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The word reached3 the king of Nineveh, and phe arose from his throne, removed his robe, covered himself with sackcloth, qand sat in ashes. And he issued a proclamation and published through Nineveh, r“By the decree of the king and his nobles: Let neither man nor sbeast, herd nor flock, taste anything. Let them not feed or drink water, but let man and sbeast be covered with sackcloth, and let them call out mightily to God. tLet everyone turn from his evil way and from uthe violence that is in his hands. vWho knows? God may turn and relent wand turn from his fierce anger, so that we may not perish.”

10 When God saw what they did, xhow they turned from their evil way, xGod relented of the disaster that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it.

3 Or had reached

p [Job 1:20; Ezek. 26:16]

q Job 2:8

r [Dan. 6:26]

s [ch. 4:11; Ps. 36:6; Joel 1:18, 20]

s [See ver. 7 above]

t Jer. 18:11; 36:3

u Isa. 59:6

v 2 Sam. 12:22; Joel 2:14

w Ps. 85:3

x [Jer. 18:8]

x [Jer. 18:8]

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2016), 욘 3:6–10.

 

6 그 일이 니느웨 왕에게 들리매 왕이 보좌에서 일어나 왕복을 벗고 굵은 베 옷을 입고 재 위에 앉으니라

7 왕과 그의 대신들이 조서를 내려 니느웨에 선포하여 이르되 사람이나 짐승이나 소 떼나 양 떼나 아무것도 입에 대지 말지니 곧 먹지도 말 것이요 물도 마시지 말 것이며

8 사람이든지 짐승이든지 다 굵은 베 옷을 입을 것이요 힘써 하나님께 부르짖을 것이며 각기 악한 길과 손으로 행한 강포에서 떠날 것이라

9 하나님이 뜻을 돌이키시고 그 진노를 그치사 우리가 멸망하지 않게 하시리라 그렇지 않을 줄을 누가 알겠느냐 한지라

10 하나님이 그들이 행한 것 곧 그 악한 길에서 돌이켜 떠난 것을 보시고 하나님이 뜻을 돌이키사 그들에게 내리리라고 말씀하신 재앙을 내리지 아니하시니라

 The Holy Bible: New Korean Revised Version, electronic ed. (South Korea, n.d.), 욘 3:6–10.

 

 

니느웨는 사흘 길을 걸을 만큼의 큰 성읍인데 요나는 하루 동안 선포했고 이에 즉각적으로 니느웨 사람들이 반응했다. 요나가 물고기 뱃속에서 3일 동안 있었던 사실도 믿기 어려운 기적이지만 더욱 놀라운 기적은 바로 하나님의 심판의 메시지를 듣자마자 하루만에 회개하고 나아온 것이다. 

 

6절) 니느웨 왕이 요나가 니느웨에 대해서 선포한 메시지를 들었다. 그러자 왕이 보좌에서 일어나 왕복을 벗고 굵은 베옷을 입고 재 위에 앉았다. 

본문의 니느웨 왕은 앗수르 왕이라기 보다는 니느웨를 다스린 지방  총독이었을 것이다. 

 

The remainder of v. 6 describes the exciting response by this ruler. He rose50 from his throne, the seat of his royal power, and humbled himself with the common people. He laid aside his robe, which was a large and beautifully embroidered mantle. The word that is used here for robe is the same as that given to the garment found by Achan among the spoils of Jericho (Josh 7:21). In its place the king put on sackcloth as a sign of mourning, and he sat in ashes, a sign of deep humiliation. The radical nature of his repentance is stressed by the literary structure of the clauses:

he rose from his throne,

took off his royal robes,

covered himself with sackcloth

and sat down in the dust.

He who was the highest in the empire took the lowest position of abasement.51 It must also be noted that Ezek 26:16 depicts the mourning of the Tyrians over the ruin of their capital in just the same manner as the king of Nineveh is described here; however, instead of sackcloth they clothed themselves with “terror.”

50 Trible notes (Rhetorical Criticism, 183) that this verb is used previously with Jonah as the subject in 1:3 and 3:3 to describe his response to the Lord’s “word” (דָּבָר).

51 Kirk, Life and Mission, 174–75.

 Billy K. Smith and Franklin S. Page, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, vol. 19B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1995), 265.

 

7-9절) 왕은 왕과 그의 대신들의 이름으로 조서를 내려 니느웨에 선포하였다. 아무 사람이나 짐승이나 소떼나 양떼나 아무 것도 입에 대지 말고 먹지도 말고 물을 마시지도 말고 사람이든지 짐승이든지 굵은 베옷을 입고 하나님께 힘을 다해 부르짖으라. 모두 악한 길에서 돌이키고 자신의 손으로 행한 폭력으로부터 돌아서라. 하나님께서 그의 맹렬한 분노를 돌이키시고 노를 누그러뜨리실지 누가 알겠느냐? 그래서 우리가 멸망하지 않을 것이다. 

 

7절에서 왕과 그의 대신들이 조서를 내리는데 이미 5절에서 니느웨 백성은 금식하고 굵은 베옷을 입었었다. 이는 3장의 본문이 연대기적으로 기록된 것이 아님을 알 수 있다. 순서 자체가 중요한 것은 아니지만 왕이 먼저 조서를 내리고 그 다음에 백성들이 그 조서를 실행한 것으로 보는 것이 타당하다. 그렇다면 5절에서 먼저 백성들의 반응을 기록한 것은 그만큼 신속하게 백성들이 요나의 메시지에 반응했음을 보여주고 있는 것이다. 

안타까운 사실은 지금 니느웨 왕과 니느웨 백성들은 요나의 심판의 메시지에 대하여 즉각적으로 반응하여 금식하며 굵은 베옷을 입고 화개했는데 반하여 이스라엘 백성은 그렇지 않았다.(왕하 17:13-18) 

열왕기하 17:13–18 (NKRV)

13여호와께서 각 선지자와 각 선견자를 통하여 이스라엘과 유다에게 지정하여 이르시기를 너희는 돌이켜 너희 악한 길에서 떠나 나의 명령과 율례를 지키되 내가 너희 조상들에게 명령하고 또 내 종 선지자들을 통하여 너희에게 전한 모든 율법대로 행하라 하셨으나

14그들이 듣지 아니하고 그들의 목을 곧게 하기를 그들의 하나님 여호와를 믿지 아니하던 그들 조상들의 목 같이 하여

15여호와의 율례와 여호와께서 그들의 조상들과 더불어 세우신 언약과 경계하신 말씀을 버리고 허무한 것을 뒤따라 허망하며 또 여호와께서 명령하사 따르지 말라 하신 사방 이방 사람을 따라

16그들의 하나님 여호와의 모든 명령을 버리고 자기들을 위하여 두 송아지 형상을 부어 만들고 또 아세라 목상을 만들고 하늘의 일월 성신을 경배하며 또 바알을 섬기고

17또 자기 자녀를 불 가운데로 지나가게 하며 복술과 사술을 행하고 스스로 팔려 여호와 보시기에 악을 행하여 그를 격노하게 하였으므로

18여호와께서 이스라엘에게 심히 노하사 그들을 그의 앞에서 제거하시니 오직 유다 지파 외에는 남은 자가 없으니라

 

본문에서 왕이 백성들에게 내일 칙령의 내용은 4가지로 요약된다. 1) 금식, 2) 굵은 베옷을 입을 것, 3) 하나님께 부르짖을 것, 4) 각기 악한 길과 손으로 행한 강포에서 떠날 것이다. 

