삼상 14:1-23 요나단과 병기든 자가 블레셋을 침

Jonathan Defeats the Philistines
14 One day Jonathan the son of Saul said to the young man who carried his armor, “Come, let us go over to the Philistine garrison on the other side.” But he did not tell his father. ² Saul was staying in the outskirts of Gibeah in the pomegranate cave¹ at ^hMigron. The people who were with him were about ⁱsix hundred men, 3 including ^jAhijah the son of Ahitub, ^kIchabod’s brother, son of Phinehas, son of Eli, the priest of the Lord ^lin Shiloh, ^mwearing an ephod. And the people did not know that Jonathan had gone. 4 Within ⁿthe passes, by which Jonathan sought to go over to the Philistine garrison, there was a rocky crag on the one side and a rocky crag on the other side. The name of the one was Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh. 5 The one crag rose on the north in front of Michmash, and the other on the south in front of ^oGeba.
6 Jonathan said to the young man who carried his armor, “Come, let us go over to the garrison of these ^puncircumcised. It may be that the Lord will work for us, ^qfor nothing can hinder the Lord from saving by many or by few.” 7 And his armor-bearer said to him, “Do all that is in your heart. Do as you wish.² Behold, I am with you heart and soul.” 8 Then Jonathan said, “Behold, we will cross over to the men, and we will show ourselves to them. 9 If they say to us, ‘Wait until we come to you,’ then we will stand still in our place, and we will not go up to them. 10 But if they say, ‘Come up to us,’ then we will go up, for the Lord has given them into our hand. And this shall be the sign to us.” 11 So both of them showed themselves to the garrison of the Philistines. And the Philistines said, “Look, Hebrews are coming ^rout of the holes where they have hidden themselves.” 12 And the men of the garrison hailed Jonathan and his armor-bearer and said, “Come up to us, and we will show you a thing.” And Jonathan said to his armor-bearer, “Come up after me, for the Lord has given them into the hand of Israel.” 13 Then Jonathan climbed up on his hands and feet, and his armor-bearer after him. And they fell before Jonathan, and his armor-bearer killed them after him. 14 And that first strike, which Jonathan and his armor-bearer made, killed about twenty men within as it were half a furrow’s length in an acre³ of land. 15 And there was a panic in the camp, in the field, and among all the people. The garrison and even ^sthe raiders trembled, the earth quaked, and it became a very great panic.⁴
16 And the watchmen of Saul in Gibeah of Benjamin looked, and behold, the multitude ^twas dispersing here and there.⁵ 17 Then Saul said to the people who were with him, “Count and see who has gone from us.” And when they had counted, behold, Jonathan and his armor-bearer were not there. 18 So Saul said to Ahijah, “Bring the ark of God here.” For the ark of God went at that time with the people⁶ of Israel. 19 Now ^uwhile Saul was talking to the priest, the tumult in the camp of the Philistines increased more and more. So Saul said to the priest, “Withdraw your hand.” 20 Then Saul and all the people who were with him rallied and went into the battle. And behold, ^vevery Philistine’s sword was against his fellow, and there was very great confusion. 21 Now the Hebrews who had been with the Philistines before that time and who had gone up with them into the camp, ^weven they also turned to be with the Israelites who were with Saul and Jonathan. 22 Likewise, when all the men of Israel ^xwho had hidden themselves ^yin the hill country of Ephraim heard that the Philistines were fleeing, they too followed hard after them in the battle. 23 ^zSo the Lord saved Israel that day. And the battle passed beyond ^aBeth-aven.

¹ Or under the pomegranate [tree]
^h [See ch. 13:23 above]
ⁱ ch. 13:15
^j ch. 22:9, 11, 20
^k ch. 4:21
^l See Josh. 18:1
^m ch. 2:28
ⁿ ch. 13:23
^o ch. 13:3, 16
^p ch. 17:26; Judg. 14:3
^q [Judg. 7:4, 7; 2 Chr. 14:11]
² Septuagint Do all that your mind inclines to
^r ch. 13:6
³ Hebrew a yoke
^s ch. 13:17
⁴ Or became a panic from God
^t Josh. 2:9
⁵ Septuagint; Hebrew they went here and there
⁶ Hebrew; Septuagint “Bring the ephod.” For at that time he wore the ephod before the people
^u Num. 27:21
^v [Judg. 7:22; 2 Chr. 20:23]
^w [ch. 29:4]
^x ver. 11; ch. 13:6
^y See Josh. 24:33
^z Ex. 14:30
^a ch. 13:5

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 14:1–23.

13장의 내용을 볼때 이 싸움은 가망없는 싸움이었다. 블레셋은 이스라엘을 포위하여 북쪽에서 원군의 접근을 원천 봉쇄했고, 엄청난 병거와 마병, 군사로 숫자적으로도 압도적이었을 뿐만 아니라 무기도 비교가 되지 않았다. 결국 이러한 극적인 대조는 하나님의 개입을 더욱 빛나게 한다. 또한 이 본문은 출애굽기 14장의 기사를 연상시킨다. 

-  The present passage and Exod 14 have at least the following commonalities: (1) Israel was being pursued by a large force featuring a sizable chariot force; (2) Israel was blocked from escape by a seemingly insuperable barrier; (3) Israel panicked when the large force approached them; (4) Yahweh intervened in the natural order to dispirit Israel’s enemy; (5) a single individual acted in faith to help bring about a divine act of deliverance; (6) the narrator concluded by noting “That day Yahweh saved Israel.” Despite the obvious differences between the passages, I believe the author shaped the present account through the selective use of historical details in order to create a deliberate parallel with Exod 14. If such is the case, then the theological purpose of this present section is to reinforce and make historically relevant the message of the Torah; 1 Sam 13:5–14:23 could thus be marshalled as further evidence to suggest that the Torah existed in a fixed literary form prior to the writing of the Former Prophets.

