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Jesus Heals a Woman and Jairus’s Daughter
21 And when Jesus had crossed again in the boat to the other side, a great crowd gathered about him, and he was beside the sea. 22 hThen came one of ithe rulers of the synagogue, Jairus by name, and seeing him, he fell at his feet 23 and implored him earnestly, saying, “My little daughter is at the point of death. Come and jlay your hands on her, so that she may be made well and live.” 24 And he went with him.
And a great crowd followed him and kthronged about him. 25 And there was a woman lwho had had a discharge of blood for twelve years, 26 and who had suffered much under many physicians, and had spent all that she had, and was no better but rather grew worse. 27 She had heard the reports about Jesus and came up behind him in the crowd and touched his garment. 28 For she said, “If I touch even his garments, I will be made well.” 29 mAnd immediately the flow of blood dried up, and she felt in her body that she was healed of her ndisease. 30 And Jesus, perceiving in himself that opower had gone out from him, immediately turned about in the crowd and said, “Who touched my garments?” 31 And his disciples said to him, “You see the crowd pressing around you, and yet you say, ‘Who touched me?’ ” 32 And he looked around to see who had done it. 33 But the woman, knowing what had happened to her, came in fear and trembling and fell down before him and told him the whole truth. 34 And he said to her, “Daughter, pyour faith has made you well; pgo in peace, and be healed of your ndisease.”

h For ver. 22–43, see Matt. 9:18–26; Luke 8:41–56
i Luke 13:14; Acts 13:15; 18:8, 17
j ch. 6:5; 7:32; 8:23, 25; 16:18; Matt. 9:18; Luke 4:40; 13:13; Acts 9:12, 17; 28:8
k ver. 31; ch. 3:9
l Lev. 15:25
m Matt. 15:28; 17:18
n See ch. 3:10
o Luke 5:17; 6:19; 8:46; [Acts 10:38]
p See Luke 7:50
p See Luke 7:50
n [See ver. 29 above]
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 막 5:21–34.

21절) 예수님께서 배를 타고 다시 맞은 편으로 건너가셨다. 앞서 데가볼리에서 광인을 고치시고 다시금 갈릴리로 돌아오신 것이다. 이에 큰 무리가 그에게로 모여들었다. 예수님의 가르침과 그분의 이적을 통해서 많은 사람들이 그분에게 관심을 가지고 찾아왔다. 앞서 17절의 거라사 지방에서는 예수님께 떠나달라고 요청했지만 이 지경의 무리들은 열렬히 주님을 환호했다. 

22-24절) 회당장 야이로가 예수님께 나아와 엎드려 자신의 어린 딸이 죽게 되었으니 오셔서 고쳐달라고 강청한다. 이에 예수님께서는 야이로와 함께 그의 집을 향해 가시는데 이때에 많은 무리가 예수님을 에워싸며 따라갔다. 
본문의 회당장(ruler of the synagogue, 아키시나고고스)은 말그대로 회당의 리더를 말하는데 회당의 모임을 인도하거나 가르치는 역할을 하는 이를 말한다. 본문의 회당장은 일반적으로 예수님을 반대하던 무리들과는 대조적인 모습을 보이고 있다. 
Officials of Jewish synagogues included a ruler or president, who had the responsibility for conducting worship and instruction, and the attendant (Luke 4:20), who was in charge of the building and its contents. Both were laymen. Some synagogues had more than one person with the title of ruler (cf. Acts 13:15). A synagogue ruler was an important and highly respected person. This ruler’s attitude toward Jesus contrasts sharply with that of some others (cf. Luke 13:14) and the scribes and Pharisees in general. Whether or not he had had previous contact with Jesus, he believed that Jesus could and would heal his daughter.
 James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 93.
마태의 경우 이 회당장의 이름을 생략한다.(9:18) 반면 누가는 그를 야이로라고 부른다.(8:41) 

병고침을 행하실때 손을 얹는 행동, 안수는 당시 유대인들이나 이방인들 사이에서 일반적인 행동이었다. 본문의 구원을 받아라고 표현된 단어는 “소조”라는 헬라어로 직접적인 위협으로부터 건짐, 어려운 상황으로부터 안전하고 좋게 옮겨짐이라는 의미이다. NIV는 “healed”로 , ESV는 “be made well”로 표현하고 있다. 마가복음 5장의 모든 이적에서 육체적인 치유의 사건은 영적인 구원의 비유이다. 
1. “to deliver from a direct threat,” 2. “to bring safe and sound out of a difficult situation.”
 Werner Foerster, “Σῴζω, Σωτηρία, Σωτήρ, Σωτήριος,” ed. Gerhard Kittel, Geoffrey W. Bromiley, and Gerhard Friedrich, Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1964–), 965.
Healing by the imposition of hands is referred to again in 6:5; 7:32; 8:23, 25 and was common in Jewish and pagan circles but not in the Hebrew Bible.37 The verb translated “healed” elsewhere means save. It appears again in vv. 28 and 34. Certainly in v. 34 its meaning borders on salvation in the theological sense. In all the miracles of Mark 5, physical healing is a parable of spiritual deliverance.
37 It does occur in 2 Kgs 5:11 LXX.
 James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 93–94.

25-28절) 이 여인은 12해동안 혈루증을 앓으며 고통받아왔다. 많은 의사에게 진찰을 받고 가산을 탕진했지만 나아지지 않았고 도리어 더 증상이 심해질 뿐이었다. 이에 예수님의 이야기는 그녀로 하여금 용기를 내어 그분앞에 나아가게 하였다. 그리고 마침내 정결법을 어기고 무리들앞에 나아가 예수님의 옷을 만지게 된 것이다. 
예수님께서 회당장 야이로의 딸을 고치기 위해서 그 집을 향해 가시던 중에 많은 무리가 그분을 따랐는데 그 가운데 12해를 혈루증으로 앓고 있던 여인이 있었다. 지금 마가는 의도적으로 야이로의 딸을 고치러 가는 도중에 혈루증 여인을 치유하시는 이적을 배치시기고 있다. 이 혈루증은 부정한 병으로 사람들에게 자신의 부정한 상태를 알리지 않은 상태에서 공개적인 자리에 나갈 수 없었다. 지금 여인은 예수님을 만짐으로 고침을 받으려고 했는데, 이는 의식법상으로 만짐을 당한 상대를 부정하게 만드는 것이 된다. 하지만 우리의 주님은 이러한 정결법보다 크신 분으로 자신이 부정하게 되는 대신에 그 여인을 깨끗하게 만드실 수 있는 분이시고 그렇게 하셨다. 
While Jesus is on his way to heal Jairus’s daughter, Mark interjects the simultaneous event of the healing of the woman with a constant discharge of blood (vv. 25–34; see note on Matt. 9:20). On account of her condition, she is ceremonially unclean (cf. Lev. 15:25–28) and is not permitted to enter the temple section reserved for women; nor is she permitted to be in public without making people aware that she is unclean. By touching Jesus’ garment, she technically renders him ceremonially unclean (cf. Lev. 15:19–23), but Jesus is greater than any purity laws, for he makes her clean by his power instead of becoming unclean himself (cf. Mark 1:41; 5:41).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 1902.

예수님의 옷을 만지려는 행동은 당시 사람들이 이처럼 의복을 만지거나 심지어 어떤 이의 그림자에도 능력이 있다고 생각했다는 것을 보여준다. 
The woman’s determination to touch Jesus’ clothing reflects the ancient idea that the power of a person extended to one’s clothing (cf. 6:56; Acts 19:11–12) or one’s shadow (Acts 5:15).
 James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 96.

29-31절) 여자의 생각대로 그녀가 예수님의 옷을 만졌을때 그녀의 혈루 근원이 곧 말랐고 그녀는 자신의 몸에 병이 나은 줄을 깨달았다. 그러자 예수님께서는 자신의 몸에서 능력이 나간 줄을 아시고 무리가운데 돌이키셔서 말씀하셨다. “누가 내 옷에 손을 대었느냐?”, 이에 제자들이 조금은 빈정대는 말투로 이렇게 사람이 많아서 에워싸 밀고 있는데 누가 손을 대었다고 묻는거지라고 말했다. 본문속에서 예수님의 신성을 또한번 보게 된다. 많은 무리들로 인해서 예수님과 접촉하는 많은 이들이 있었을 것이다. 아무런 의도 없이 예수님의 옷에 손을 대는 이들도 있었을 것이다. 그런데 이 여인이 자신의 병이 고침을 받을까하여 조심스럽게 그분의 옷에 손을 댔고 실제로 능력이 나가서 그녀는 병고침을 받았다. 그런데 바로 그때 예수님께서는 이 사실을 알고 누구냐?라고 물으시는 것이다. 예수님의 이 질문의 의도가 무엇인지 궁금해진다. 정말 누군지 몰라서 물으시는 것인지, 누구인지 그리고 왜 그랬는지 다 아시면서 이 여인으로 하여금 고백하게 하시고 구원의 자리로 이끄시기 위해서 기회를 주고 계신 것인지?? 본문속에 제자들의 비꼬는 듯한 질문이 나오는데 마태는 이를 생략했고, 누가는 이를 축소해서 표현하고 있다. 
The disciples’ sarcastic reply is an example of Markan candor that is omitted by Matthew (cf. 9:20–22) and toned down in Luke (8:45).
 James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 96.
29절에서 마르다, 깨닫다로 사용된 단어의 시제가 모두 부정과거인데 이는 이미 완료된 행동을 표현할때 사용된다. 
The miracle is extraordinary because it was performed without conscious effort on Jesus’ part, although he immediately realized what had taken place. On the one hand, Mark may have seen in Jesus’ awareness a sign of his deity; on the other, he candidly described the limitations of Jesus’ humanity (also v. 32). Although some think Jesus knew all the while who had touched him and asked only to induce the woman to confess publicly her deed, more likely he needed to learn the person’s identity. Self-limitation of the earthly Jesus is not incompatible with omniscience of the risen Christ. Mark, perhaps better than any other New Testament writer, realized that. Another purpose of Jesus’ question may have been to begin to lead the person to a confession of faith.
 James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 96.