 

- 7,  The decree called for four behavioral responses to Jonah’s message: fasting (v. 7), wearing sackcloth, pleading with God, and turning from evil and violence (v. 8). The decree regarding fasting consists of two parts: a general order not to “taste anything,” which is then emphasized by a command neither to “eat” (better “graze”) nor to drink. The unusual aspect of the decree was the inclusion of animals in the fasting and also the wearing of sackcloth. There is some evidence of the involvement of animals in rites of mourning and humiliation among the Persians, although none has been found among the Assyrians.53 This is flimsy evidence, however, from which to argue for the Persian period as the time of writing,54 especially since even the Persian evidence is limited. D. J. Wiseman does cite an Assyrian decree from the early eighth century b.c. that calls for a general state of mourning and prayer by “you and all the people, your land, your meadows.”55

The inclusion even of animals in this royally mandated fast is the act of a desperate monarch and a desperate people. Fasting and uncomfortable dress represented self-denial. By eschewing normal comforts and making themselves physically miserable, they sought to show the genuineness of their prayers for mercy.56 This action was an attempt to impress forcibly upon the Lord the sincerity of Nineveh’s repentance. It was an attempt to move the heart of God and lead him to relent. In other words, they were using every option available, including superstition. Perhaps they also felt that combining their cries of contrition with the pleading of the animals for water and food would rise as one mighty prayer for mercy to this God who threatened their destruction.

53 Many point to the report of Herodotus that the Persian army cut the manes from their war horses as a part of the lamentation ceremony when an esteemed general was lost in battle (Herodotus, The Histories, 9.24). To a degree the cases are parallel, for in both instances animals were included in the symbolic expression of distress and sorrow. A nearer parallel to Jonah in ancient literature occurs in the apocryphal book of Judith (4:10–14), where animals were dressed in sackcloth as part of a day of repentance.

54 Allen uses it to suggest a date of composition in the Persian period, “between the mid-sixth century b.c. and the mid-fourth” (Joel, Obadiah, Jonah and Micah, 186).

55 D. J. Wiseman, “Jonah’s Nineveh,” TynBul 30 (1979): 51.

56 Stuart, Hosea-Jonah, 493.

 Billy K. Smith and Franklin S. Page, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, vol. 19B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1995), 266.

 

3:8 This verse contains the second, third, and fourth responses called for in the decree. The second response, the wearing of sackcloth, continued the external nature of the first and also its application to animals as well as humans. The inclusion of animals shows again the earnest, almost desperate, plea of the Ninevites. Outwardly, it sounds even more unusual to require animals to wear sackcloth than it did to require them to fast (v. 7). As seen earlier, this odd behavior was not uncommon in ancient cultures.

The next two responses had an internal and spiritual nature. The third commanded “everyone” (a word only implied in the Hebrew text) to call on God “urgently.” This adverb translates a Hebrew word meaning literally “with strength,” which perhaps “serves as a device by which to gauge the depth of a worshiper’s conviction57 and prepares us for the radical nature of the last required response. No subject is specified in this third part of the decree. The Hebrew text simply says, “Let them call to God with strength.” Some writers persist in extending the subject from the first two parts of the decree, where animals were included in the outward trappings of mourning and repentance. Although Job 38:41 refers to the raven’s young who “cry out to God” for food, it is not likely that the Assyrians expected their animals to voice their repentance to God.58

The last command, “Let them give up their evil ways and their violence,” indicates yet another point of advanced understanding by the ruler. He decreed that the people’s lives should match their prayers. The language of this verse is a typically Hebrew way of joining the general and the specific, the individual and the corporate. Anything and everything condemned by law and conscience is included under “evil ways,”59 but the pronoun is singular. It is literally, “Let them each turn from his evil way,” indicating individual responsibility. A generic term is used here and appropriately so, for the sins of the Ninevites would be as diverse as any people of any age. It is interesting to note that the word for “evil” is rāʿâ, occurring nine times in the book in its two senses of “evil” and “trouble, calamity” (see comments on 1:2). The Ninevites were to turn from evil to avoid trouble (cf. v. 10).

The phrase “their violence” is literally “from the violence which is in their hands.” It indicates a more specific confession and at the same time a corporate responsibility.60 Archaeology is unanimous in substantiating the cruelty of the Ninevites. One writer said, “The Assyrian records are nothing but a dry register of military campaigns, spoliations, and cruelties.”61 The term “violence,” the arbitrary infringement of human rights, is a term often used by the prophets (cf. Isa 59:6; Ezek 7:23; Hos 12:1; Amos 3:10). It seems to suggest moral misbehavior and aggressive violence toward other nations. Assyria, and therefore Nineveh, was especially guilty of such violence. The wickedness identified by God in 1:2 now becomes a point of self-awareness on the part of the Ninevites. They were urged by the king to change their ways.

57 Sasson, Jonah, 258. See also Trible, Rhetorical Criticism, 186.

58 Cf. Price and Nida, Translator’s Handbook, 61. Perhaps there is intentional ambiguity here to call attention to the fact that most of the praying in the Book of Jonah seems to have been done by nonbelievers.

59 Ellison, “Jonah,” 383.

60 Trible, Rhetorical Criticism, 186.

61 Kirk, Life and Mission, 184.

 Billy K. Smith and Franklin S. Page, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, vol. 19B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1995), 266–267.

 

9절에서 하나님이 뜻을 돌이키실 것을 기대하며 이를 누가 알겠느냐라고 질문한다. 이는 앞서 선장이 한 말과 같다.(1:6) 

 

9절의 돌이키다라는 표현은 ‘니함’으로 문맥과 문법적인 형태에 따라 다양한 의미를 지닌다. 이는 후회하다, 누그러뜨리다, 위로하다라는 의미로 사용된다. 주어가 사람일때는 주로 후회하다. 마음을 바꾸다라는 믜미로 사용되었다.)욥 42:6; 렘 31:19) 그러나 하나님이 주어로 사용되어서 사람들의 회개나 간주 혹은 다른 상황에 대한 반응으로 사용될 때 뜻을 돌이키다라는 의미로 쓰였다.(암 7:3) 본문 속에서 하나님께서는 니느웨의 돌이킴으로 인해서 그분이 니느웨의 죄악으로 인해 40일안에 무너뜨리실 것이라는 뜻을 돌이키신 것이다. 

