefore, that John’s particular description of these events is slightly different from those in the Synoptics. For example, the maid seems to be responsible for Peter’s second denial in Mark 14:69, yet another maid seems to take on that task in Matt 26:71, while in Luke 22:58 it is another man who confronts Peter, whereas here in John it is a collective “they.” Moreover, Peter simply is said to deny his relationship to Jesus in Mark, whereas in Matthew he denies it with an oath and with the statement “I don’t know the man!” In Luke he says, “I am not” (ouk eimi). John, of course, happily uses these same words because of his theological attachment to “I am” (egō eimi). Similar differences can be found with the third denial, particularly in Matthew and Mark, where Peter is said to have invoked a curse upon himself to prove his negative assertion, whereas in John special mention is made of the fact that the third interrogator was identified as a relative of the high priest’s servant who had his ear cut off. Although these differences are rather significant, they are actually part of the unique way the dynamic story involving a group campfire event is told by the various evangelists.
The point of all the narratives, however, is virtually the same. Peter failed at this stage of his discipleship. He was merely a fallible human whom the church must not remake into something more than a human. Clearly, sometimes he was a miserable failure as a follower of Jesus. But that fact helps us as human failures to realize that we do not have to be perfect to become followers of Jesus or to be accepted by God. Jesus knew Peter’s good intentions, but he also recognized his human insecurities and his resistance to full commitment, even after the resurrection (cf. John 21:21–22). That reality ought to help us find acceptance when we like Peter hear the trumpet blow or the cock crow55 and we are alerted to our failures.
55 The Romans divided the night watch into four segments for guard duty: the third was between midnight and the change of duty at 3:00 a.m., which became known as the “cock crow” (alectrophonia or gallicinium). This fourth segment was still night but known as early morning (prōi) and ran between 3:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m., at which point the Romans regarded the time as the dawning of a new day. The change of watches was signaled by the blowing of a Roman trumpet. The idea of the cock crow following Peter’s denials fits perfectly the Johannine theology that evil, lack of understanding, and rejection of Jesus are all linked to “night” (cf. John 3:2; 13:30). Cf. R. Brown, Death of the Messiah, 1.606 as well as John, 2.844. Concerning “night” cf. Bultmann, John, 651. That the Romans had a specific time designated as the “cock crow” does not mean a rooster could not have crowed at this point, but the classic arguments over whether or not there could have been roosters in Jerusalem at that time is rendered moot concerning the prohibition against foul in Jerusalem in the Mishnah (B. Qam. 7.7; cf. Str-B 1.992–93) if one recognizes the segments of Roman time. Cf. J. Jeremias, Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1969), 46–48 for his earlier discussion. It is also appropriate to recall the somewhat strange logic of J. Cheney, which was followed partly by H. Lindsell in The Battle for the Bible (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976), 174–75. In an attempt to take seriously all the biblical texts, Cheney added together all the Gospel accounts of the crowing of the cocks and in weaving them together actually arrived at six denial segments—a phenomenon that is in no biblical text.
The point of all the narratives, however, is virtually the same. Peter failed at this stage of his discipleship. He was merely a fallible human whom the church must not remake into something more than a human. Clearly, sometimes he was a miserable failure as a follower of Jesus. But that fact helps us as human failures to realize that we do not have to be perfect to become followers of Jesus or to be accepted by God. Jesus knew Peter’s good intentions, but he also recognized his human insecurities and his resistance to full commitment, even after the resurrection (cf. John 21:21–22). That reality ought to help us find acceptance when we like Peter hear the trumpet blow or the cock crow55 and we are alerted to our failures.