 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996).

2-3절) 사울은 지금 기브아의 변두리 미그론에 위치하여 공식적으로 군대와 제사장을 대동하여 석류나무아래서 이스라엘을 다스리는 체제를 갖추고 있는 것이다. 

-  The term “Migron,” from the Hb. root גרן (“threshing floor”), may simply refer to a smooth, polished rock surface usually reserved for threshing located just outside the main entrance to the city. Cf. McCarter’s translation “on the threshing floor” (I Samuel, 232). Because cities were built on hills and threshing required abundant wind, such as was most likely to be present on hilltops, threshing floors for cities were often located near the entrance to a city. Cf. also 1 Kgs 22:10.

 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996).

6절) 요나단의 고백 : 할례 받지 않은 자들과의 싸움에 하나님께서 함께 하실 것이고, 이 여호와의 구원은 사람의 많고 적음에 달려 있지 않다는 믿음의 고백을 한다.

- 요나단의 이러한 믿음은 사울의 숫자에 대한 관심(13:11, 15장)과 대조를 이룬다.  

7절) 이 요나단의 믿음의 고백을 들은 병기든 자도 마음을 다하여(with you heart and soul) 요나단을 따를 것을 맹세한다. 이 둘의 관계가 얼마나 돈독했는지 알 수 있다. 

9-10절) 하나님을 시험함, 블레셋 인들 앞에 나아갈때 그들이 이 둘을 보고 “우리가 너희에게로 가기를 기다리라”고 하면 올라가지 말고 “우리에게로 올라오라”고 하면 올라가 그들을 치겠고 하나님께서 블레셋을 자신들의 손에 넘기셨음을 믿겠다라고 함. 이것이 자신들에게 표징이 될 것이라고 함.

13절) 요나단과 병기든 자가 손발로 기어 올라가는 순간은 완전히 무방비 상태이다. 적들이 돌이나 화살로 공격하면 이를 전혀 방어할 수 없는 상황인 것이다. 결국 전폭적인 신뢰와 믿음이 필요한 순간을 거쳐 그들은 적과 조우하게 된다. 

14절) 이 둘이 올라가 죽인 사람의 숫자가 20명이 되었다. 개역은 반나절이라고 이야기하고 ESV와 NIV는 반에이커의 땅이라고 범위를 표현한다. 이는 소가 반나절이면 갈 정도의 땅이었다. what a yoke of oxen could plow in half a day

 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 157.

14:14 요나단과 그 무기를 든 자가 반나절 갈이 땅 안에서 처음으로 쳐죽인 자가 이십 명 가량이라

 박기모, 개역개정, n.d., 삼상 14:14.

¹⁴ And that first strike, which Jonathan and his armor-bearer made, killed about twenty men within as it were half a furrow’s length in an acre³ of land.
³ Hebrew a yoke

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 14:14.

^14:14 In this initial skirmish Jonathan and his armor bearer struck down about twenty men in an area that measured half an acre.

 Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical Studies Press, 2005), 삼상 14:14.

15절) 이 둘의 공격에 블레셋 전체가 공포에 떨었다. 결국은 이 둘의 믿음의 행동에 하나님께서 일하신 것이다. 이들의 공격을 도화선으로 하나님께서는 블레셋 부대의 마음에 충격과 공포를 불어넣으셨고 이를 통해서 이들이 흩어지게 하신 것이다. 

이어 하나님께서는 블레셋 사람들이 각각 칼로 자신의 동료들을 공격하도록 혼란에 빠뜨리셨고, 전에 블레셋 사람과 함께 하던 히브리 사람들이 돌이켜 요나단을 도와 블레셋을 공격하였고 에브라임 산지에 숨어있던 이스라엘 사람들도 블레셋의 도망을 듣고 나와 그들을 추격하였다.

^{- 15} And there was a panic in the camp, in the field, and among all the people. The garrison and even ^sthe raiders trembled, the earth quaked, and it became a very great panic.^4
s ch. 13:17
⁴ Or became a panic from God

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 14:15.

본문의 a very great panic은 문자적으로는 “a trembling of God”으로 “엘로힘 헤르닷”이다. NIV는 “It was a panic sent by God”으로 번역했다. 결국 중요한 것은 이 큰 떨림이 여호와께서 행하신 것이라는 것이다. 

사울이 보초들로부터 블레셋 진영에 소동이 있다 함을 듣고 인원점검을 한다. 이에 요나단과 병기든자가 없는 것을 알고 전투를 준비한다. 

18-19절) 제사장 아히야로 하여금 여호와의 궤를 가져오게 하고 전투를 시작한다. 하지만 이때 사울이 제사장의 행동을 중지시킨다. 이는 역시 사울의 영적인 둔감함을 보여준다. 판을 볼때 하나님 없이도 본인들이 승리할 것이라 여겼는지 모른다. 

23절) 핵심은 여호와께서 그날에 이스라엘을 구원하셨다는 것이다. 이처럼 구원은, 전쟁의 승리는 인간의 다소나 그들의 무기의 능력 유무에 있지 않고 하나님께서 누구의 편에 서시느냐에 달려있다.

본문 14장의 요나단의 행동(하나님을 신뢰하는)은 13장과 15장의 자신의 아버지 사울의 불순종 사이에 위치하여 대조를 이룬다.