The word translated “relent” (niḥam) varies in meaning in different grammatical forms and in different contexts, but it always connotes in some sense the feeling of emotional pain.63 Elsewhere it can mean to “comfort” or “regret.” As Sasson explains, here and in its two other uses in Jonah (3:10; 4:2) it refers to “divine actions that are contemplated but are never fulfilled.”64 The meaning “repent” or “change one’s mind” is an appropriate translation when the subject is humans (cf. Job 42:6; Jer 31:19). But when it refers to God’s decision to change an announced course of action in response to human repentance, prayer, or some other circumstances, the translation “relent” is preferable (see Amos 7:3 and comments in this volume). In this chapter God decided that in light of Nineveh’s turning, he would save them rather than follow through on his previous announcement to destroy them.

63 Ellul, Judgment of Jonah, 98–99.

64 Sasson, Jonah, 262.

 Billy K. Smith and Franklin S. Page, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, vol. 19B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1995), 268.

 

10절) 하나님께서 그들이 행한 것, 어떻게 그들이 그들의 죄악된 길에서 돌이켰는지를 보시고 하나님께서 그들에게 내릴 것이라고 말씀하신 재앙을 돌이키셨고 재앙을 내리지 않으셨다. 

본문의 악과 재앙은 같은 단어, 히브리어 ‘라아’를 번역한 말이다.(1:2) 같은 단어가 사용된 것은 인간의 행동과 하나님의 반응 사이의 밀접한 관계를 강조하는 것으로 하나님께서는 니느웨 백성이 자신들의 악을 회개했기 때문에 자신의 뜻, 그들에게 재앙을 내리지 않으심으로 그들에 대한 심판을 돌이키셨다. 

 

앞서 왕이 선포한 내용중에 금식이나 굵은 베옷, 부르짖음으로 인해서 하나님께서 을 돌이키신 것이 아니라 그들이 행한 것, 곧 악한 길에서 돌이켜 떠난 것을 보시고 뜻하나님께서 뜻을 돌이키셨다. 이처럼 회개는 단순히 입으로 죄를 시인하는 것이 아니라 삶의 방식을 바꾸고 자신이 가던 길에서 완전히 돌이키는 것을 의미한다. 지금 니느웨 사람들은 회개의 정석에 따라서 행동을 하고 있는 것이다. 하나님께서는 이를 보시고 뜻을 돌이키셨다. 

이 돌이키다라는 단어는 ‘니함’으로 슬퍼하다, 위로를 받다, 수그러들다, 마음을 바꾸다라는 의미가 있다. 이 단어에서 ‘느헤미야, 나훔’이 유래했다. 본절에서는 어떤 특정한 활동을 중단하다라는 의미로 사용되었다. 10절의 본문처럼 하나님이 주어가 되어서 이 단어가 사용될 때는 죄인들에게 돌려야할 화를 내리지 않으시는 것을 의미한다.(출 32:12, 14; 렘 26:3, 19, 욜 2:14)

 

3:10 This verse explicitly relates the Ninevites’ repentance and God’s mercy. Its structure derives from the repetition of two Hebrew roots and the use of two synonyms, translated “turned” (šûb) and “had compassion” (nḥm). The structure can be seen more clearly by a literal translation:

Then God saw their deeds (ʿśh)

that they turned (šûb) from their ways of evil (rāʿâ)

and God relented (nḥm) concerning the “evil” (rāʿâ)

which he had spoken to do (ʿśh) to them, and he did not do (ʿśh) it.

The Ninevites’ “turning” from “evil” led to God’s “turning” from “evil.” It is interesting to note that of all the “deeds” of the Ninevites, the fasting, wearing of sackcloth, calling on God, and turning from evil, only the last is mentioned as explicitly leading to God’s relenting. This is perhaps because it was Nineveh’s evil that led to Jonah’s mission in the first place (1:2).

As the king and people of Nineveh had hoped, God relented. No fire and brimstone fell on this Sodom-like city after all.66 God pulled back his hand of judgment, though not forever. As prophesied by Nahum, Nineveh later experienced total destruction. There was a period of many years, however, between Jonah and Nahum. Stuart said it well: “When Nineveh repented, God relented.”67 The very thought of God “changing his mind” causes difficulty for some believers. In perfect consistency with his justice, righteousness, and mercy, he spared Nineveh. There is absolutely no contradiction here. God’s character and his promises do not change, as Jas 1:17 says (cf. Num 23:19). But many other verses show that God does change his plan of action according to his purposes. In Exod 32:12 Moses prayed that Israel might not be destroyed despite their sinful behavior in making and worshiping the golden calf. He asked God, “Turn from your fierce anger, relent and do not punish your people” (cf. Amos 7:3, 6; Jer 18:7–11; 26:2–3). Again and again the Old Testament relays the truth that God is responsive to his creation.68

The turning of the Ninevites demonstrated at least a recognition of their condition before the Lord. God’s compassionate heart is always sensitive to those who cry out for mercy. This truth is evidenced powerfully here in v. 10. This passage speaks of the incredible mercy of God’s heart, of his incredible love. Here one finds irrefutable evidence that God wishes not for the destruction of the sinner but for the redemption and reconciliation of all his creation. Even if their repentance was not thorough, God’s hand of judgment was removed at least temporarily to give this frail flower of searching sufficient time to bloom.

66 Allen, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah and Micah, 226.

67 Stuart, Hosea-Jonah, 495.

68 Fretheim, Message of Jonah, 114.

 Billy K. Smith and Franklin S. Page, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, vol. 19B, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1995), 269–270.

 

하나님께서는 뜻을 돌이키시는 하나님이시다. 어떤 죄인이라도 악한 길에서 돌이키면 용서하시는 분이시다. 금식과 굵은 베옷을 입는 것과 같은 근신의 행위나 부르짖음도 의미 없는 것은 아니지만 하나님의 마음을 움직여서 뜻을 돌이키게 하는 것은 바로 악한 행위를 멈추고 선을 행하는 것이다. 이러한 변화가 나타날 때 하나님께서는 이미 선포하신 심판 마저도 돌이키시는 분이시다. 

1장에서는 선원들이, 2장에서는 요나가, 3장에서는 니느웨 사람들이 구원을 받게 된다. 요나서는 3장에서 끝났다면 해피엔딩이 되었을 것이다. 하지만 요나서는 4장으로 이어진다. 