32-34절) 이에 예수께서 이일을 행한 이를 찾기 위해서 둘러보시자 여자가 나아와 자기에게 일어난 모든 일을 알고 두려워하여 떨며 나아와 모든 사실을 이야기했다. 여자는 지금 중요한 일을 위해서 급히 가시는 예수님의 행차를 멈춰서게 했을 뿐만 아니라 그분을 부정케 한 것에 대해서 예수님이 꾸지람을 하실 것을 예상하고 두려워하며 나아와 고하고 있는 것이다. 이에 대해서 예수님께서는 “딸아 네 믿음이 너를 구원하였으니 평안히 가라. 네 병에서 놓여 건강할 지어다”라고 구원과 치유의 선언을 하고 계신다. 결국 이 여인이 두려움앞에 서는 용기가 그녀를 구원으로 인도하였다. 
예수님께서는 지금 이 여인의 치유가 물리적인 접촉이나 마술이 아니라 그녀의 믿음으로 인한 것임을 선포하고 계신다. 본문의 구원하였다는 “소조”는 완료시제이다. 또한 주님은 그녀의 육체적인 치유 뿐만 아니라 그녀의 영적인 구원을 선포하시는데 본문의 평안히 가라는 표현은 전쟁의 부재나 문제가 없는 상태를 말하는 것이 아니라 그러한 고난 속에서도 평정심을 유지하는 상태를 말한다. 이 평안 “에이레네”는 하나님과의 올바른 관계로 인한 온전하고 평안한 상태를 의미한다. 
Jesus explained to the woman that she had been healed not through physical touch or any kind of magic but by faith. Again Mark or those before him who transmitted the story chose the perfect tense of the Greek verb meaning to save (sōzō) to translate Jesus’ Aramaic word. That Jesus affirmed not only the woman’s healing but her spiritual salvation as well is highly probable. He affirmed the permanence of both. He further pronounced the peace of God upon her. The biblical concept of peace does not refer to the absence of war and other kinds of trouble. To the contrary, it is something that can exist even in the midst of conflict. It is a status of wholeness and well-being because of a right relationship with God.
 James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 96–97.



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14 The herdsmen fled and told it in the city and in the country. And people came to see what it was that had happened. 15 And they came to Jesus and saw the demon-possessed3 man, the one who had had cthe legion, sitting there, dclothed and in his right mind, and they were afraid. 16 And those who had seen it described to them what had happened to the demon-possessed man and to the pigs. 17 And ethey began to beg Jesus4 to depart from their region. 18 As he was getting into the boat, the man who had been possessed with demons begged him that he might be with him. 19 And he did not permit him but said to him, “Go home to your friends and ftell them how much the Lord has done for you, and how he has had mercy on you.” 20 And he went away and began to proclaim in gthe Decapolis how much Jesus had done for him, and everyone marveled.
3 Greek daimonizomai (demonized); also verses 16, 18; elsewhere rendered oppressed by demons
c [Luke 8:27]
d ver. 9
e [Luke 5:8; Acts 16:39]
4 Greek him
f Ps. 66:16; [ch. 1:44]
g ch. 7:31; Matt. 4:25
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 막 5:14–20.

14-17절) 돼지를 치던 이들이 도망하여 읍내와 여러 마을에 이일을 알렸다. 이에 사람들이 대체 어떻게 된지 궁금하여 보러왔다. 그들은 군대 귀신 들렸던 자가 이제 정상인이 되어서 옷을 입고 정신이 온전하여서 앉아 있는 것을 보고 두려워하였다. 이전에 그는 쇠사슬로도 제어할 수 없는 매우 흉악한 인물이었기에 그들의 두려움은 더욱 컸을 것이다. 뿐만 아니라 이 일을 가까이서 지켜본 이들이 소상히 이루어진일을 알리자 그들은 예수님께 자신의 지방에서 떠나시기를 간구했다. 
지금 사람들은 되어진 일을 보면서 예수님께서 자신들과 더 함께 있을 경우 자신들이 겪게될 경제적인 문제가 더 크게 보였던 것이다. 
- No doubt Mark’s description of the man in v. 15 pictures conversion. The man’s composure doubtless made a more positive impression on Jesus’ disciples than on the local residents. Because of their superstition they were terrified by anyone who had such enormous power, and they begged Jesus to go away. Ironically they feared Jesus more than they did the demoniac and cared more for their pigs than for a fellow human being. As important as miracles are in Mark’s account, he obviously did not use them to “prove” who Jesus was or to compel faith. James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 91.

18-20절) 고침을 받은 사람이 이제 예수께서 배에 올라 떠나려고 하실때 예수님과 함께 있기를 구했다. 하지만 예수님께서는 이를 허락하지 않으시고 그에게 집으로 돌아가서 주님께서 자신에게 어떻게 큰일을 행하셨는지 자신을 불쌍히 여기셨는지를 자신의 가족에게 알리라고 말씀하셨다. 이에 그는 돌아가서 예수께서 자신에게 어떤 큰일을 행하셨는지를 데가볼리에 전파했고 모든 사람들이 이에 놀랐다. 다른 본문들에서는 예수님께서 이적을 행하시고 도리어 조용히 할 것을 요청하시는데 본문에서는 도리어 돌아가 가족과 주위 사람들에게 알릴것을 말씀하신다. 이유는 유대인들의 경우에 예수에 대해서 잘못 오해할 경우에 그를 정치적 메시야로 여기게 되면 여러가지 문제가 생길 수 있기 때문이다. 하지만 이경우 이방인들의 경우에는 이러한 문제가 발행할 소지가 없기에 도리어 자신이 행한 큰일을 증거하도록 하셨다. 
- Jesus did not allow the restored and thankful man (v. 15) to join him. It is possible that he was asking Jesus for permission to belong to the closer circle of disciples (that he might be with him recalls 3:14). Jesus wanted the restored man to be a witness to God’s power in the Decapolis—an example of Jesus intentionally instructing a restored person to proclaim what had happened to him, in contrast to his call for secrecy in other cases (see 1:44; 5:43; 9:9). Jewish and Gentile people in the Decapolis did not yet pose the same danger of misunderstanding Jesus as a political or military messiah, as was the case in Galilee. Note that the work of the Lord in 5:19 is described as the work of Jesus in v. 20, indicating that Jesus shares the same nature as God himself. Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 1902.







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Jesus Heals a Man with a Demon
uThey came to the other side of the sea, to the country of the Gerasenes.1 And when Jesus2 had stepped out of the boat, immediately there met him out of the tombs a man with an unclean spirit. vHe lived among the tombs. And no one could bind him anymore, not even with a chain, for he had often been bound with shackles and chains, but he wrenched the chains apart, and he broke the shackles in pieces. No one had the strength to subdue him. Night and day among the tombs and on the mountains he was always crying out and cutting himself with stones. And when he saw Jesus from afar, he ran and wfell down before him. And xcrying out with a loud voice, he said, “What have you to do with me, Jesus, ySon of zthe Most High God? aI adjure you by God, do not torment me.” For he was saying to him, “Come out of the man, you unclean spirit!” And Jesus asked him, “What is your name?” He replied, “My name is bLegion, for we are many.” 10 And he begged him earnestly not to send them out of the country. 11 Now a great herd of pigs was feeding there on the hillside, 12 and they begged him, saying, “Send us to the pigs; let us enter them.” 13 
So he gave them permission. And the unclean spirits came out and entered the pigs; and the herd, numbering about two thousand, rushed down the steep bank into the sea and drowned in the sea.

u For ver. 1–21, see Matt. 8:28–9:1; Luke 8:26–40
1 Some manuscripts Gergesenes; some Gadarenes
2 Greek he; also verse 9
v [Rev. 18:2]
w See Matt. 8:2
x ch. 1:26; Acts 8:7
y [Matt. 4:3, 6]; See Matt. 14:33
z Gen. 14:18; Num. 24:16; Ps. 57:2; Dan. 3:26; Luke 1:32; 6:35; Acts 16:17
a Matt. 26:63; Acts 19:13; [James 2:19]
b Matt. 26:53
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 막 5:1–13.

