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David Anointed King
16 The Lord said to Samuel, r“How long will you grieve over Saul, since sI have rejected him from being king over Israel? tFill your horn with oil, and go. I will send you to Jesse the Bethlehemite, ufor I have provided for myself a king among his sons.” 2 And Samuel said, “How can I go? If Saul hears it, he will kill me.” And the Lord said, “Take a heifer with you and say, v‘I have come to sacrifice to the Lord.’ 3 And invite Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will show you what you shall do. wAnd you shall anoint for me him whom I declare to you.” 4 Samuel did what the Lord commanded and came to Bethlehem. The elders of the city xcame to meet him trembling and said, y“Do you come peaceably?” 5 And he said, “Peaceably; I have come to sacrifice to the Lord. zConsecrate yourselves, and come with me to the sacrifice.” And he consecrated Jesse and his sons and invited them to the sacrifice.
6 When they came, he looked on aEliab and thought, “Surely the Lord’s anointed is before him.” 7 But the Lord said to Samuel, b“Do not look on his appearance or on the height of his stature, because I have rejected him. For the Lord sees not as man sees: man looks on the outward appearance, cbut the Lord looks on the heart.” 8 Then Jesse called dAbinadab and made him pass before Samuel. And he said, “Neither has the Lord chosen this one.” 9 Then Jesse made dShammah pass by. And he said, “Neither has the Lord chosen this one.” 10 And Jesse made seven of his sons pass before Samuel. And Samuel said to Jesse, “The Lord has not chosen these.” 11 Then Samuel said to Jesse, “Are all your sons here?” And he said, e“There remains yet the youngest,1 but behold, he is keeping the sheep.” And Samuel said to Jesse, f“Send and get him, for we will not sit down till he comes here.” 12 And he sent and brought him in. Now he was gruddy and had beautiful eyes and was handsome. And the Lord said, h“Arise, anoint him, for this is he.” 13 Then Samuel took ithe horn of oil jand anointed him in the midst of his brothers. kAnd the Spirit of the Lord rushed upon David from that day forward. And Samuel rose up and went to Ramah.
r ch. 15:35
s ch. 15:23, 26
t See ch. 10:1
u Ps. 78:70; 89:19, 20; Acts 13:22
v [ch. 9:12; 20:29]
w ch. 9:16
x ch. 21:1
y 1 Kgs. 2:13; [2 Kgs. 9:22]
z Josh. 3:5
a ch. 17:13
b Ps. 147:10, 11
c 1 Kgs. 8:39; 1 Chr. 28:9; Ps. 7:9; Jer. 11:20; 17:10; 20:12; [Acts 1:24]
d ch. 17:13
d [See ver. 8 above]
e ch. 17:13; [2 Sam. 13:3; 1 Chr. 2:13]
1 Or smallest
f [2 Sam. 7:8; Ps. 78:70, 71]
g ch. 17:42
h [ch. 9:17]
i ver. 1
j [ch. 10:1; Ps. 89:20]
k ch. 10:6, 10; 11:6; See Judg. 3:10
16 The Lord said to Samuel, r“How long will you grieve over Saul, since sI have rejected him from being king over Israel? tFill your horn with oil, and go. I will send you to Jesse the Bethlehemite, ufor I have provided for myself a king among his sons.” 2 And Samuel said, “How can I go? If Saul hears it, he will kill me.” And the Lord said, “Take a heifer with you and say, v‘I have come to sacrifice to the Lord.’ 3 And invite Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will show you what you shall do. wAnd you shall anoint for me him whom I declare to you.” 4 Samuel did what the Lord commanded and came to Bethlehem. The elders of the city xcame to meet him trembling and said, y“Do you come peaceably?” 5 And he said, “Peaceably; I have come to sacrifice to the Lord. zConsecrate yourselves, and come with me to the sacrifice.” And he consecrated Jesse and his sons and invited them to the sacrifice.