 

하나님께서는 이처럼 죄인들이 심판당하는 것보다 회개하고 돌아오는 것을 기뻐하시는 하나님이시다. 앞서 요나 또한 이를 경험했다. 하나님을 거부하고 도망가다가 물에 던져져서 죽게 되었을 때 하나님께서 그의 간구를 들으시고 그를 구원하셨다. 동일한 구원의 은혜가 니느웨의 백성들에게 또한 그리스도를 믿는 모든 자들에게 임해진 것이다. 요나를 통한 니느웨 백성들에 대한 구원의 이야기는 바로 예수 그리스도를 통한 모든 믿는 자들의 구원을 예표한다. 

 

 

 

 

 

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18 Now kJohn’s disciples and the Pharisees were fasting. And people came and said to him, l“Why do John’s disciples and mthe disciples of the Pharisees fast, but your disciples do not fast?” 19 And Jesus said to them, n“Can the wedding guests fast while the bridegroom is with them? As long as they have the bridegroom with them, they cannot fast. 20 oThe days will come when the bridegroom is taken away from them, and pthen they will fast in that day. 21 No one sews a piece of unshrunk cloth on an old garment. If he does, the patch tears away from it, the new from the old, and a worse tear is made. 22 And no one puts new wine into old qwineskins. If he does, the wine will burst the skins—and the wine is destroyed, and so are the skins. But new wine is for fresh wineskins.”3

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 막 2:18–22.

18절) 요한의 제자들과 바리새인들의 금식, 요한의 제자들은 요한의 죽음 혹은 그가 감옥에 갇혀 있었고, 그의 금욕적인 삶과 회개를 강조하는 메시지때문에 금식했고 바리새인들은 매 월, 목요일에 정기적으로 금식하는 사람들이었다. 그런데 사람들이 요한의 제자들과 바리새인의 제자들은 금식하는데 왜 예수, 당신의 제자들은 금식하지 않는가라고 묻는 것이다. 당시 사람들은 이 금식이라는 행동이 거룩함과 구별됨의 표징으로 여겼던 것이다. 
- If the tense Mark used is interpreted as a customary imperfect, a better translation might be “made a practice of fasting.” The only biblically prescribed fast was on the Day of Atonement (Lev 16, especially vv. 29, 31), although other fasts grew up late in the Old Testament period (Zech 7:5; 8:19). Furthermore, the Pharisees fasted every Monday and Thursday (cf. Luke 18:12). The Jews sometimes fasted as a result of personal loss, sometimes as an expression of repentance, sometimes as preparation for prayer, and sometimes merely as a meritorious act. The disciples of John may have been fasting because of the imprisonment or death of their leader, his ascetic life-style, or his emphasis on repentance. So important was fasting for ancient Jews that an entire tractate of the Mishna, Taanith, was devoted to it. James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 63–64.

- The question about fasting has to be considered in the contexts of these conflicting views about the coming of the kingdom of God. The Pharisees fasted because texts like Leviticus 16:29 list fasting as one of the covenant obligations. John’s disciples might have observed any particular fast that was stipulated in the law, but it is doubtful that their practice would have included the weekly fasts that had become part of the Pharisees’ tradition. Since no particular day of fasting is indicated here, we might conclude that John’s disciples were fasting for another reason. John was in prison awaiting execution, and they were probably fasting in the hope that God would secure his release. The arrest and possible death of this prophet would have seemed to them incompatible with the arrival of the rule of God. Jesus, on the other hand, preached that the kingdom of God had arrived, and neither he nor his disciples were fasting at that time. Fasting then could be understood as a way of demonstrating one’s commitment to the covenant, a form of prayer, a way of grappling with God’s will or as something that was not necessary in that situation. Ronald J. Kernaghan, Mark, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2007), 64.

19-20절) 이 질문에 대해서 예수님께서 역질문을 펼치시는 것으로 대응하신다. 예수님은 지금 자신을 신랑으로 제자들을 제자들을 혼인잔치에 초청받은 친구들로 비유하고 있다. 그러시면서 신랑과 함께 하는 혼인잔치 동안에 금식하지 않는다고 말씀하시면서 이후에 신랑을 빼앗길 날에는 금식 할 것을 말씀하신다. 신랑의 부재시에 금식하는 것이 가능하고 필요하다고 말씀하신 것이다. 지금 이 성경을 읽는 우리들은 이 때가 바로 예수님의 십자가로 그분이 떠나시는 것임을 알고 있지만 처음 이 말씀을 듣는 청중들은 이것이 어떤 의미인지 이해하지 못했을 것이다. 금식은 적절한 시기가 있다. 기독교의 특징은 기쁨이고 또한 슬픔이 없는 것이다. 이 본문의 혼인잔치는 하나님나라와 관련되어 구원을 상징한다. 하나님을 향한 길은 종교적인 연습을 통해서가 아니라 예수님과의 기쁨의 교제를 통한 것임을 본문은 우리에게 말해준다. 
- The use of a counterquestion was common in rabbinic disputes; and according to Mark, Jesus frequently used it. The statement in the first half of v. 19 is a simple analogy, but that in v. 20 allegorizes it by suggesting that Jesus is the bridegroom and his disciples the wedding guests. Some have denied that Jesus could have spoken v. 20 or that it was originally a part of the same piece as v. 19. Nevertheless only a preconceived notion of what is possible and impossible can rule out all allegorization on Jesus’ part. Whether the disciples made the identification at the time is another matter. Inasmuch as the Jews never depicted the Messiah as a bridegroom,8 the disciples probably did not understand the significance of the statement until later. The original readers/hearers of the Gospel, however, who were in on the “secret” from the beginning, could not have helped noticing this passage as the first allusion to the crucifixion, just as modern readers do.
Verse 19 seems to suggest no fasting at all; v. 20, that there may be occasions to fast. No contradiction exists. On some occasions fasting is inappropriate, and on others it is appropriate. The nearness of the kingdom of God in the person of Jesus was not a fitting time. During his absence fasting may be desirable now and then, but it is not a normative Christian practice as the paucity of references in the New Testament shows. Christianity is characterized by joy, not mourning. Indeed a wedding is a symbol of the salvation associated with the kingdom of God. The passage further suggests that the way to God is not through religious practices but through joyful association with Jesus.

8 To the contrary the Old Testament sometimes pictured God as the “husband” of “adulterous” Israel: Isa 54:5–6; Jer 2:2; 3:14; Ezek 16–32; Hos 2.
 James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 64–65.