1절) 예수님께서 갈릴리 바다 건너편 거라사인의 지방에 이르셨다. 
본문의 거라사가 어디인지 논란의 소지가 있다. 마 8:28에서는 가다라 지방이라고 말하기도 한다. 마가와 누가는 거라사, 마태는 가다라라고 말하는데 당시 잘 알려진 도시인 거라사는 갈릴리 호수에서 54km(33마일)이나 떨어진 도시이다. 가축을 치는 목자들이 하룻길로는 어림도 없는 먼 거리이다. 그래서 이 불일치를 해소하기 위해서 의도적으로 마태는 가다라로 읽어냈고 이 지역은 10km(6마일)정도 떨어진 거리이다. 
- New Testament students are immediately confronted with a textual problem involving the location of the miracle. The ancient Greek manuscripts, translations, and quotations of the New Testament vary among “Gerasenes,” “Gadarenes,” and “Gergesenes.” The same variants appear in the parallels in Matt 8:28; Luke 8:26. “Gerasenes” is probably the original in Mark and Luke, “Gadarenes” in Matthew. The well-known city of Gerasa, however, was some thirty-three miles from Lake Galilee, and it is improbable that its territory extended to the lake. Nor could the herdsmen have traveled to the city and back in one day. Matthew and copyists of Mark probably recognized this and changed the reading to “Gadarenes.” Gadara was six miles from the lake, and there is strong evidence that its territory extended to it. There are, however, no steep hills or caves along the southeast shore near Gadara, and distance is still a problem. James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 89.

2-5절) 예수님께서 배에서 나오시자 더러운 귀신 들린 사람이 무덤사이에서 나왔다. 그 광인은 무덤사이에 거처하였는데 이미 여러분 고랑과 쇠사슬을 끊었기에 이제 누구도 그를 쇠사슬로 묶을 수 없는 상태였다. 그는 귀신 들린 상태로 아무도 그를 제어할 수 없었는 상태였다. 점점 상황이 심각해져서 무덤사이에서나 산에서 소리지르며 돌로 자해를 하고 있었다. 
지금 이 광인은 귀신들려서 매우 강한 힘을 소유하고 폭력적이어서 무리들에게서 추방된 상태로 당시 많은 사람들이 귀신이 거주한다고 여기던 무덤에 거주하고 있었다. 본문을 통해서 볼때 이런 상황에서 그는 이미 사람들로부터 무자비한 대우를 받았고 여러사람들에게 두려움의 대상이었다. 광인이 소리를 지르고 자해를 하는 것을 통해서 볼때 귀신, 마귀는 하나님의 형상을 닮은 우리들안에 하나님의 형상을 파괴한다. 그리고 이렇게 하나님의 형상을 파괴하는 것이 귀신들릴 증거이고 그들의 목적이라고 할 수 있다. 
- The demoniac himself probably was a Gentile. “Evil spirit” is literally “unclean spirit.” The man was unclean because of the demon, living in the tombs, and living in Gentile territory. The ancients believed that tombs were dwelling places for demons. The description emphasizes the destruction of his personality to the point of insanity by the demons and the ostracism and brutal treatment he had received from the people. James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 90.

6절) 그는 멀리서 주님을 보고 달려와 절하며 외쳤다. 하지만 이후의 반응과 비교해볼때 이 처음의 상태와 이후의 상태가 다르다는 사실을 알 수 있다. 처음 달려온 상태는 제정신인 상태였고 이후에는 귀신이 그를 압제한 상태인 것을 알 수 있다. 

7-8절) 광인은 이제 예수님을 향해서 “지극히 높으신 하나님의 아들 예수여”라고 호칭한다. 그리고 나서 당신은 나와 상관이 없으니 하나님 앞에 맹세하여 자신을 괴롭히지 말라고 간청한다. 그가 이렇게 이야기한 이유는 이미 에수님께서 그에게 이미 “더러운 귀신아 그사람에게서 나오라”라고 말씀하셨기 때문이다. 8절에서 예수님께서 말씀하신 것은 미완료 시제로 이미 말씀하셨는데 지금 그 귀신이 그것에 순종하지 않고 청원하고 있는 것이다. 
- Here the man seemed to speak for himself; elsewhere the demons spoke through him. Inasmuch as he was possessed, no distinction should be made. The demons employed the name and a title of Jesus in a vain attempt to render him ineffective. Just as knowing the name of a demon was thought to assist in its exorcism (cf. v. 9), likewise using the name of the exorcist was thought to hinder him (cf. 1:24; 3:11). The title “Most High God” is sometimes used in the Old Testament by a Gentile to refer to the God of Israel, and that seems to be the case here. Inasmuch as adjuration formulas were usually used by the exorcist, the one here by the possessed person and/or his demon parodies an attempt to gain the upper hand. The word “torture” probably alludes to eternal punishment following the last judgment. Verse 8 is awkward and may be Mark’s addition to the story he received from the tradition. James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 90.

9절) 예수님께서 귀신의 이름을 물으시자 그는 자신의 이름을 군대(legion)이라고 대답한다. 이는 로마의 군단을 표현하는 말로 약 6,000명의 군사들로 구성된 군 편재상 가장 큰 규모이다. 당시 축사 사역을 함에 있어서 귀신의 정체를 밝히는 것이 중요했는데 이 귀신은 자신을 군대로 표현했다. 이 말을 그대로 받는다면 이 사람에게 엄청나게 많은 귀신들이 들어가 있기에 이토록 심각한 상태에 빠져있는 것이라고 볼 수 있다. 

10절) 귀신은 자기를 그 지방에서 내보내지 마시기를 예수께 간구했다. 이로 보건데 귀신은 이미 예수님과의 싸움에서 패배를 시인하고 약간의 양보를 얻어내기를 원하고 있는 것이다. 귀신이나 우상들의 경우에 그들의 영향력이나 존재가 국소적(localized)인 경우가 많다. 

11-13절) 마침 그곳에 돼지의 큰 떼가 산 중턱에 있었다. 이에 귀신이 예수님께 자신들을 돼지에게로 보내어 들어가게 해달라고 요청하고 이를 허락하자 더러운 귀신이 돼지떼에게로 들어가며 2,000마리나 되는 떼가 바다를 향해 내리달아 바다에서 몰사하게 되었다. 이스라엘 민족에게 돼지는 불결한 짐승이라 먹지도 않고 이를 기르지도 않았다. 이로 보건데 이 돼지떼는 이방인들의 것임에 틀림없다. 초대교회에서는 이 돼지떼의 죽음에 대해서, 이방인들의 손해에 대해서 전혀 관심이 없었다. 
본문속에서 어디까지가 귀신들이 원했던 내용인지 불분명하다. 그들은 필시 광인에게서 나와서 돼지떼에로 들어가 존재하기를 원했을 것이다. 그리고 실제로 주님이 허락하신 부분은 그 광인에게서 나와서 들어가는 것 까지였고 문제는 그 이후에 그 귀신들린 돼지떼가 바다에 빠져 몰사했다는 것이다. 혹자들은 실제로 돼지들이 귀신들린 것이 아니라 축사의 과정에서 광인의 행태가 너무나 이상하고 무서워서 도망가다가 몰사했다고도 한다. 하지만 본문을 볼때 되지떼의 죽음은 예수님께서 축사의 능력이 있다는 사실을 분명하게 보여준다. 사람을 온전케 하는 것과 귀신을 축출하는 것이 돼지떼보다 훨씬 중요하다는 것을 확실하다. 
- Some have seen an ethical and ecological problem in v. 13. This and the withering of the fig tree (11:12–14, 20–21) are the only miracles of destruction attributed to Jesus in the canonical Gospels. Part of the problem is the difference in ancient and modern mentality. No first-century Jew would have had any concern for the pigs or the loss incurred by their Gentile owners. Furthermore, Jesus did not command the demons to inhabit them; he permitted them to do so. The destruction of the pigs also had a definite purpose, to dramatically symbolize the ability of Jesus to destroy the demonic in human beings. To say the least, the restoration of the demoniac and the destruction of the demons were more important than the pigs. James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 91.

질문 : 10절에서 질문하는 귀신은 단수이고 12절은 복수의 형태를 띠고 있다. 어떤 차이가 있을까? 

1997년 드레이크 목사의 이야기, 홈리스들을 교회에서 수용하면서 그는 총기소지를 허락했다.
-  In 1997 Rev. Wylie Drake was put on trial for sheltering homeless people at his church. Night after night he served food and allowed an indeterminate number of folks to sleep beneath a covered patio, defying building codes and restraining orders from the city of Buena Park, California. Neighbors complained that the homeless people frightened them, did not bother to use indoor toilets and posed a threat to their safety. Drake eventually reached an accommodation with the city that allowed him to keep the shelter open. He agreed to hire security guards and to build a permanent structure to house the homeless on church property. Two years passed quietly and Drake did not make the headlines again until May 21, 1999, when Jack Leonard reported that Drake had applied for a permit to carry a concealed weapon. Although professing a belief in nonviolence, Drake applied for the permit because the homeless population includes “dangerous criminals on probation and parole” (Los Angeles Times, May 21, 1999). Ronald J. Kernaghan, Mark, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2007), 103–104.

본문의 축사 장면은 유일하게 예수님의 명령에 불복하고 뭔가 다른 합의(이곳에서 떠나지 않도록, 돼지 떼에 들어가게 해달라)를 요청하고 있다.

본문은 한 사람이 자유케되는 것이 수많은 돼지떼의 가치보다 더욱 중요하다는 것을 보여준다. 그러면서 동시에 귀신이 몰사하게 된 것이 현실적으로는 그 마을의 경제적인 심각한 타격이었지만 그들또한 귀신들의 압제로부터 자유케 되었다는 사실을 눈으로 보여주는 중요한 이적이었음을 알 수 있다. 만약 귀신들린 사람에게서 귀신이 쫓겨 나가기는 했는데 그것이 과연 어디로, 누구에게로 들어갔는지를 정확히 알지 못했을때 그 마을의 사람들을 두려움에 떨어야 했을 것이다. 하지만 분명히 돼지떼에게로 들어갔고 그 돼지떼가 몰사한 것을 보고 이제 귀신의 압제로부터 풀려났다라는 사실을 깨달았을 것이다. 

