삼상 23:1-14 그일라를 구하는 다윗

David Saves the City of Keilah
23 Now they told David, “Behold, the Philistines are fighting against ^eKeilah and are robbing the threshing floors.” ² Therefore David ^finquired of the Lord, “Shall I go and attack these Philistines?” And the Lord said to David, “Go and attack the Philistines and save Keilah.” 3 But David’s men said to him, “Behold, we are afraid here in Judah; how much more then if we go to Keilah against the armies of the Philistines?” 4 Then David ^finquired of the Lord again. And the Lord answered him, “Arise, go down to Keilah, gfor I will give the Philistines into your hand.” 5 And David and his men went to Keilah and fought with the Philistines and brought away their livestock and struck them with a great blow. So David saved the inhabitants of Keilah.
6 ^hWhen Abiathar the son of Ahimelech had fled to David to Keilah, he had come down with an ephod in his hand. 7 Now it was told Saul that David had come to Keilah. And Saul said, “God has given him into my hand, for he has shut himself in by entering a town that has gates and bars.” 8 And Saul summoned all the people to war, to go down to Keilah, to besiege David and his men. 9 David knew that Saul was plotting harm against him. And he said to Abiathar the priest, ⁱ“Bring the ephod here.” 10 Then David said, “O Lord, the God of Israel, your servant has surely heard that Saul seeks to come to Keilah, to destroy the city on my account. 11 Will the men of Keilah surrender me into his hand? Will Saul come down, as your servant has heard? O Lord, the God of Israel, please tell your servant.” And the Lord said, “He will come down.” 12 Then David said, “Will the men of Keilah surrender me and my men into the hand of Saul?” And the Lord said, ^j“They will surrender you.” 13 Then David and his men, ^kwho were about six hundred, arose and departed from Keilah, and they went lwherever they could go. When Saul was told that David had escaped from Keilah, he gave up the expedition. 14 And David remained in the strongholds in the wilderness, in the hill country ^mof the wilderness of nZiph. And Saul sought him every day, but God did not give him into his hand.

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 23:1–14.

1절) 그일라 :  Keilah was probably a site 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Adullam and east of Gath, and was apparently closer to Philistine territory than Hereth was.

 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 529.

그일라가 블레셋에 약탈당한 다는 소식을 듣는 다윗, 마치 사사들의 반응을 보는 듯하다. 이때 다윗은 헤렛 수풀에 있었다. 

-  David, who was presumably with his troops in the forest of Hereth (cf. 22:5) at the time of the Philistine attack, was informed of the events at Keilah. In the tradition of previous Spirit-anointed deliverers,¹⁰⁷ David responded to the news with a desire to lead his fellow Israelites in battle against the enemy.
¹⁰⁷ Cf. Othniel (Judg 3:10), Gideon (Judg 6:34), Jephthah (Judg 11:29), Samson (14:6, 19; 15:14), and Saul (1 Sam 11:6).

 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 232.

2-4절) 그일라로 올라가 블레셋을 쳐야하는 지를 하나님께 묻고 있는 다윗, 다윗의 부하들은 여전히 사울과 블레셋과의 싸움을 두려워하고 있었다. 이에 다시한번 하나님께 나아가는 다윗, 여기서 다윗이 어떤 방식으로 하나님께 물었는지는 불분명하다. 6절 아비아달이 에봇을 가지고 와서 제사장으로서의 역할을 하기 전이기에 이것이 선지자 갓을 통해서 한 것인지 다윗이 개인적으로 하나님께 물은 것인지는 불분명하다. 하지만 중요한 것은 이 하나님의 부르심앞에 그가 하나님을 의지하고 묻고 있다는 것이다. 

5-6절) 블레셋과의 전투를 승리로 이끌고 전리품을 취한 다윗, 게다가 아비아달 제사장이 에봇을 가지고 다윗과 합류한다. 에봇은 하나님의 인도하심을 구하는 중요한 도구로서 아비아달의 합류를 다윗에게 큰 힘이 되었다. 

7-13절)  계속해서 하나님께 묻는 다윗, 다윗은 지금 상당한 병사와 힘을 가지고 있었음에도 이것을 의지하지 않고 하나님의 보호하심을 의뢰하고 있다. 이는 사울과 다윗을 대조시킨다. 사울은 하나님을 의지하기 보다 자신의 힘을 의지하고 이것을 추구하기 위해서 자신에게 위협이 되는 다윗을 죽이려고 혈안이 되어 있는 것이다.

- As portrayed by the biblical writer, the central event in the Keilah episode of vv. 7–13a is David’s pursuit of divine counsel by means of the ephod; 48 of the 103 Hebrew words in this section (47 percent) are used to depict this one seemingly minor incident. The author used the ephod-based interchange between David and the Lord to achieve several results relevant to the themes and theological intents of the book. First, the incident demonstrated David’s reliance on the Lord; though David was Israel’s greatest military hero, he would make no military move without divine approval. Second, the success David experienced in communicating with the Lord demonstrated the vitality of his relationship with the God of Israel. Third, the short narrative heightened the contrast between David and Saul; Saul would repeatedly fail to establish a link with the Lord, while David would have easy and extended dialogue with him. Finally, it demonstrated the effectiveness of the Torah-prescribed means of receiving divine counsel.

 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 234.

다윗이 그일라에 있는 것을 들은 사울은 그를 잡기 위해서 군대를 소집한다. 그일라는 요새화된 도시로 그가 성안에 있다면 포위해서 잡기가 용이했다. 사울이 그일라로 자신을 잡으러 올것을 안 다윗은 그일라의 사람들이 자신을 사울에게 넘길 것인지, 진정 사울이 내려올 것인지를 하나님께 묻는다. 앞서 놉땅이 자신으로 인해 피해를 입었기에 이를 피하기 위해서 다윗과 그를 따르던 600명의 병사들은 피하여 달아난다. 결국 이 소식을 들은 사울은 그일라로 내려가는 것을 포기하게 된다. 중요한 것은 하나님께서 그를 사울에게 넘기기를 원하시지 않는다는 것이다. 

14절) 십 광야: Ziph was about 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Hebron, near where the land starts going down toward the Dead Sea. Horesh was probably a grove of trees nearby.

 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 529.