21-22절) 예수님께서는 이땅가운데 새로운 가치관, 새로운 진리와 길을 제시하신다. 하나님 나라가 도래하면 옛 왕국의 통치는 더이상 하나님 나라의 백성을 주관할 수 없다. 모세 율법의 규례들과 성경이외의 전통들을 가지고 하나님 나라를 담아둘 수 없는 것이다. 하나님나라의 역동성은 이 모든 것을 뛰어넘기 때문이다. 옛 기준들과 규례들로는 하나님 나라의 역동성을 감당할 수가 없는 것이다. 
본문은 유대주의를 오래된 의복과 오래된 포도주 부대로 설명하고 기독교를 새로운 의복과 새 부대로 비유한다. 하지만 본문이 강조하는 바가 옛것은 무조건 거짓되고 악한 것임을 말하는 것이 아니라 이 옛것이 지나갔다라는 것을 말해주고 있다. 
- The twin parables here teach the incompatibility of the old (scribal Judaism) and the new (Christianity). Judaism is the old garment and the old wineskin. Christianity is the new garment (implied), the new wineskin, and the new wine (on the last cf. John 2:1–11, especially v. 10). The point is not that the “old” is wrong or evil but that its time has passed. As Acts shows, the Twelve were slow to learn this truth. James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 65.

금식은 하나님이 기뻐하시는 신앙 행위임에 틀림없다. 하지만 금식을 해야할때가 있고 그것을 멈출때가 있음을 예수님은 말씀하신다. 하나님나라가 도래했고 그분이 함께 하시는 순간 금식할 것이 아니라 먹고 마시며 그분과 기뻐해야 한다. 지금 우리의 시기가 어떤 때인지를 바르게 아는 안목이 필요한 것이다. 또한 신랑을 빼앗길 날이 임할것인데 이때는 금식을 해야한다. 우리는 과연 기뻐해야할때 기뻐하고 슬퍼해야할때 슬퍼하고 있는가? 



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18 And the word of the Lord of hosts came to me, saying, 19 “Thus says the Lord of hosts: The fast of the vfourth month and the fast of the wfifth and the fast of the xseventh and the fast of the ytenth shall be to the house of Judah zseasons of joy and gladness and cheerful feasts. Therefore love atruth and peace.
20 “Thus says the Lord of hosts: Peoples shall yet come, even the inhabitants of many cities. 21 The inhabitants of one city shall go to another, saying, b‘Let us go at once cto entreat the favor of the Lord and to seek the Lord of hosts; I myself am going.’ 22 bMany peoples and strong nations shall come to seek the Lord of hosts in Jerusalem and cto entreat the favor of the Lord. 23 Thus says the Lord of hosts: In those days dten men efrom the nations of every tongue shall take hold of the robe of a Jew, saying, ‘Let us go with you, for fwe have heard that God is with you.’ ”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 슥 8:18–23.

18절) 7장에서 벧엘 사람 사레셀과 레겜멜렉이 질문한 사람은 여호와의 성전에 있는 제사장들과 선지자들이다.(7:2-3) 그러나 그들에게 여호와의 말씀이 임한 것이 아니고 스가랴 선지자에게 그 대답의 말씀이 임하였다. 

19절) 넷째달, 다섯째달, 일곱째 달, 열째 달의 금식이 변하여 유다 족속에게 기쁨과 즐거움과 희락의 절기가 될 것이다. 그러므로 너희는 진리와 화평을 사랑해야 한다.(16절) 각각의 금식의 날을 이스라엘의 역사상 비극적인, 슬픔의 순간들이다. 그런데 이 금식이 변하여 기쁨과 즐거움과 희락의 절기가 될 것이다라고 말하고 있다. 7장에서는 5월과 7월의 금식만을 말하는데 여기에는 4월과 10월의 금식을 추가했다. 이 모두 예루살렘의 멸망과 관계있는 것으로 이제 예루살렘의 회복을 말하고 있는 것이다. 
Formerly, the people fasted in the fourth month, when the walls of Jerusalem were breached (2 Kings 25:3–4; Jer. 39:2; 52:6–7); in the fifth, when the city fell (Jer. 52:12–15); in the seventh, when Gedaliah was assassinated (2 Kings 25:25; Jer. 41:1–3); and in the tenth, when the siege of the city first began (2 Kings 25:1; Ezek. 24:1–2). Yet in the days ahead, these fast days would be turned to feast days, seasons of joy and gladness, celebrating the salvation and transformation that the Lord had accomplished for them. In view of this, the people are called to love truth and peace: “love” implies commitment and devotion rather than being simply an emotional response.
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 1761.
기쁨이라는 말은 히브리어로 ‘사손’인데 이는 잔치에서 즐겁게 먹는 것과 연관되어 있고(사 22:13) 기쁨의 잔치에도 쓰였다.(에 8:16-17) 즐거움, ‘심카’도 함께 모여 기쁨을 나눌때 쓰인 단어이다.(삼상 18:6; 왕상 1:40; 사 9:3)
본문은 슬픔의 금식의 날이 기쁨과 즐거움의 절기가 될 것이다. 그러므로 진리와 화평을 사랑하라고 말한다. 이는 이 기쁨과 즐거움의 절기를 계속해서 유지해나가기 위해서 진리와 화평을 이루고 추구해야할 것을 말하는 것이다. 8장 전체에서 진리와 화평을 말한다.(3,  8, 16-17) 모든 관계, 사람들과의 관계와 하나님과의 관계에서 진실과 화평은 대단히 중요한 주제이다. 진리, 진실이 없으면 참된 관계가 이루어질 수 없고 나아가 사회적 관계, 특히 공평을 실현해야할 법제가 위협받게 되고 사회 제도가 위협받고 약자들이 아픔을 당하게 된다. 그러기에 우리는 진리와 화평을 추구하고 사랑해야 한다. 
After a repeated, emphatic assertion that his sermon was of divine origin, Zechariah quoted God as saying that all of the former fasts would become times for rejoicing in Israel’s relationship with the Lord (see Jer 31:10–14). Zion’s great joy will cause episodes of judgment and deprivation to recede into a faded memory. Up to this point in Zechariah’s revelation, the prophet had declared that the Lord will “restore the nation” (1:16–17; 2:10; 3:9; 4:9; 8:3–8, 11–13), appoint his messianic leaders (3:5, 7–8; 4:7–8, 14; 6:12–13), and rule as sovereign over the nation of Judah as well as govern all the other nations of the world (1:10–11; 2:5, 10–11; 6:7–8; 8:8).151
151 Merrill, Zechariah, 231.
 George L. Klein, Zechariah, vol. 21B, The New American Commentary (Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group, 2008), 245.