- There is a certain security in knowing where evil is. To tie evil to a name or location creates the hope that it can be avoided. Before Jesus cast out the demonic host, the local people had a kind of awful security. They knew where evil was, and despite the screams in the night they knew how to avoid it. Avoid the man, and you could avoid the evil. Because of what Jesus did, though, this system no longer worked. Jesus’ presence constituted a threat to the structure of their community. The people of this region faced the choice of embracing Jesus and trusting his authority to order and protect them or asking him to leave and await the return of something with which they were already familiar. Not surprisingly they asked him to leave. Ronald J. Kernaghan, Mark, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2007), 105–106.


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Jesus Calms a Storm
35 nOn that day, when evening had come, he said to them, “Let us go across to the other side.” 36 And leaving the crowd, they took him with them in the boat, just as he was. And other boats were with him. 37 And a great windstorm arose, and the waves owere breaking into the boat, so that the boat was already filling. 38 But he was in the stern, asleep on the cushion. And they woke him and said to him, “Teacher, do you not care that we are perishing?” 39 And he awoke and prebuked the wind and said to the sea, “Peace! Be still!” And the wind ceased, and qthere was a great calm. 40 He said to them, “Why are you rso afraid? Have you still no faith?” 41 
And they were filled with great fear and said to one another, s“Who then is this, that even tthe wind and the sea obey him?”

n For ver. 35–41, see Matt. 8:18, 23–27; Luke 8:22–25; [John 6:16–21]
o [Acts 27:14]
p Ps. 104:7; [Luke 4:39]
q Job 38:11; Ps. 65:7; [ch. 6:51; Matt. 14:32]
r John 14:27
s [ch. 1:27]
t [Luke 5:9]
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 막 4:35–41.

35절) 날이 저물때에 제자들에게 건너편으로 건너가자라고 말씀하셨다. 왜 예수님께서 갈릴리 바다 건너편으로 배를 타고 건너가자고 말씀하셨을까? 목적지가 어디인지 본문은 정확하게 밝히지 않고 있다. 하지만 추축컨데 예수님은 지금 우리들을 피해서 한적한 곳으로 가기를 원하셨을뿐만 아니라 또한 자신의 사역의 지경을 확장하려고 건너편으로 가시고자 했던 것으로 보인다. 

36절) 예수님은 앞서 배에 올라가셔서 무리들을 향해 가르치셨다.(4:1) 본문에서 보건데 예수님은 지금 그 자리를 떠나지 않은 상태에서 그배를 그대로 이용해서 건너편으로 이동하신 것이다. 

37절) 실제로 갈릴리 호수는 수면이 지표면보다 낮은 상태로 산에 둘러싸여 있는데 강한 바람이 불면 풍랑이 매우 강해진다. 

38절) 배로 이동하는 동안 예수님께서는 고물(선미)에서 베게를 베고 주무셨다. 그런데 이때 제자들이 예수님을 깨웠다. 그들이 감당할 수 없는 강력한 풍랑으로 인해서 두려움 가운데 예수님께 도움을 청한 것이다. 이렇게 흔들리는 배 안에서 예수님이 잠드셨다는 것은 그분이 계속되는 일정과 무리들을 향한 가르침으로 인해서 매우 피곤하셨기 때문이다. 본문은 예수님의 인성을 우리에게 명백하게 보여준다. 뿐만 아니라 제자들중에 어부들이 많았는데 배를 타는 것에 전문가인 제자들조차 두려워 떠는 상황에서 주님은 평안가운데 쉬고 계셨던 것이다. 
- Not a few have compared the sleeping of Jesus and Jonah. It is, however, a mere coincidence and in no way implies that the story is modeled upon that of Jonah or a passage in Psalms, such as 89:9; 106:9; or 107:23–25. Jesus’ sleeping does suggest confidence in God (cf. Ps 3:5; 4:8; Prov 3:24). Furthermore Jesus’ sleeping is one of many indications in Mark of his humanity. The disciples’ question strongly rebukes Jesus and is another example of Mark’s candor, which Matt 8:25 and Luke 8:24 tone down. Note Moffatt’s rendering: “Teacher, are we to drown, for all you care?” The verse contains the first of twelve times Jesus is addressed or described as “Teacher” (also 5:35; 9:17, 38; 10:17, 20, 35; 12:14, 19, 32; 13:1; 14:14). The similar term “Rabbi” is used in 9:5 (10:51, “Rabboni” in Greek, but not the NIV); 11:21; 14:45. The verb “to teach” is used with reference to Jesus fifteen times (see the references in the comments on 1:21). Obviously Mark emphasized that Jesus was an authoritative teacher. Even so, it is doubtful that “Teacher” should be treated as a Christological title in the same way that “Son of God” or “Son of Man” are.
NIV New International Version
 James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 87.

39절) 예수님께서 깨셔서 바람을 꾸짖으시며 바다를 향해서 “잠잠하라. 고요하라.”라고 말씀하셨다. 이에 말씀하신대로 바람이 그치고 매우 잠잠해졌다. 본문에 꾸짖다. 고요하라라는 단어는 앞서 1:25절에서 귀신을 쫓으실때 이미 사용하신 표현이다. 고요하라(be still)이라는 표현은 ‘페피모소’라는 헬라어로 재갈을 물리다라는 의미를 지닌다. 
- Jesus displays his divine power over nature. In the OT, God calms the waves (Job 12:15; Ps. 33:7) and the storm (Job 28:25; Ps. 107:25–30; Amos 4:13). Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 1901.

40절) 예수님께서는 풍랑을 잔잔하게 하시고 나서 제자들에게 “어찌하여 이렇게 무서워하느냐 너희가 어찌 믿음이 없느냐?”라고 말씀하신다. 이는 지금 제자들의 반응을 볼때 예수님의 능력을 믿음으로 평안과 안정감을 누린 것이 아니라 무서워하고 두려워했다는 것을 알 수 있다. 결국 제자들의 믿음 없음은 그들로 하여금 두려움에 빠지게 한 것이다. 반대로 우리가 우리가 믿는 하나님, 예수님에 대한 온전한 믿음을 가질때에야만 비로소 풍랑속에서도 평안을 누릴 수 있게 되는 것이다. 

41절) 제자들이 심히 두려워하면서 서로 “그가 누구이기에 바람과 바다도 순종하느가?”라고 물었다. 이는 이 이적을 목격했음에도 불구하고 지금 그들에게는 온전한 믿음이 없었다는 것을 말한다. 마가복음 전체를 통해서 볼때 예수님의 죽음과 부활이전에 제자들은 여전히 예수님이 진정 누구이신지에 대한 올바른 이해가 없었던 것으로 보인다. 지금 제자들의 두려움은 예수님에 대한 온전한 이해에서 오는 경외라기 보다는 이러한 신적인 능력을 발휘하시는 것에 대한 두려움이었다. 
본문은 자연도 주님의 능력앞에 순종하는 것을 보여주며 또한 주님께서 당신의 사람들을 보호하고 돌보신 다는 사실을 우리에게 보여준다. 

앞서 예수님께서 놀라운 가르침을 펼치시고, 문둥병을 고치시고, 죄사함의 권능을 보이실 뿐만 아니라 자신의 대적자들과 변증하시는 것을 보여주셨다. 또한 귀신들린 자를 고치시고 다양한 비유로 가르치셨다. 하지만 그럼에도 불구하고 여전히 제자들은 그분이 누구이신지에 대한 올바른 믿음을 가지고 있지 못한 것이다. 앞서 다른 이적과의 다른 점은 이 주님의 능력을 보고 제자들이 두려워했다는 것이다. 앞서 2:12에서는 병고침의 이적 이후에 하나님께 영광을 돌렸다. 예수님께서 함께 하심에도 불구하고 두려워하는 제자들의 모습은 지금 그들이 예수님에 대해 가지고 있는 믿음, 이해가 잘못되어 있다는 것을 깨닫게 해준다. 우리들도 많은 것들을 배우고 경험하고 행한다고 할 지라도 우리가 감당할 수 없는 두려움에 직면하게 될때 우리의 믿음의 방향과 크기가 어떠한지를 깨닫게 될 것이다. 
- At this point in the development of the story none of Jesus’ followers understood who he was. They had seen his dynamic teaching (1:21–28), witnessed his power to heal the worst of diseases (1:40–45), heard him claim to be the Son of Man with power on earth to forgive sin (2:10), watched him confound his enemies (2:23–28), received authority to cast out unclean spirits (3:15) and learned his parables (4:1–34). Yet his claim to be the Son of Man must have been confusing since there is no reference in the Old Testament to the Son of Man appearing on earth. He is an eschatological figure who appears only at the end of history. Furthermore, nowhere in the Old Testament is the Son of Man ever associated with the Messiah or the Son of God. And as far as their new authority is concerned, it was a power the Twelve had yet to test. To expect the disciples to understand who Jesus was is stretching things a good deal.
What then did Jesus expect of them? His rebuke in 4:40 indicates that faith is the issue. But if their fear is not to be undervalued and if it is too early to expect them to perceive Jesus’ identity, then what does it mean to believe? Doubt, which is usually cast as the opposite of faith, is not part of this story, nor does it appear in the following accounts. In fact, in the miracle stories of 4:35–5:43 the opposite of faith is always fear. This is no small distinction. It is common to affirm, for instance, that faith is necessary in order to see or experience a miracle. That idea is consistent to some extent with the notion that doubt is the opposite of faith. In the account of Jesus’ calming the storm, however, the disciples were rescued by a miracle even though they lacked faith. If fear is the opposite of faith, how do we believe?
There is a new kind of tension in this pericope. The earlier miracles contained seeds of conflict that matured into intractable opposition. Here, however, there is a lot of tension, but neither the teachers of the law, the leaders of the synagogues nor the traditions of the people are anywhere in evidence. The tension in this event is between Jesus and his own followers. Their fear of death and his undisturbed sleep generate the conflict. Jesus slept unconcerned, while they bailed furiously in fear of their lives.
Unlike the earlier miracles, this one has two focal points. The first one is consistent with all the earlier accounts in that it demonstrates the power of the kingdom of God. When Jesus rebuked the sea and commanded the wind to be silent, he revealed a new aspect about the kingdom of God. He spoke to the storm as though it were a demonic power (Guelich 1989:267). As he had already demonstrated his authority over the demonic powers in people, here Jesus revealed his authority over the demonic or chaotic in nature.
That much is clear when he rebuked the wind. That rebuke is followed by a second one, and the abrupt words he spoke to his disciples signal two fundamental changes in the form of the miracle story. Instead of ending on a note of praise, as the healing of the paralytic did (2:12), this one ends in fear. The disciples were terrified, even more afraid after Jesus spoke to them than they had been during the storm. Terrified they asked: Who is this? Even the wind and the waves obey him! The account of this miracle does not have a conclusion that resolves all the points of tension. In fact, if we take the comment that Jesus accompanied them just as he was, in the boat (4:36) as an indication of the disciples’ settled view of Jesus, there is more confusion and less resolution at the end of the story than at its beginning.

