삼상 20:1-23 다윗을 돕는 요나단

Jonathan Warns David
20 Then David fled from Naioth ^min Ramah and came and said before Jonathan, “What have I done? What is my guilt? And what is my sin before your father, that he seeks my life?” ² And he said to him, “Far from it! You shall not die. Behold, my father does nothing either great or small without disclosing it to me. And why should my father hide this from me? It is not so.” 3 But David vowed again, saying, “Your father knows well that ⁿI have found favor in your eyes, and he thinks, ‘Do not let Jonathan know this, lest he be grieved.’ But truly, ^oas the Lord lives and ^pas your soul lives, there is but a step between me and death.” 4 Then Jonathan said to David, “Whatever you say, I will do for you.” 5 David said to Jonathan, “Behold, tomorrow is ^qthe new moon, and I should not fail to sit at table with the king. But let me go, ^rthat I may hide myself in the field till the third day at evening. 6 ^sIf your father misses me at all, then say, ‘David earnestly asked leave of me to run ^tto Bethlehem his city, for there is a yearly ^usacrifice there for all the clan.’ 7 If he says, ‘Good!’ it will be well with your servant, but if he is angry, then know that ^vharm is determined by him. 8 Therefore deal kindly with your servant, ^wfor you have brought your servant into a covenant of the Lord with you. ^xBut if there is guilt in me, kill me yourself, for why should you bring me to your father?” 9 And Jonathan said, “Far be it from you! If I knew that ^vit was determined by my father that harm should come to you, would I not tell you?” 10 Then David said to Jonathan, “Who will tell me if your father answers you roughly?” 11 And Jonathan said to David, “Come, let us go out into the field.” So they both went out into the field.
12 And Jonathan said to David, “The Lord, the God of Israel, be witness!¹ When I have sounded out my father, about this time tomorrow, or the third day, behold, if he is well disposed toward David, shall I not then send and disclose it to you? 13 But should it please my father to do you harm, ^ythe Lord do so to Jonathan and more also if I do not disclose it to you and send you away, that you may go in safety. ^zMay the Lord be with you, as he has been with my father. 14 If I am still alive, show me the steadfast love of the Lord, that I may not die; 15 ^aand do not cut off² your steadfast love from my house forever, when the Lord cuts off every one of the enemies of David from the face of the earth.” 16 And Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, saying, ^b“May³ the Lord take vengeance on David’s enemies.” 17 And Jonathan made David swear again by his love for him, ^cfor he loved him as he loved his own soul.
18 Then Jonathan said to him, ^d“Tomorrow is the new moon, and ^eyou will be missed, because ^fyour seat will be empty. 19 On the third day go down quickly to the place where you hid yourself when the matter was in hand, and remain beside the stone heap.⁴ 20 And I will shoot three arrows to the side of it, as though I shot at a mark. 21 And behold, I will send the boy, saying, ‘Go, find the arrows.’ If I say to the boy, ‘Look, the arrows are on this side of you, take them,’ then you are to come, for, ^gas the Lord lives, it is safe for you and there is no danger. 22 But if I say to the youth, ^h‘Look, the arrows are beyond you,’ then go, for the Lord has sent you away. 23 ⁱAnd as for the matter of which you and I have spoken, behold, ^jthe Lord is between you and me forever.”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 20:1–23.

David Flees from Saul
David’s growing reputation among the people as a warrior and leader incited Saul’s jealousy, and Saul began trying to kill David. David fled from Saul in Gibeah (1) and went to Samuel at Naioth in Ramah (2), but soon Saul sought him there, and David fled back to Jonathan in Gibeah (3). After Jonathan warned David of Saul’s determination to kill him, David fled to Ahimelech the priest at Nob (4), where he collected food and Goliath’s sword. David briefly sought refuge in the Philistine city of Gath (5) and then set up his headquarters at the cave of Adullam (6), where the ranks of his army swelled to 400 men. In order to protect his parents from harm, David left them in the care of the king of Moab at Mizpeh (7) and went to live in “the stronghold” (8). After some time, David went to the forest of Hereth (9) and then left to rescue nearby Keilah (10) from some Philistine raiding parties. When David heard that Saul was coming to Keilah, he and his growing army of 600 men relocated to the wilderness of Ziph (11). After the men of Ziph betrayed David to Saul, David and his men went to live in the wilderness of Maon (12) and narrowly escaped capture there by Saul. Fleeing the strongholds of Engedi (13), David again evaded capture by Saul and refused an opportunity to take Saul’s life. David returned to “the stronghold” (14) and then to the wilderness of Paran (15). While he was there, David was again betrayed to Saul by the men of Ziph and refused another opportunity to take Saul’s life. Finally, David and his men sought refuge with Achish, the king of Gath (16).

Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 524.

1-3절) 요나단에게 푸념하는 다윗 : 내가 무엇을 했고, 죄가 무엇이기에 나를 죽이려 하느냐라고 한다. 요나단은 아버지 사울이 자신에게 모든 것을 숨기지 않고 말하기에 만약 이런 일이 있으면 알리겠다라고 말하지만 다윗은 자신과 요나단의 우정을 알기에 이런 일을 숨길 것이고 실제로 자신은 한걸음만 더 나가면 죽임을 당하는 위협속에 있다는 것을 알린다. 

- 실제로 죽음의 위협속에 있는 다윗과 이에 대한 인식의 차이를 가지고 있는 요나단. 

5-6절) 초하루에 왕과의 식사가 있는데 다윗이 이를 합법적으로 불참하기 위해 온가족을 위한 매년제에 참석해서 빠졌다고 했다.(민 10:10) 

8절) 다윗은 요나단과 사울의 위협속에서 생명을 지키기 위해서 계획은 세우기에 앞서 먼저 요나단과의 관계를 확인한다. 만약 자신에게 죄악이 있다면 사울이 아니라 요나단이 친히 그를 죽이라고 한다. 하지만 이에 대해서 결코 그런일이 일어나지 않을 것이다라고 요나단은 반응한다. 

- 이 과정에서 다윗은 다시한번 요나단의 진심을 확인하고 있다. 

11-17절) 이제 다윗을 보호하는 이 과정에 요나단이 주도권을 가지고 면밀하게 계획을 이야기한다. 

첫째로 요나단은 사울을 이어 왕위가 약속된 자리에 있었지만 다윗을 위하여 억지로나 강요에 의해서가 아니라 자발적으로 그의 탈출을 돕고 있는 것이다. 

둘째로 요나단과 다윗의 집 사이의 언약을 보여준다. 지금 다윗을 사울의 위협속에서 지켜준 것처럼 이후에 다윗이 자신의 집에 대해하여 인자함을 보여줄 것을 요청하고 있다. 결국 이후에 다윗은 요나단의 아들 므비보셋을 보호한다.(삼하 9:7, 10)

17절) 요나단은 자기 생명을 사랑함같이 다윗을 사랑하였다. 

셋째로 요나단의 말은 예언적으로 이후에 여호와께서 다윗의 대적을 지면에서 다 끊어 버리실 것이다라고 했고 실제로 다윗은 승리를 거둔다. 

19절) 요나단이 다윗에게 에셀 바위에 숨어 있으라고 한다. 에셀 바위는 문자적으로 떠남의 바위이다. 

18-23절) 이들은 사울왕이 어떻게 결정하느냐에 따라서 다윗이 떠날 것인지 다시 돌아올 것인지를 약속하는데 이는 화살 셋을 다윗이 숨어 있는 바위 근처로 쏜다. 그리고 그 화살을 찾기 위해서 종을 보내면서 그 아이에게 “화살이 네 이쪽에 있으니 가져오라”라고 말하면 돌아올 것이고 “화살이 네 앞쪽에 있다”라고 하면 도망 가라고 한다. 그리고이 맹세에 여호와께서 함께 계실것을 약속한다. 

자신의 아버지 사울이 어떤 마음을 가지고 행동할지를 알지 못했기에 지금 요나단은 이런 결정을 하게 된다. 결국 정확하게 아버지의 마음을 파악해서 이를 토대로 다윗을 도피시킬지 아니면 돌아오게 할지를 결정해야 했기 때문이다. 그는 이 과정에서 여호와의 이름으로 맹세하고 그 맹세를 지킨다. 이것을 통해서 하나님께서는 그의 가문을 보호하신다.