Zechariah strongly conveyed the rejoicing that the future will bring by using three synonyms for joyfulness. The term “joyful” (śāśôn) means “exultation or rejoicing,” especially in light of the Lord’s favor (see Ps 51:8).156 Likewise, the Hebrew term for “glad occasions” (śimḥāh) signifies “mirth.”157 This latter expression, when describing gladness in a social setting, may refer to the fellowship that family and friends share around a meal (see Gen 31:27). If this is the case, it presents a particularly pregnant connotation in light of Zechariah’s transformation from fast to feast. Last, the Hebrew phrase for “happy festivals” (mōʿădîm) does not occur elsewhere in the Old Testament, but the expression speaks of good or pleasant assemblies. Whereas past memories of Jerusalem brought lament and pain, future memories of Zion will focus on the feasting within the city: “Look upon Zion, the city of our festivals” (Isa 33:20).
Verse 19 concludes with the imperative, “love truth and peace.” Although the injunction to love occurs in many truly significant theological texts, the command does not appear frequently in the Old Testament. In Lev 19:18, 34 (see also Matt 22:39; Mark 12:31; Luke 10:27; Rom 13:9; Gal 5:14; Jas 2:8) God commands his faithful to “love your neighbor as yourself.” Further, Deut 6:5, the Shema, requires believers to “love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength.” Neither admonition refers to an “emotional” response that God expected Israel to direct either to one another or to himself. Rather, the faithfulness or obedience to the covenant God had made with his people represents the essential idea of “love.” Furthermore, the biblical use harmonizes nicely with the ancient Near Eastern covenants that use similar vocabulary to require obedience to the covenant.158 Thus, v. 19 concludes with the command for every Judahite to show covenantal faithfulness both to God and man.

156 שָׂשׂוֹן. HALOT, 1363.
157
שִׂמְחָה. HALOT, 1336–37.
158 W. L. Moran, “The Ancient Near Eastern Background of the Love of God in Deuteronomy,” CBQ 25 (1963): 77–87. Also, D. J. McCarthy, Treaty and Covenant (Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1963).
 George L. Klein, Zechariah, vol. 21B, The New American Commentary (Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group, 2008), 246–247.

20-22절) 앞서 금식이 기쁨의 절기가 된 것을 보고 여러 백성과 많은 성읍의 거민이 올 것이다. 이 성읍 거민이 저 성읍 거민에게 가서 만군의 여호와를 찾고 여호와께 은혜를 구자하라고 할 것이고 그것을 보고 다른 성읍의 사람들도 나도 여호와께 가겠다라고 할 것이다. 나아가 많은 백성과 강대한 나라들이 예루살렘으로 와서 만군의 여호와를 찾고 여호와께 은혜를 구할 것이다. 
본문은 앞서 2:11절에 선포된 내용이다. 
본문은 이제 개인적인 차원이 아니라 성읍, 민족적인 차원에서 하나님앞에 나아올 것을 말한다. 과거 어느 성읍 백성이 다른 성읍 백성을 찾아간다는 것은 전쟁하러 나아가는 것 밖에 없었다. 이렇게 수많은 성읍들이 공경당하고 훼파되던 것을 경험했던 이들이 다른 성읍에도 여호와의 은혜를 구하러 간다는 것이다. 또한 22절의 나라는 이방인을 가리키는 ‘고임’이라는 단어를 사용했다.
이스라엘이 이렇게 이방인들의 축복의 통로가 되는 것은 아브라함 언약에서 이미 선포되었다. 
The Abrahamic covenant assured Israel that she will become the channel of blessing between the Lord and the nations of the world. Further, Gen 1–11 develops the theme of “why all the families of the earth need the blessing” the Lord offers.
 George L. Klein, Zechariah, vol. 21B, The New American Commentary (Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group, 2008), 247.

본문에 여호와께 은혜를 구하자는 표현은 앞서 반복된다.
- The phrase “to entreat the Lord” (lĕbaqqēš ʾet—YHWH; vv. 21 and 22) occurs also in 7:2.165 When used in secular contexts, the expression describes appeasement, seeking mercy or favor. In the spiritual domain, the phrase portrays the preparation of the worshipper’s heart for prayer to the Lord. Typically, sacrifice also plays an important role in passages where people “entreat the Lord.”166
165 לְבַקֵּשׁ אֶת־יהוה. HALOT, 152.
166 TDOT, 4:409. Merrill illustrates the religious use of the term with Moses’ mediatorial actions in Exod 32:11–13 when he “sought the favor of the Lord” in asking God to spare the idolatrous people (Zechariah, 233–34).
 George L. Klein, Zechariah, vol. 21B, The New American Commentary (Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group, 2008), 249.

 
23절) 옷자락을 잡는다는 말은 상대방에게 복종하고 간구하는 표현으로 고대 근동에서 많이 사용되던 표현이다. 사울이 사무엘의 옷자락을 잡고 간청하는 대목에서도 볼 수 있다.(삼상 15:27) 이방인들이 이스라엘 사람들의 옷자락을 잡는 다는 것은 이스라엘의 하나님 여호와가 참된 하나님이라는 것과 이스라엘 백성의 축복이 참되다는 것을 의미한다. 이 하나님의 함께 하심, 임마누엘이 은혜의 통로임을 듣고 깨달은 이들이 이제 이스라엘과 함께 하기를 원하는 것이다. 
또한 방언이 다른 이방의 백성 열명이 유다의 옷자락을 잡는다는 것은 바벨탑 사건에서 언어를 흩으신 하나님께서 다시금 이를 하나되게 하실 것을 말해준다. 
Moreover, Zech 8:23 declares that ten foreigners speaking the different languages of the world will stand with every Judahite. Accordingly, Zechariah’s prophecy represented a reversal of the divine decree in the tower of Babel passage (Gen 11:1–9).163 The apostle Paul continued this theme in Gal 3:8: “The Scripture foresaw that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, and announced the gospel in advance to Abraham: ‘All nations will be blessed through you.’ ”
163 Smith, Micah-Malachi, 241.
 George L. Klein, Zechariah, vol. 21B, The New American Commentary (Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group, 2008), 248.

본문의 그날은 앞서 2:11절을 말한다. 여호와의 날, 주님의 완전한 통치가 완성되는 날을 말한다. 

본문의 열 명을 문자적 의미라기 보다는 상징적으로 모든 인류를 통칭한다. 
Zechariah prophesied that the Day of the Lord will see ten Gentiles in Zion worshipping the Lord for every Judahite. The number ten is not literal, but rather symbolizes the totality of humanity. The symbolic use of the number ten occurs in other Old Testament passages (see Gen 31:7; Lev 26:26).
 George L. Klein, Zechariah, vol. 21B, The New American Commentary (Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group, 2008), 249.

The theme of seeking the Lord that stands so prominently in vv. 20–22 transforms into “grasping” him in v. 23, a topic mentioned twice in a single verse. Thus, Rom 14:11 (see also Phil 2:11) portends, “ ‘As surely as I live,’ says the Lord, ‘every knee will bow before me; every tongue will confess to God.’ ”
 George L. Klein, Zechariah, vol. 21B, The New American Commentary (Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group, 2008), 250.