 Ronald J. Kernaghan, Mark, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2007), 101–102.

본문, 풍랑을 진압하시는 이 장면또한 비유로 해석할 수 있지 않을까? 예수님은 지금 이 두려움의 상황속에서 자신의 신성을 보여주실 것에 대한 계획조차 가지고 계셨던 것은 아닐까? 저편으로 건너가자 하신 이유가 많은 무리들을 떠나는 것만이 아니라 자신을 따르는 무리들에게 자신이 누구인지를 좀더 명확히 보여주시고자하는 이유가 있지 않았을까??
- If the miracles are parables, we have an answer to the question of what Jesus expected of the people in the boat with him. It was on the basis of his word, let us go over to the other side, that they found themselves in this predicament. Jesus expected them to ask something like the question in 4:10. That is to say, he did not expect them to leap over their fear and confusion to confess him as Messiah and Son of God. He expected them to ask him what to do or how to pray or where they could turn. That was the kind of thing they did when they asked him what his parable meant, but fear had turned their faith into sarcasm. The question don’t you care if we drown? is not the stuff of faith—it is an accusation. Ronald J. Kernaghan, Mark, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2007), 103.



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The Parable of the Mustard Seed
30 fAnd he said, “With what can we compare the kingdom of God, or what parable shall we use for it? 31 It is like ga grain of mustard seed, which, when sown on the ground, is the smallest of all the seeds on earth, 32 yet when it is sown it grows up and becomes larger than all the garden plants and puts out large branches, so that the birds of the air can make nests in its shade.” 33 hWith many such parables he spoke ithe word to them, jas they were able to hear it. 34 
He did not speak to them kwithout a parable, but lprivately to his own disciples he mexplained everything.

f For ver. 30–32, see Matt. 13:31, 32; Luke 13:18, 19
g Matt. 17:20; Luke 17:6
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 막 4:30–34.

30-32절) 하나님 나라에 대한 마가의 세번째 비유, 겨자씨
이 비유의 핵심은 바로 하나님 나라가 아주 작고 인식하지 못하는 방식으로 임한다는 것이다. 
겨자씨가 땅위에 심길때 모든 씨보다 작지만 이것이 심긴 이후에 자라면 모든 풀보다 커지며 큰 가지를 이루어서 공중의 새들이 그 그늘에 깃들일 수 있게 된다. 천국도 이와 같다. 그 처음은 인식하지 못할 정도로 미미한 과정으로 시작되지만 그 역동성과 생명력으로 자라갈때 결국 큰 숲을 이루어 많은 이들이 그 영향력속에서 쉼을 누릴 수 있게 되는 것이다. 
본문을 문자 그대로 해석하면 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 겨자씨가 가장 작은 씨는 아니다. 또한 10-12feets 정도의 크기로 가장 큰 나무도 아니다. 본문이 강조하는 것은 사람들이 가장 인식하기 좋은 예를 들어서 그 시작과 끝의 차이가 현저하다는 사실을 강조하기 위함이다. 
- The metaphor emphasizes small beginnings and gradual but remarkable growth (cf. note on Luke 17:20). The nesting of birds in the shadow of the grown bush points to divine blessing (cf. Judg. 9:8–15; Ps. 91:1–2; Ezek. 17:22–24). Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 1901.

- Undoubtedly emphasis falls on the contrast between the small beginning and the enormous consummation of the kingdom. The mustard seed was not the smallest seed in Palestine, but it was one of the smaller and was proverbial for smallness. (As usual the Bible does not give a technical or scientific description but a popular one. In doing so the Bible is guilty of no error whatsoever.) Although an herb, the mustard plant could grow to heights of ten to twelve feet and attain a thickness of three or four inches. The difference between the tiny seed and the huge herb that grows from it is an excellent illustration of the difference between the beginning and end of the manifestation of the kingdom of God. Mark and his readers/hearers were much nearer to the beginning than the end. Nor is the greatness of the kingdom readily apparent nineteen centuries later!
Some have questioned, however, whether the growth depicted by the parable is desirable. They have claimed that an abnormally large herb with its branches filled with birds (sometimes symbols of evil) represents an overgrown, apostate, institutional church. Such an interpretation is, however, completely at odds with the meaning of the parables of the soil and the seed and the meaning of the term “kingdom of God.” Furthermore, growth is not the main emphasis; contrast between the beginning and the end is the main point of comparison. It is barely possible that the birds represent the inclusion of the Gentiles. In Dan 4:10–12 and Ezek 31:3–14 a tree symbolizes a foreign empire; and birds, those who enjoy its protection. In Ezek 17:22–24 the tree symbolizes restored Israel, and the birds symbolize those who enjoy its blessing.

 James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 85–86.

당시 많은 이들은 메시야와 하나님 나라의 도래가 격변적으로 임하기를 원했다. 하지만 예수님께서는 천둥과 번개와 같은 상황속에서가 아니라 아주 잠잠한 가운데 겨자씨와 같이 보잘것 없어 보이는 작은 모습으로 하나님 나라가 시작될 것을 말씀하신다. 하지만 중요한 것은 그것이 심겨졌을때, 생명력있게 자라나면 결국 큰 나무를 이루게 되고 많은 이들이 그 속에서 쉼을 얻게 된다는 것이다. 우리가 바라는 형태가 아닌 작은 모습으로 임하는 하나님 나라를 우리는 인지할 안목을 가지고 있는가? 
- The parable of the mustard seed points to another surprise. The popular expectation in the first century envisioned the kingdom arriving as a cataclysmic event. Jesus’ contemporaries would have been more likely to compare it to a thunderstorm than a mustard seed, but there is nothing overwhelming or abrupt about a mustard seed. It is so small as to be insignificant, but it eventually produces a plant so large that the birds of the air take refuge in its shade. This parable contrasts a small and unexpected beginning with a much larger consummation. This comparison leads in turn to the possibility that the kingdom of God might be present, although unnoticed by people looking for something else.*
* 4:32 Based on similar language in the Greek version of Ezekiel 31:6, Markus suggests that the birds in the parable of the mustard seed symbolize the Gentiles (1999:324). There is, however, no fixed symbolism attached to birds in biblical literature, as a comparison with Mark 4:4–15 demonstrates, and this parable does not exhibit any of the allegorical characteristics of the parable of the soils.
 Ronald J. Kernaghan, Mark, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2007), 99.

33-34절) 예수님께서 많은 비유로 말씀하셨는데 이는 비유가 대적하는 자들에게는 가려졌고 따르는 이들에게는 천국의 비밀을 알리는 매우 훌륭한 도구이기 때문이다. 비유가 아니면 말씀하시지 않았다라는 말은 과장법이다. 오직 그분이 가르침은 비유로만 하셨다는 것이 아니라 그만큼 비유를 사용하시기를 좋아하셨다는 말이다. 



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The Parable of the Seed Growing
26 And he said, c“The kingdom of God is as if a man should scatter seed on the ground. 27 He sleeps and rises night and day, and the seed sprouts and grows; dhe knows not how. 28 The earth produces by itself, first the blade, then the ear, then the full grain in the ear. 29 
But when the grain is ripe, at once ehe puts in the sickle, because the harvest has come.”

c [Matt. 13:24–30]
d [Eccles. 11:5, 6]
e Joel 3:13; Rev. 14:15
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 막 4:26–29.

5 바람의 길이 어떠함과 아이 밴 자의 태에서 뼈가 어떻게 자라는지를 네가 알지 못함 같이 만사를 성취하시는 하나님의 일을 네가 알지 못하느니라
6 너는 아침에 씨를 뿌리고 저녁에도 손을 놓지 말라 이것이 잘 될는지, 저것이 잘 될는지, 혹 둘이 다 잘 될는지 알지 못함이니라
 The Holy Bible: New Korean Revised Version, electronic ed. (South Korea, n.d.), 전 11:5–6.