6 When they came, he looked on aEliab and thought, “Surely the Lord’s anointed is before him.” 7 But the Lord said to Samuel, b“Do not look on his appearance or on the height of his stature, because I have rejected him. For the Lord sees not as man sees: man looks on the outward appearance, cbut the Lord looks on the heart.” 8 Then Jesse called dAbinadab and made him pass before Samuel. And he said, “Neither has the Lord chosen this one.” 9 Then Jesse made dShammah pass by. And he said, “Neither has the Lord chosen this one.” 10 And Jesse made seven of his sons pass before Samuel. And Samuel said to Jesse, “The Lord has not chosen these.” 11 Then Samuel said to Jesse, “Are all your sons here?” And he said, e“There remains yet the youngest,1 but behold, he is keeping the sheep.” And Samuel said to Jesse, f“Send and get him, for we will not sit down till he comes here.” 12 And he sent and brought him in. Now he was gruddy and had beautiful eyes and was handsome. And the Lord said, h“Arise, anoint him, for this is he.” 13 Then Samuel took ithe horn of oil jand anointed him in the midst of his brothers. kAnd the Spirit of the Lord rushed upon David from that day forward. And Samuel rose up and went to Ramah.
r ch. 15:35
s ch. 15:23, 26
t See ch. 10:1
u Ps. 78:70; 89:19, 20; Acts 13:22
v [ch. 9:12; 20:29]
w ch. 9:16
x ch. 21:1
y 1 Kgs. 2:13; [2 Kgs. 9:22]
z Josh. 3:5
a ch. 17:13
b Ps. 147:10, 11
c 1 Kgs. 8:39; 1 Chr. 28:9; Ps. 7:9; Jer. 11:20; 17:10; 20:12; [Acts 1:24]
d ch. 17:13
d [See ver. 8 above]
e ch. 17:13; [2 Sam. 13:3; 1 Chr. 2:13]
1 Or smallest
f [2 Sam. 7:8; Ps. 78:70, 71]
g ch. 17:42
h [ch. 9:17]
i ver. 1
j [ch. 10:1; Ps. 89:20]
k ch. 10:6, 10; 11:6; See Judg. 3:10
The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 16:1–13.
1-3절) 여호와 하나님께서 사무엘에게 베들레헴의 이새의 가문으로 가서 그의 아들중에 하나님께서 지정한 이를 왕으로 기름을 부을것을 명령하셨다. 그런데 이에 사무엘이 이일이 왕권을 위협하는 일로 사울이 죽일지도 모른다라고 하자 암송아지를 끌고 가서 여호와께 제사를 드리러 간 것이라고 하도록 했다. 실제로 앞서 하나님으로부터 왕위를 빼앗길 것이라는 메시지를 들은 사울은 계속해서 사무엘의 동태를 주의깊게 관찰하게 했을 것이다. 그래서 이렇게 의심스러운 행동을 하지 못하게 했을 것이다.
4-5절) 성읍 장로들이 사무엘을 보고 두려워 한 이유? 첫번째는 이전에 아각왕에게 하나님의 심판을 보인 것에 대한 공포가 있었을 것이고, 둘째로 이렇게 희생제물을 가지고 온 이유는 자신의 지역에 살인 사건이 발생했을수 있기 때문이다. 이렇게 희생제물을 가지고 간 이유가 사울에게 의심을 받지 않기 위해서 였다.
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As a levitical judge, Samuel was authorized to sacrifice such an animal as part of a ritual that atoned for an unsolved murder committed in a rural region (cf. Deut 21:1–9). Thus Samuel’s journey to a rural region with a sacrificial animal accompanying him would not have raised undue suspicions.25
25 On the potential ethical problem associated with Samuel’s deception, cf. W. C. Kaiser, Jr., Toward Old Testament Ethics (Grand Rapids: Academie, 1983), 225–27.
Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 178.