스가랴의 전반부는 이렇게 8장으로 마쳐진다. 8가지의 환상을 말한뒤에 이스라엘의 참담한 현실로부터 하나님이 약속하신 이스라엘의 회복의 미래의 축복을 선포하는 것으로 결론을 맺는다. 7-8장은 하나의 큰 설교로 처음 벧엘에서 몇 사람이 금식에 대하여 제사장과 서기관에게 질문한다. 당시 이스라엘 백성의 현실을 잘 말해준다. 유다가 멸망한 이후 과거의 멸망을 기억하며 슬퍼하며 금식하는 백성이다. 그러면서도 금식의 참된 의미를 잊고 여전히 하나님의 말씀을 순종하지 않는 이스라엘 백성에게 여호와의 말씀을 전한다. 그는 7장에서 그들이 환난당하는 이유를 설명해주고 8장에서는 자기 백성에 대한 여호와의 질투하시는 사랑 때문에 그 백성을 구하시갰다는 미래의 약속을 두번에 걸쳐 강조한다. 그러므로 구원받은 하나님의 백성은 두려워하지말고 진실하게 살것을 명령한다. 미래의 예루살렘의 회복과 수많은 이방이 하나님의 은혜를 구하는 자리로 나아올 것에 대한 소망을 통해서 현실을 살아갈 것을 명하고 있는 것이다. 

- As chap. 8 concludes, the prophet completes the first part of the book, leaving Judah with ample reason to have confidence in the future. The Lord’s own assurances, indeed his very presence dwelling among the people in Zion, give all the faithful great optimism for their destiny. Psalm 126 captures the nation’s changing fortunes well:
When the Lord brought back the captives to Zion,
we were like men who dreamed.
Our mouths were filled with laughter,
our tongues with songs of joy.
Then it was said among the nations,
“The Lord has done great things for them.”
The Lord has done great things for us,
and we are filled with joy.
Restore our fortunes, O Lord,
like streams in the Negev.
Those who sow in tears
will reap with songs of joy.
He who goes out weeping,
carrying seed to sow,
will return with songs of joy,
carrying sheaves with him.

 George L. Klein, Zechariah, vol. 21B, The New American Commentary (Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group, 2008), 250–251.


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A Call for Justice and Mercy
oIn the fourth year of King Darius, the word of the Lord came to Zechariah on the fourth day of the ninth month, which is pChislev. Now the people of Bethel had sent Sharezer and Regem-melech and their men qto entreat the favor of the Lord, rsaying to the priests of the house of the Lord of hosts and sthe prophets, “Should I weep and tabstain in uthe fifth month, as I have done for so many years?”
Then the word of the Lord of hosts came to me: “Say to all the people of the land and the priests, ‘When you fasted and mourned in uthe fifth month and in vthe seventh, for these wseventy years, xwas it xfor me that you fasted? yAnd when you eat and when you drink, do you not eat for yourselves and drink for yourselves? zWere not these the words that the Lord proclaimed aby the former prophets, when Jerusalem was inhabited and prosperous, bwith her cities around her, and the bSouth and the blowland were inhabited?’ ”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 슥 7:1–7.

스가랴 7-8장은 주전 8-7세기 아모스, 호세아, 이사야, 미가, 예레미야 등에 의해서 선포된 사회 윤리적 예언 명령을 요약하며, 금식이라는 주제를 중심으로 제사의 바른 자세를 선포하고, 이스라엘을 포함한 세상 만민에 대한 하나님의 구원 의지를 선포하고 있다. 금식은 의학적으로나 제의적으로 필요한 하나님의 명령이요, 이스라엘의 관습이었다. 그러나 금식이 금식답기 위해서는 하나님이 요구하시는 삶의 자제를 충족시켜야 한다. 즉 하나님의 영광을 위해서 그리고 하나님을 기쁘시게 하는 금식이 되어야 하는 것이다. 따라서 이 문제는 단순히 금식이라는 한정된 행위의 문제를 넘어서 신앙의 본질과 관계된 문제인 것이다. 이러한 문제들이 다음과 같은 교차대구법안에 담겨 있다. (How 223-4)
A 금식의 선포(7:1-7)
B 공의의 선포(7:8-14)
B’ 구원과 공의의 선포(8:1-17)
A’ 금식에 관한 대답(8:18-23)

1절) 다리오왕 4년(기원전 518년) 아홉째달, 기슬래월 4일에 하나님의 말씀이 스가랴에게 임하였다. 이는 앞선 예언이후 2년이 경과한 시기이다. 

2절) 그때 벧엘 사람이 사레셀과 레겜멜렉과 그의 부하들을 보내어 여호와께 은혜를 구하였다. 
본문의 주어에 대해서 여러가지 견해가 있다. 어떤 사람은 1절과 연결해서 다리오왕이 보냈다라고도 보고, 두번째는 벧엘 사레셀이 당시의 한 사람을 지칭하는 말이라고 보기도 하고 가장 일반적으로 받아들여지는 것으로는 벧엘에 사는 사람들이 사절단으로 사레셀과 레겜멜렉과 그의 부하들을 보낸 것으로 보기도 한다. 
Of the three approaches, the first suggestion warrants summary dismissal in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary. The second view, which takes Bethel Sharezer as the name of an individual, presents certain strengths. The attestation of the cognate word for Bethel Sharezer in Akkadian (a language related to Biblical Hebrew), used as a personal name, supports the personal name interpretation. Nevertheless, the third view, the Bethel view adopted by the NIV, offers the most credible understanding. The existence of Bethel Sharezer in a foreign language, albeit a cognate one, results in a rather weak argument for a similar usage in Zech 7. The simpler and more likely view sees Bethel as the common Old Testament toponym functioning as metonymy for the inhabitants of the city. Similar modern usages illustrate the point. For example, one may hear that “Wall Street remains skeptical,” where “Wall Street” is metonymy for the financiers who work in the Wall Street business district.
 George L. Klein, Zechariah, vol. 21B, The New American Commentary (Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group, 2008), 214.
다섯째 달 애곡하면서 금식하는 이유는 과거 70년전 이때 예루살렘 성전이 느부갓네살에게 훼파되었기 때문이다. 