26-29절) 본문의 비유는 마가복음에만 등장한다. 하나님 나라에 대한 비유로 하나님 나라는 사람이 씨를 땅에 뿌리는 것과 같다고 한다. 뿌려진 씨앗은 농부가 밤낮 자고 깨는 중에 씨가 나서 자라게 되는데 어떻게 그렇게 되는지 알지 못한다. 땅이 스스로 열매를 맺게 되는데 처음에는 싹이나고 다음은 이삭이 나고 이후에 충실한 곡식이 맺히게 된다. 이에 열매가 익으면 낫을 가지고 추수를 하게 되는 것이다. 
본문은 땅에 대한 비유로 씨를 뿌리는 사람, 씨앗, 추수의 요소가 포함된다. 본문에서 강조되는 것은 농부의 역할이 최소화된다는 것이다. 씨앗이 자라는 것에 농부의 역할은 거의 없다. 기독교인들의 메시지도 마찬가지이다. 우리들이 씨앗을 뿌리는 노력을 함에도 불구하고 그것이 열매 맺혀지는것은 전적으로 하나님의 손에 맡겨진 것으로 마치 땅이 스스로 열매를 맺는것처럼 보여지게 되는 것이다. 하나님의 나라는 하나님의 도움없이 인간의 노력만으로 도래하지 않는다. 결국 본문의 방점은 추수때가 도래한다는데에 있다. 이 추수때는 마지막 때에 심판의 날이 임할 것을 의미한다. 예수님께서는 이 이야기(비유)를 통해서 자신들의 메시지가 거절당하는 경험을 하고 하나님의 나라가 반드시 도래한다는 것에 대한 하나님의 신비한 목적을 제대로 이해하지 못하는 제자들을 격려하시고 계신다. 씨앗이 뿌려지고 이것이 자라나는 것은 아주 더디게 일어나는 일이다. 이를 위해서 뭔가 노력을 시도하지만 농부의 노력으로 이루어지는 것이 아니다. 이러한 상황에서 낙담할 수 있는 제자들에게 우리의 능력없음에도 불구하고 결국에는 땅이 스스로 열매를 맺게 될 것이고 추수때, 심판의 때가 임할 것이기에 낙심하지 말라는 것이다. 
- This parable is found exclusively in Mark. Though it shares several elements with the earlier parable of the soils—a man scattering seed, the seed, the harvest—the allegorical identifications operative in that parable should not be read into this parable. The parable of the seed growing by itself has its own unique message to convey. Determining the precise focus of the parable is difficult. The sower plays a minimal role. Furthermore, the seed grows without his effort (or lack of effort) and in a way that is a mystery. The success of the Christian message similarly does not depend upon human effort or understanding—though Christians certainly need to scatter the seed—but upon divine power. It will succeed precisely because God is active. The kingdom cannot be precipitated by revolutionary activity or any other human effort unaided by God. A word of caution is necessary however. The idea of a gradual but inevitable coming of the kingdom of God is not taught by this parable or any other but is a later idea. The end emphasis and perhaps primary focus of the parable is the assurance of the harvest. The harvest almost certainly represents the judgment at the end of the age. Even so the concern is not the condemnation of the wicked (cf. Joel 3:13) but the manifestation of the righteous. Jesus by telling the story—and Mark by recording it—encouraged disciples who were experiencing rejection of their message and frustration at their lack of understanding of God’s mysterious purposes that God’s kingdom would surely come. James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 84–85.

씨앗은 그 자체로 생명을 가지고 있다. 농부는 이로 인해 잠을 잘 수 있다. 이 비유는 하나님의 나라가 갑자기 임하지 않고 하나님나라의 도래에 우리의 순종보다 하나님의 은혜가 중요하다는 것을 알려준다. 땅은 그저 씨앗이 자라는 매개체일 뿐이다. 이 비유는 일반적인 하나님 나라의 비유와는 다른 점을 강조한다. 첫째는 땅의 상태보다 식물의 성장에 하나님의 은혜, 통치가 더 중요하다. 둘째는 완전한 순종을 기다리지 않는다는 것이고 셋째는 하나님의 나라가 당장에 도래하는 것이 아니라는 것이다. 이러한 이유로 많은 학자들은 하나님의 나라보다 하나님의 법칙이라고 말하는 것을 선호한다. 
- The parable of the seed growing by itself compares the kingdom of God to the growth of a seed. The seed grows in stages according to its own timetable (Dahl 1952:141–43), and the arrival of the harvest is not the result of human activity: All by itself the soil produces grain. In this parable soil does not refer to people, nor does the growth of the seed depend upon human activity. Soil is simply the medium in which growth takes place. How it grows is a mystery. The seed has a life of its own, and the farmer can sleep in this knowledge. This parable suggests that the kingdom of God does not arrive all at once and that its coming is more a matter of God’s grace than of our obedience. This is a significant departure from the rabbinic teachings we examined in connection with 2:23–3:6, in which the obedience of all the people of Israel was the precondition for the arrival of the kingdom of God. In this parable Jesus distinguishes his teaching about the kingdom of God in several ways: the rule of God is more like the growth of a plant than a geographic entity; it does not wait for perfect obedience; and it does not arrive all at once. For these reasons many scholars prefer to speak of the rule of God rather than the kingdom of God. Ronald J. Kernaghan, Mark, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2007), 98–99.

우리는 땅에 씨를 뿌리지만 우리가 할 수 있는 것은 이 행동을 하고 기다리며 땅이 어떻게 스스로 열매를 내는지를 바라보는 것이다. 더디지만 이러한 성장은 반드시 이루어질 것이며 그 때는 임할 것임을 본문은 우리에게 보여준다. 씨뿌리는 비유에서는 좋은 땅이 될 것을 이야기하지만 본문에서는 땅의 상태가 아니라 땅이 스스로, 땅의 어떠함에는 관심을 기울이지 않는 것을 볼 수 있다. 또한 인간의 노력을 배제한 하나님의 역사하심을 강조한다. 
어찌보면 앞서 이야기한 씨부리는 비유와 강조점이 다른 것으로 보인다. 우리가 하나님 나라를 가르치고 설교할때도 이 광대함으로 인해서 일면만을 강조할 수는 없다. 우리의 순종과 노력을 강조해야할 때도 있는가하면 우리의 순종보다 하나님의 일하심을 기대해야할 때도 있는 것이다. 



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A Lamp Under a Basket
21 wAnd he said to them, x“Is a lamp brought in to be put under a basket, or under a bed, and not on a stand? 22 yFor nothing is hidden except to be made manifest; nor is anything secret except to come to light. 23 zIf anyone has ears to hear, let him hear.” 24 And he said to them, “Pay attention to what you hear: awith the measure you use, it will be measured to you, and still more will be added to you. 25 bFor to the one who has, more will be given, and from the one who has not, even what he has will be taken away.” 

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 막 4:21–25.

병행구절 (마 5:15; 눅 8:16-18)

21절) 사람이 등불을 가져오는 이유가 그릇이나 침상 밑에 두기 위함이냐 아니면 등경위에 두기 위함이냐? 
원래 원어상에는 “The lamp does not come.”라고 표현되어 있다. 등불이 어떻게 온다는 것인가? 본문에서 등불은 예수님뿐만 아니라 예수님께서 알려주시기 원하는 하나님 나라를 표현한다. 예수님과 하나님 나라는 감추어지기 위해서가 아니라 드러내기 위해서 임한 것이다. 
- The claim of the preceding paragraph can be seen in the Greek text, a literal translation of which is, “The lamp does not come.” How can a lamp30 “come”? Some have tried to explain Mark’s term as a Semitism, but the best explanation is that the lamp represents either Jesus31 as well as the parables with which he taught or the kingdom of God that drew near with his coming. Jesus and the kingdom did not come to be hidden but to be revealed to all. Such revelation, however, could not be made fully until after Jesus’ death and resurrection.
30 Ancient lamps consisted of a bowl filled with olive oil and having a spout in which a wick was laid. The KJV translation “candle” is an anachronism because candles were not invented until the Middle Ages.
31 The presence of the definite article before the word “lamp” supports this interpretation.
 James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 84.

22절) "숨겨 둔 것은 드러나고, 감추어 둔 것은 나타나기 마련이다.”(새번역) 
결국 등불은 잠시동안 숨겨졌고 감추어져 있다. 예수님과 하나님 나라가 그러하다는 것이다. 예수님께서는 이후의 그분의 부활을 통해서 밝히 드러나셨다. 하지만 하나님의 나라는 영화때까지 완전히 드러나지 않을 것이다. 
- The statement seems to contradict v. 21 by indicating that a lamp may be hidden temporarily. Jesus and the kingdom were in fact concealed temporarily. Jesus was fully revealed following his resurrection, but the kingdom will not be fully realized until the consummation. This verse informs the “messianic secret,” indicating that Jesus intended a definite limit on it. James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 84.