55 The Romans divided the night watch into four segments for guard duty: the third was between midnight and the change of duty at 3:00 a.m., which became known as the “cock crow” (alectrophonia or gallicinium). This fourth segment was still night but known as early morning (prōi) and ran between 3:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m., at which point the Romans regarded the time as the dawning of a new day. The change of watches was signaled by the blowing of a Roman trumpet. The idea of the cock crow following Peter’s denials fits perfectly the Johannine theology that evil, lack of understanding, and rejection of Jesus are all linked to “night” (cf. John 3:2; 13:30). Cf. R. Brown, Death of the Messiah, 1.606 as well as John, 2.844. Concerning “night” cf. Bultmann, John, 651. That the Romans had a specific time designated as the “cock crow” does not mean a rooster could not have crowed at this point, but the classic arguments over whether or not there could have been roosters in Jerusalem at that time is rendered moot concerning the prohibition against foul in Jerusalem in the Mishnah (B. Qam. 7.7; cf. Str-B 1.992–93) if one recognizes the segments of Roman time. Cf. J. Jeremias, Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1969), 46–48 for his earlier discussion. It is also appropriate to recall the somewhat strange logic of J. Cheney, which was followed partly by H. Lindsell in The Battle for the Bible (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976), 174–75. In an attempt to take seriously all the biblical texts, Cheney added together all the Gospel accounts of the crowing of the cocks and in weaving them together actually arrived at six denial segments—a phenomenon that is in no biblical text.
Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 236.
28절) 예수를 대제사장 가야바에게서 로마총독의 궁전으로 새벽에 끌고 갔다. 그런데 이 과정에서 유대인의 정결예법을 지키기 위해서 관정에는 들어가지 않고 예수를 빌라도에게 넘겨주고 있는 것이다. 유대인의 절기 7일동안 무교병을 먹는데 이 기간중에 이방인의 집에 들어간다든지 시체와 접촉하게 되면 부정하게 되기 때문에 이런 행동을 하고 있다.
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In the second half of this verse the evangelist provides an ironic contrast between the Jews who were seeking Jesus’s death and their unwillingness to enter the praetorium for fear of defiling themselves lest they would not be able to eat the Passover.57 The Mishnah Ohol., 7–10 suggests that courtyards and some other outlying buildings did not always come within the definition of Gentile places where Jews would be contaminated and rendered religiously unclean. Although the laws of clean and unclean in respect to eating the Passover were complex, it seems that entering the residence of a Gentile would have been a major problem and would likely have rendered a Jew unclean for at least seven days and required the postponement of eating Passover for a month. The basic logic seems to have grown out of an interpretation of the rule of contamination from the dead in Num 19:11–13. It was widely believed that Gentiles aborted babies in their homes and either buried them within their homes or ran them down through their sewers.58 The uncleanness here was hardly the usual uncleanness of public encounter that could by sunset have been removed through a regular lustration or bath as an appropriate purification rite (cf. Lev 15:5–11).
57 See P. Duke, Irony in the Fourth Gospel (Atlanta: John Knox, 1985), 127–28. C. Story, in attempting to make sense of the confusing dating in John, argued that Jesus had eaten the Passover meal on the Thursday but that the arresting Jewish officers had not yet eaten the meal. So, using Exod 12:10, he proposed that they had until the conclusion of the fourth night watch (6:00 a.m.) to do so, and they still had the time to eat the meal. But such an argument seems to me to stretch all logic. The issue in John is not time but their possible defilement. See C. Story, “The Bearing of Old Testament Terminology on the Johannine Chronology of the Final Passover of Jesus,” NovT 31 (1989): 316–24.
58 For further references see Str-B, 1.838–39. Cf. Beasley-Murray, John, 327.
57 See P. Duke, Irony in the Fourth Gospel (Atlanta: John Knox, 1985), 127–28. C. Story, in attempting to make sense of the confusing dating in John, argued that Jesus had eaten the Passover meal on the Thursday but that the arresting Jewish officers had not yet eaten the meal. So, using Exod 12:10, he proposed that they had until the conclusion of the fourth night watch (6:00 a.m.) to do so, and they still had the time to eat the meal. But such an argument seems to me to stretch all logic. The issue in John is not time but their possible defilement. See C. Story, “The Bearing of Old Testament Terminology on the Johannine Chronology of the Final Passover of Jesus,” NovT 31 (1989): 316–24.
58 For further references see Str-B, 1.838–39. Cf. Beasley-Murray, John, 327.
Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 238.