3절) 사절단은 여호와의 전에 있는 제사장과 선지자들에게 지난 70년간 해온대로 다섯째달에 울며 근신해야하는지를 묻는다.(금식해야 하는지)
In conclusion, a group of the Lord’s worshippers from Babylon sought an authoritative statement from the religious leadership in Jerusalem regarding the propriety of holding the fast that commemorated the fall of Jerusalem. The question focused on whether the Lord’s covenantal people should continue a fast of mourning or whether their perspective should look forward to the promised restoration.39 The community of the faithful required Jerusalem’s blessing before any change in religious practices could take place.40
“To entreat the Lord” (lĕḥallôt ʾet—pĕnê YHWH) means to approach God through prayer or sacrifices seeking rescue from difficult circumstances. The phrase always signifies imploring help from the Lord in times of great need (1 Kgs 13:6). The expression sometimes involves confession of sin (Dan 9:13). One meaning focuses on mollifying the Lord’s wrath by offering sacrifice (1 Sam 13:12). The fact that the pilgrims sought an answer to their religious question in Jerusalem indicates that the worship of the Lord and the religious hierarchy serving the temple were both well established by Zechariah’s time and were clearly understood to emanate from Jerusalem. The idiom “to entreat the Lord” occurs throughout the Old Testament where various “official representatives” of the Lord and his people entreat God’s favor, including Moses (Exod 32:11), the man of God (1 Kgs 13:6), priests (Mal 1:9), kings (1 Sam 13:12; 2 Kgs 13:4; Jer 26:19; 2 Chr 33:12), and the “we” of the community of faith (Dan 9:13). In Ps 119:58 an individual worshipper entreats the Lord.41

39 Y. Hoffman, “The Fasts in the Book of Zechariah and the Fashioning of National Remembrance,” in Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, O. Lipschits and J. Blenkinsopp, ed. (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2003), 169–218.
40 A. Cohen, The Twelve Prophets (New York: Soncino, 1948), 294.
41 TDOT, 4:408.
 George L. Klein, Zechariah, vol. 21B, The New American Commentary (Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group, 2008), 215.

그들은 지금 금식을 나타내는 직접적인 단어인 ‘쫌’을 사용하지 않고 ‘바카’(울다)와 ‘나자르’(근신하다)라는 말을 사용하고 있다. 그들에게 금식은 애곡하고 근신하며 회개하는 것을 의미했다.(삼하 12:16; 레 16)

4-5절) 온땅의 백성과 제사장들에게 너희가 70년동안 다섯째 달과 일곱째 달에 금식하고 애통하였지만 그 금식이 정말 나를 위한 것이냐라고 반문하신다. 
하나님께서는 직접적으로 그들의 질문에 답하지 않으시고 도리어 반문하시면서 백성들의 금식의 진실성을 물으신다. 하나님께서는 금식에 관한 구체적 질문의 대상을 온땅의 백성과 제사장으로 넓히신다. 또한 질문에서는 다섯째 달만을 물었지만 일곱째 달의 금식도 추가하신다. 
다섯째 달과 일곱째 달의 금식, 다섯째 달의 금식은 주전 587년 느부갓네살에 의해 성전이 불탄 사건을 상기시키는 것(왕하 25:8-9)이고 일곱째달 금식은 예루살렘 함락 직후에 임명된 유다 총독 그달랴가 암살된 사건을 상기하기 위한 것일 것이다.(왕하 25:25; 렘 41:1-2) 또한 속죄일의 금식을 가르킬 수도 있다. 
* 포로기간 70년에 대한 두가지 견해가 존재한다. 
To summarize those conclusions, one may view the period of 70 years in two distinct, yet compatible, ways. One approach considers the first deportation to Babylon in 605 BC as the terminus a quo for the exile, concluding seven decades later in 536/35 BC when the first contingent returned. The second understanding begins the exile at 586 BC and culminates with the reconstruction of the temple in 516 BC. We conclude that Zechariah retains both interpretations, used interchangeably here in chap. 7, as did Jeremiah and other prophets. In other words, the biblical text seems to introduce a deliberate ambiguity in the reckoning of the 70 years. Following the biblical lead, the interpreter should accept both modes of reckoning.46
46 Baldwin, Zechariah, 97; Orr, “The Seventy Years of Babylon,” VT 6 (1956): 306.
 George L. Klein, Zechariah, vol. 21B, The New American Commentary (Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group, 2008), 216.

6절) 그들은 먹고 마실때에 그 자신들을 위하여 먹고 마셨다. 그들에게 있어서 중요한 것은 율법적인 형식을 지키는 것이 아니라 그 동기의 순수성을 찾는 것이었다. 
At the point of God’s desires regarding his people’s fasting, Zechariah relied heavily on Isaiah’s earlier prophecies. The prophet Isaiah explicitly stated that fasting without righteousness and justice brings no pleasure to the Lord (Isa 1:10–17; 58:1–7).
 George L. Klein, Zechariah, vol. 21B, The New American Commentary (Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group, 2008), 217.

금식은 모든 믿는 사람에게 신앙의 성장과 영성을 위해서 반드시 필요한 것이다. 그런데 여기에는 원칙이 있다. 그것은 우리의 다른 행동과 마차가지로 자신을 드러내기 위해서 위선적으로, 외식적으로 행해서는 안되고 오직 하나님의 영광을 위한 것이 근본 목적이 되어야 한다. 그리고 사회 윤리적 삶의 실천이 전제되어야 한다.(사 58:1-9; 욜 2:12-13; 렘 14:12; 눅 18:9-14; 마 25:44-46; 요일 4:19-21)

7절) 

Verse 7 serves as a literary bridge connecting the previous section to the next, and like any effective transition, shares strong affinities with both paragraphs it links. In vv. 1–6 Zechariah declared that the people stood guilty of legalism, failing to worship the Lord with a sincere heart. This same fault marked all of preexilic Judah’s sins. Zechariah looked at the despoiled countryside as vindication of the message of the “earlier prophets.” The “earlier prophets” wedded sin and judgment, and history had proven them to be true prophets.
Likewise, Zechariah tied postexilic Judah’s rebellion against God with the possibility of further judgment should she fail to repent before the Lord. The prophet built on the painful memories of former judgments to admonish the nation that God’s wrath would surely fall again if the people chose to ignore God’s word. Certainly, chap. 7 does not present Zechariah’s first warning to his contemporaries to repent. Chapter 3 also taught that the people shared Joshua’s uncleanness. However, the strongest exhortation in the book occurs in 1:2–3 when Zechariah proclaimed, “The Lord was very angry with your forefathers. Therefore tell the people: ‘Return to me,’ declares the Lord Almighty, ‘and I will return to you.’ ”
Thus, v. 7 concludes vv. 1–6 and also introduces the remainder of the chapter that pointedly instructs the nation to repent. Jeremiah 22:21 declares, “I warned you when you felt secure, but you said, ‘I will not listen.’ ” Zechariah inverted Jeremiah’s message. Now that the people experienced overwhelming insecurity, he pled with his flock to heed God’s word and turn again to their Lord with a whole heart.

 George L. Klein, Zechariah, vol. 21B, The New American Commentary (Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group, 2008), 219.


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