이 말씀을 하시는 예수님께서 숨기신 것이 무엇인가? 마가는 예수님께서 비유를 사용하심으로 하나님 나라에 대한 교훈을 숨기셨다고 말한다. 비유에 대한 두가지 긴장이 존재한다. 첫째는 예수님께서 자신이나 하나님 나라 혹은 그분의 메시지를 스스로 숨기려고 오신 것이 아니라는 것이다. 둘째로 22절에서 말하는 것처럼 숨기는 이유는 이를 드러내기 위함이라는 것이다. 
- The speaker in this case is Jesus, and the question is, What has he hidden? In the Gospel of Mark the only thing that Jesus has hidden is his teaching about the kingdom of God, and he has hidden it in parables. These verses then are actually a collection of sayings about parables. They affirm two things that stand together in considerable tension. The first is that Jesus has not come to hide himself (Schweizer 1970:98), the kingdom of God (Anderson 1976:136) or even his message (Gundry 1993:212). Second, 4:22 paradoxically affirms that the purpose of hiding something is to reveal it. And after these two assertions we encounter once again the command to pay attention. Ronald J. Kernaghan, Mark, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2007), 95.

23-24절) 23절은 앞선 9절과 유사하다.  너희가 듣는 것에 주의를 기울여라. 너희가 헤아리는 그 헤아림으로 너희가 헤아림을 받을 것이고 더 받을 것이다.(마 7:2; 눅 6:38)  
- If the hearer embraces Jesus’ message of the kingdom in a rich and profound way, then still more will be added to you—that is, God will take up residence in that heart and give increased understanding and blessing, both in this age and in the age to come. Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 1900.

25절) 있는 자는 더 받을 것이고 없는 자는 그 있는 것도 빼앗길 것이다. 본문은 물질에 대한 부분이 아니라 앞서 계속 강조한 예수님과 하나님 나라에 대한 앎을 이야기한다. 누구든지 예수님과 하나님 나라에 대한 바른 이해를 가진 사람들은 점점 더 많은 하나님의 은혜를 받게 될 것이지만 하나님 나라에 대해서 관심이 없는 사람들은 점점 더 그 은혜와 하나님의 복으로부터 멀어질 것이다. 
- This verse is both a promise and a warning about understanding the parables. Whoever acquires some understanding and wants more will receive more. Proper understanding will lead to accepting Jesus and entering the kingdom and to more and more blessings from God. Those who have no interest in parables and the kingdom about which they teach will soon find themselves further from it than before they ever heard about it. James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 84.

- Parables are the language of faith. What is distinctive about faith, from Mark’s perspective, is indicated in the parable of the soils. Faith is welcoming the word, receiving it with joy, letting it take root, and above all else persevering in the face of adversity. It is not something that originates in us. Like Paul in Romans 10:17, Mark thinks of faith as originating with the Word of God. Insofar as faith involves hearing and acting, the parables are a way of communicating that is particularly suited to what Mark wants to communicate. Faith involves both hearing and acting, and Jesus’ parables are figures of speech that provoke a response. One kind of response leads to judgment, while another kind leads to more faith.
We might also think of parables in terms of the distinction that is sometimes drawn between objective and subjective faith. Objective faith refers to what we believe. The Apostles’ Creed, the Westminster Confession and the Barmen Declaration are examples of objective faith. Subjective faith, on the other hand, refers to how we believe; it is a matter of the affections and encompasses the elements of trust, personal commitment, perseverance and loyalty that we have in mind when we say that someone is a faithful person.
In the last 150 years a number of theological systems have been built upon either the objective or subjective aspect of faith. As Mark presents them, however, the parables of Jesus are a medium for faith in which the objective and subjective elements are treated as an indivisible whole. There is something objective that Jesus wants to talk about: the word or, more precisely, the word about the kingdom of God. But the people who hear the parables cannot understand what is being said unless they exercise the subjective elements of faith. From this point forward in the Gospel, Jesus does not put his teaching out so that it can be understood objectively. The word about the rule of God is not a matter for idle curiosity. To understand the gospel people must respond by welcoming, acting and persevering.

 Ronald J. Kernaghan, Mark, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2007), 97–98.

오늘 본문속에서 드러나게 되는 등불은 예수님과 하나님 나라의 비밀인데 이것은 결국 드러나게 될 것이라는 것이다. 있는 자는 더 받고 없는 자는 있는 것도 빼앗기게 된다고 말씀하시는데 이는 앞서 씨뿌리는 비유와 연결된다. 말씀을 듣고 이를 받아들여 뿌리가 내려 열매를 맺기 위해서는 말씀을 듣고 이에 순종해서 행해야 한다. 이 과정은 즉석에서 일어나는 과정이 아니라 오랜 인내와 노력을 거쳐야 하는 것이다. 믿음은 나로부터 나오는 것이 아니라 들음을 통해서, 그리고 들은 그 말씀을 행하는 과정을 통해서 드러나게 되는데 이처럼 이를 행하는 사람은 더 큰 믿음의 자리로 나아가게 되는 것이며 반대로 듣지 않는자는 점점더 믿음의 자리와 멀어지게 되는 것이다. 앞서 예수님께서 많은 비유를 말씀하시지만 사람들이 이 모든 것을 이해하고 깨닫는 것은 아니었다. 결국 두 부류로 나뉘어 지는데 inside and outside로 나뉘어지게 된다. 예수님에 대한 믿음, 하나님나라의 가치관 안에 있는 자들은 더욱더 그분을 알기 위해서 나아온다. 제자들은 주님께 나아와 비유의 의미를 묻고 주님은 그 비유를 해석해 주신다. 우리 또한 더 깊은 깨달음 가운데 나아가기 위해서 주님앞에 나아와 물어야 한다. 이 성경의 말씀의 의미가 무엇이면 나를 둘러싼 상황가운데 하나님께서 원하시는 것이 무엇인지를 물을때 주님께서는 우리에게 말씀하시고 친히 가르치실 것이다. 


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The Purpose of the Parables
10 And ewhen he was alone, those around him with the twelve asked him about the parables. 11 And he said to them, f“To you has been given gthe secret of the kingdom of God, but for hthose outside everything is in parables, 12 
iso that
“ ‘they jmay indeed see but not perceive,
and may indeed hear but not understand,
lest they kshould turn and be forgiven.’ ”
13 lAnd he said to them, “Do you not understand this parable? How then will you understand all the parables? 14 mThe sower sows nthe word. 15 And these are the ones along the path, where the word is sown: when they hear, Satan immediately comes and takes away the word that is sown in them. 16 And these are the ones sown on rocky ground: the ones who, when they hear the word, immediately receive it owith joy. 17 And they have no root in themselves, but pendure for a while; then, when tribulation or persecution arises on account of the word, immediately qthey fall away.1 18 And others are the ones sown among thorns. They are those who hear the word, 19 but rthe cares of sthe world and tthe deceitfulness of riches and the desires for other things enter in and choke the word, and it proves unfruitful. 20 
But those that were sown on the good soil are the ones who hear the word and accept it and ubear fruit, vthirtyfold and sixtyfold and a hundredfold.”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 막 4:10–20.

비유는 여러가지 목적을 가지고 있다. 불경하고 무관심한 자들에게는 그 진리를 가리는 역할을 하고 말씀에 관심을 가지는 이들에게는 전 삶을 드리고 따를 만한 깨달음을 주기도 한다. 
- Just as parables have many forms, they have many purposes. At this point Mark chose a saying of Jesus that indicates one of them, to veil the truth from those who are profane or indifferent, who could not profit from it, who would only distort it. Others, however, claim that Jesus spoke the words on another occasion and that they originally applied to his entire ministry and not just to his teaching in parables as Mark indicates. This is possible and perhaps even probable. James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 82.

11절) 비유에 대하여 묻는 이들에게 하나님 나라의 비밀을 알려주시나 외인들에게는 모든 것을 비유(수수께끼)로 하셨다. 
본문의 비밀은 마 13:11, 눅 8:10에만 등장한다. 바울 서신에서는 21번, 계시록에는 4번 등장하는 단어로 바울은 이 비밀이라는 단어를 과거에는 알려지지 않은 진리를 의미할때 사용했다. 이는 오직 신적인 계시를 통해서만 알 수 있는 것이라고 했다. 하나님께서 당신의 아들을 주심으로 그 진리를 드러내셨다. 예수님 당시의 유대인들은 이 사실을 깨닫지 못했다. 그들에게 있어서 비유를 포함해서 예수님에 관한 모든 것은 수수께끼였다. 
- The word “secret” (“mystery,” NASB) is found in the Gospels only here and in the parallels in Matt 13:11 and Luke 8:10. It appears, however, twenty-one times in Paul’s letters and four in Revelation. Paul used it to mean a truth that was not known in the past, that cannot be known apart from divine revelation, and that has recently been revealed by God. This meaning best explains the present passage. The “secret” or better “revealed truth” is that the kingdom of God has drawn near in Jesus Christ. Note the term “kingdom of God” in vv. 26, 30. God (implied by the passive voice) revealed the truth to some. Certainly the vast majority of the Jews of Jesus’ day did not realize that. To them everything about Jesus, including his parables, was a riddle. Indeed the word parabolē near the end of v. 11 probably means riddles. “Those on the outside,” however, should not be limited to Jews. The expression includes all unbelievers. James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 82–83.