29-30절) 유대인들의 요구에 빌라도가 고소의 이유를 묻자 예수를 행악자라고 말한다. 유대인들의 입장에서는 예수를 죽이고자 하는 결정적인 원인이 신성모독이지만 빌라도의 경우는 이러한 종류의 죄에 대해서는 관심이 없기에 빌라도에게는 국가 권력에 반항하는 행동을 한다는 죄목을 이야기한다.
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In Luke the earlier hearing is clearly defined as a meeting of the Sanhedrin (22:66), p 239 and the charge in that scene would be akin to blasphemy (Luke 22:70–71; cf. Matt 26:65). But then Luke says the whole Sanhedrin came over to Pilate, and there they introduced the entire situation with a shift in the charge to treasonable offenses (Luke 23:1–2).
In John the story seems to be crafted by the evangelist in stages so that the reader is engaged by the movement of the story. Pilate in this Gospel asked for the charge. The immediate response is not a statement of the charge but an accusation of Jesus being a criminal or literally “one who does evil.”
Gerald L. Borchert, John 12–21, vol. 25B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002), 238–239.
31절) 산헤드린에서는 로마의 법에 따라 절차에 맞춰서 예수를 사형시키기 원했다. 하지만 그들에게는 사형의 권한이 없었으므로 당시 총독인 빌라도의 허락이 필요했는데 문제는 그가 이스라엘의 종교적인 문제에 대해서는 개입하기를 원하지 않았다는 것이다. 그래서 신성 모독이 아니라 정치적인 이유들로 예수를 고소하고 있다. 빌라도는 이런 유대인들의 문제에 개입하고 싶지 않았다.
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The Sanhedrin clearly desired that Jesus’ execution be done officially in keeping with Roman law. Therefore the Jewish leaders had to get approval from Pilate. But this presented a problem for them, since Pilate would not be interested in condemning someone for a religious crime such as blasphemy or claiming to be God (see Matt. 26:64; Luke 22:69–71; John 8:58–59; 10:33; 19:7). This meant they needed to bring a political charge against Jesus, so they essentially accused him of treason by saying that he claimed to be king in opposition to Caesar (see 18:33, 37; 19:3, 12, 15, 19).
Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2063.
32절) 어떠한 죽음으로 죽을 것인지에 대한 말씀을 성취하시기 위하셨다. 십자가형은 나무에 달려 죽임을 당하는 형벌로 구약에 “나무에 달린자는 하나님의 저주를 받은 것이다.”라고 명시되어 있다. 만약 예수께서 산헤드린의 판결로 죽임을 당하셨다면 돌에 맞아 죽게 되었을 것이고 그렇다면 말씀이 성취되지 않게 되는 것이다.
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Crucifixion was looked upon with horror by the Jews. It was considered the same as hanging (Acts 5:30; 10:39), for which Mosaic law enunciated the principle, “A hanged man is cursed by God” (Deut. 21:23; cf. Gal. 3:13). If Jesus had been put to death by the Sanhedrin, he would have been stoned, the OT sanction for blasphemy (Lev. 24:16; cf. John 10:33; Acts 7:57–58).
Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2063.
예수를 십자가에 죽이려고 빌라도에게 넘겨주면서까지 종교적인 결례를 지키기 원하는 유대인들의 모습속에서 현재 우리 교회안에 형식주의에 같힌 그리스도인들의 모습을 본다. 그들안에 종교성은 남아 있지만 그래서 종교적인 형식을 지키고 예배를 드리지만 그들은 지금 하나님의 아들을, 온 세상을 구원하시기 위해 오신 그분을 알아보지 못하고 그분을 도리어 신성 모독으로, 그리고 그 죄목이 로마의 법에 의해서 사형에 해당하지 않기에 죄목을 만들어서, 로마에 반역한다는 명목하에 빌라도로 하여금 그를 사형에 처하도록 강요하고 있다. 자신의 손에 피를 묻히지 않기 위해서, 정당성을 확보하기 위해서 로마의 법을 사용하지만 결국 그 십자가에 달리신 예수님의 죽음이 우리를 구원하는 유일한 길이 되는 것이다. 우리의 종교적인 열심뒤에 숨겨진 진심, 정말 하나님이 기뻐하시는 길을 가고 있는지에 대한 고민이 필요하다.
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