이에 장로들과 사무엘의 아들들에게 성결을 요구하는 사무엘,
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The Torah does not provide an explicit set of guidelines for consecration but does have several passages that either portray individuals who received instructions concerning consecration or discuss ritual cleanness. Cf. Exod 19:10, 14; Lev 7:19–21; 15:2–33; Num 19:11–22; Deut 23:10–11. Cf. G. J. Wenham, who argues that any action that would cause a “life liquid” (i.e., blood or semen) to be lost from the body resulted in ritual uncleanness (“Why Does Sexual Intercourse Defile (Lev 15, 18)?” ZAW 95 [1983]: 432–44).
ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996).
6-10절) 얼마의 시간이 흐른후에 이제 이새의 아들들이 차례로 사무엘 앞으로 나아온다. 사무엘을 첫째 아들 엘리압의 외모를 보고 이가 기름부음을 받을 자이라고 생각하지만 하나님께서는 이를 거절하신다. 이후 아비나답, 삼마 그리고 이어서 네아들이 지나가지만 그 누구도 선택받지 못한다.
7절은 인간의 외모나 능력과 하나님의 관심과 관련되어 매우 중요한 언습을 한다. “사람은 외모를 보거니와 나 여호와는 중심을 보느니라” 본문에서 사무엘 마저도 사람을 바라보고 판단하는 부분에서 완전하지 않은 모습을 보여준다. 이 과정에서 하나님께서는 우리에게 그분의 다름을 우리에게 강조해서 보여주고 계신 것이다. 우리는 중심(heart)를 알수 없다. 그의 생각, 감정, 의지, 의도를 정확히 알기란 불가능하다. 그런데 주님은 가능하시다.
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God first affirmed his fundamental “otherness”: “the Lord does not look at the things man looks at” (v. 7). Neither the Lord’s considerations nor his abilities are the same as those of humans; whereas “man looks at the outward appearance” (lit., “the eyes”), “the Lord looks at the heart.” The Lord alone has the capacity to observe and judge a person’s “heart” (Hb. lēb), that is, one’s thoughts, emotions, and intents.29 On God’s scales these matters outweigh all other aspects of a human life
29 On the Hebrew word for “heart,” cf. A. Bowling, “לֵבָב,” in TWOT I:466–67.
29 On the Hebrew word for “heart,” cf. A. Bowling, “לֵבָב,” in TWOT I:466–67.
Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 179.
11-13절) 모든 아들들이 나아왔지만 그중에 하나님께서 선택한 사람을 없었다. 이에 사무엘은 다른 아들이 있는지 묻는다. 이에 막내가 양을 지키고 있음을 알게하고 이에 그를 데려오게 한다. 그 막내는 붉고, 눈이 빼어나고 얼굴이 아름다왔다. 하나님께서 그가 선택받은자임을 알리시고 사무엘이 일어나 그에게 기름을 부었더니 여호와의 영이 다윗에게 임하였다.
- 하나님께서는 의도적으로 약한자를 들어서 강한자를 부끄럽게 하신다. 우리의 예측을 뛰어 넘어서 일하시는 하나님.
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When David, the youngest of the sons in Jesse’s family (cf. 1 Chr 2:13–15), was selected as the Lord’s anointed, he joined a venerable crowd of Torah patriarchs selected by God in a way that confounded social norms. Other men who were not firstborn but who were selected by the Lord over their more socially powerful older brothers include Seth, Noah, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Ephraim, Moses, and perhaps Abraham. It seems that the biblical record deliberately creates the impression that Yahweh prefers to use disenfranchised members of society—earlier in 1 Samuel the barren woman Hannah and the child Samuel—to do his most significant work (cf. Mark 10:31; 1 Cor 1:27).
Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 180.
어떻게 하면 사람의 외모가 아니라 그 중심을 볼 수 있을까? 본문의 사무엘마저도 그 중심을 보기보다 외모로 판단하였던 것이 사실이다. 결국 그 마음의 중심을 보기 위해서는 시간이 필요하고 하나님의 음성을 들어야만 한다. 하나님께서 확증해주시는 것을 듣는 훈련이 우리에게 필요하다.
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