12절) 예수님께서는 사 6:9-10을 직접 인용하시면서 비유로 말씀하신다. 본문에 이는이라고 번역된 단어는 히브리어로 ‘히나’인데 이 단어를 so that 혹은 as a result로 번역할 수 있다. 어느것으로 번역하느냐에 따라서 그 의미가 다르다. 이사야서의 의미는 다음과 같다. 하나님께서 선지자에게 이것이 거절당할지라도 그분의 메시지를 전하라고 말씀하셨다. 인식함 없이 보고 깨달음 없이 듣는 것 그리고 돌이키고 죄사함을 받는 것에 실패하는 것은 그의 메시지의 목적이 아니라 결과였습니다. 그래서 이 본문을 제대로 이해하려면 앞의 ‘히나’를 결과적으로(as a result)로 해석하는 것이 합당하다. 
- Some have sought to avoid the conclusion that Jesus used parables to hide the truth by claiming that Mark or someone before him mistranslated Jesus’ Aramaic word “so that” rather than “who.” This is a possible explanation, but a better one focuses on the meaning of the quotation from Isa 6:9–10. God told the prophet to deliver his message even though it would be rejected. The seeing without perceiving, the hearing without understanding, and the failure to turn and be forgiven (Isaiah wrote “be healed”) were the result, not the purpose, of his message. So it was also with the parables of Jesus. Therefore the Greek word hina (translated “so that” in the NIV) at the beginning of v. 12 ought to be translated “as a result.” This is a well-established meaning. Jesus did not speak in parables for the purpose of withholding truth from anyone; but the result of his parables, the rest of his teaching, and even his miracles was that most did not understand and respond positively. He did speak in parables to provoke thought and invite commitment. Therefore parables are more than mere illustrations. They constitute spiritual tests that separate those who understand and believe from those who do not. Still another possibility is to translate hina “that is” (cf. its use in 9:12). This rendering and the translation “as a result” do not differ greatly.
NIV New International Version
 James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 83.


14-20절) 씨부리는 비유에 대한 예수님의 해석
- The sower in the parable (vv. 4–8) primarily represents Jesus but in a secondary sense every faithful preacher of the gospel. The various soils represent human hearts. The inhospitable hearts in the parable gradually become more receptive (from indifferent, to opportunistic, to very interested), but nevertheless remain preoccupied with the cares of their present life in rebellion against God’s true purposes. The good soil represents a consistently attentive and accepting heart. (See further the extended explanation in the note on Luke 8:15.) Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 1900.

씨앗은 하나님의 말씀이다. 
토양은 서로다른 4가지 부류의 사람들이다. 
새들은 사탄을 상징하고 해는 환난과 핍박을 상징한다. 
가시는 세상에 대한 근심이다. 
좋은 땅은 말씀을 듣고 이를 받아들이고 결실을 맺는 사람들을 말한다. 
20절의 받아들인다라는 말의 의미는 진실로 인정하다 또는 사랑하다라는 의미이다. 많은 이들이 이 비유를 들었지만 소수의 사람만이 이 비유의 이야기를 심각하게 받아들이고 이를 깨닫고 삶으로 살아낸 것이다. 
- Mark provides the interpretation for the parable of the soils, but leaves the other four parables in 4:21–32 unexplained. We are left to ponder how to understand them.
The interpretation casts the parable as an allegory. Most of its details have some larger meaning outside the parable itself. The seed is the word, and in the context of this Gospel it could be either a word about the kingdom or any word of God. The soil refers to four different kinds of people. The birds represent Satan. The scorching sun symbolizes trouble and persecution. The thorns point to the cares of the world. And the good soil is the people who hear, accept and produce.
Everyone hears the same word initially. The good soil, however receives the word in a way that the other three do not. The Greek word translated “accept” (4:20) is an intensive verb that can also mean “acknowledge as true” or even “love.” This is a parable about hearing, and out of the large crowd that came to listen, one smaller group can be distinguished from the rest. It was composed of those who accepted what they had heard and acknowledged that they did not understand it. Presumably, the rest of the crowd either reached the same conclusion or decided that the parable had no significance. Those who became disciples, however, did something else. They acted upon what they heard and asked what it meant.

 Ronald J. Kernaghan, Mark, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2007), 92–93.

결국 좋은 땅의 수확량은 인내와 관계되어 있다. 돌밭에서는 씨앗이 발아는 했지만 뿌리가 없어 말랐고 가시밭에서는 자라기는 했지만 다른 관심들로 결실하지 못하게 된다. 오직 좋은 땅에 뿌려진 씨앗만이 이 모든 과정을 견뎌내고 결실하게 된다. 하나님의 나라도 마찬가지이다. 우리가 예상하지 못한때에 그 나라가 임하고 말씀이 임했을때 이 말씀이 요구하는 바가 우리의 관심과 소망과 다를 수 있다. 과연 이때 우리는 무엇을 선택할 것인가? 말씀을 행하는 것이 바로 하나님 나라의 비밀이라고 불리운다. 예수님의 말씀을 행하는 것은 바로 하나님의 뜻을 행하는 것이다.(3:31-35) 결국 좋은 땅이 된다는 것은 하나님 나라의 비밀을 듣고, 말씀을 듣고 그것을 받아들이고 행하라는 것이다. 

* 소비사회에서의 믿음
우리는 현재 모든 것이 빠른 사회를 살아가고 있다. 자판기에 돈을 넣고 누르면 바로 무언가가 나와야 한다. 매년 컴퓨터 처리속도나 칩의 집적량이 2배이상 증가한다. 기다리고 인내하는 것이 매우 어려운 시대를 살아가고 있는 것이다. 소비주의, 소비사회를 살아가고 있다. 말씀을 듣는 것, 믿음이라는 것은 소모되는 제품이 아니다. 이미 교회조차도 믿음을 상품화 하여 소비하고 있다. 그래서 무언가 감동이 있고 느껴지지 않으면 이를 소비하려고 하지 않는다. 하지만 우리가 기획하고 원하는 시간에 반드시 하나님의 말씀이 임하거나 우리에게 은혜를 주시는 것이 아니다. 먼저 하나님께서는 좋은 땅이 될것을, 우리로 헌신과 희생을 통해서 자신의 삶의 밭을 기경할 것을 요청하고 계신다. 우리는 복음서에 나오는 예수님의 말씀을 듣고 이것을 행해야만 깨달을 수 있다. 
- We live in the age of instant gratification. That expectation is even built into our technology. In designing microchips for computers, a principle called Moore’s Law states that every year and a half the number of transistors that can be built into a microprocessor will double. What pushes the drive to double our computing speed and power every eighteen months? It is the same drive that makes us complain about having to wait in a line at amusement parks. That cultural expectation has made its way into the church. We expect to have everything on demand and on our terms. Accordingly, religious sociologists often describe this as the era of the consumer church.
That is not the way Mark presents Jesus. Faith for him is not one of the consumer goods. We do not grow on demand. We do not experience God by scheduling time in our personal organizers. And we do not have all our questions answered before Jesus asks us to make a commitment. The Jesus we meet in this Gospel cannot be understood until we begin to act on his word, and then his word sets the agenda. Perhaps we ought to exercise some caution in attempting to build churches that cater to the consumer mind-set.

 Ronald J. Kernaghan, Mark, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2007), 93–94.


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The Parable of the Sower
Again vhe began to teach beside the sea. And a very large crowd gathered about him, wso that he got into a boat and sat in it on the sea, and the whole crowd was beside the sea on the land. And xhe was teaching them many things in parables, and in his teaching he said to them: “Listen! yBehold, a sower went out to sow. And as he sowed, some seed fell along the path, and the birds came and devoured it. Other seed fell on rocky ground, where it did not have much soil, and immediately it sprang up, since it had no depth of soil. And zwhen the sun rose, it was scorched, and since it had no root, ait withered away. Other seed fell among bthorns, and the thorns grew up and choked it, and it yielded no grain. And other seeds fell into good soil and produced grain, growing up and increasing and yielding thirtyfold and sixtyfold and ca hundredfold.” And he said, d“He who has ears to hear, let him hear.”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 막 4:1–9.

예수님께서 비유로 가르치신 이유. 예수님은 비유를 통해서 대적하는 이들은 심판하시기 위해서, 따르고 배우기 원하는 이들을 위해서는 믿음의 메시야 공동체를 새롭게 형성하기 위한 교훈을 위해서 사용하셨다. 이처럼 비유는 완악한 이들에게는 경고를, 열린 마음을 가진이들에게는 하나님나라의 메시야적 다스림에 대한 원리를 제시해주는 역할을 했다. 이는 이야기와 연관되어 내재된 메시지로 구성된다. 
- Jesus teaches in parables both as judgment against those “outside” and as a means of instruction for those “inside” his newly formed messianic community of faith.
4:2 Mark provides several examples of Jesus teaching in parables. To the hard-hearted, parables are a warning; to those who are open-hearted, parables illustrate principles of the messianic rule of God. A parable consists of a story and its corresponding intended message.
Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 1899.

당시의 농사법은 이처럼 땅을 먼저 개간하고 좋은 땅에 의도적으로 심는 방식이 아니라 바람의 힘에 의존해서 흩뿌리는 방식이었기에 이처럼 다양한 토양에 씨앗이 떨어지게 되었다. 

비유(parable)라는 단어는 헬라어 ‘파라볼레’에서 나왔다. 이는 공관복음에서 48번, 히브리서에서 2번 나타난다. 헬라적 의미에서는 이 비유가 중요하지 않았는데 예수님의 비유는 헬라가 아니라 구약의 ‘마샬림’과 관계가 있다. ‘마샬’이라는 히브리어는 다양한 의미를 가지는데 비교, 잠언, 풍자, 속담, 동화, 예언, 도덕적 격언, 지혜의 말, 욕설, 형태, 신비, 경구, 직유, 은유등으로 사용된다. 쥴리처라는 학자 이래로 비유와 풍자에 대한 예리한 구별이 있었다. 그는 비유는 오직 한가지를 비교, 나타내고 나머지는 중요하지 않다라고 여겼다. 그러면서 예수님께서는 풍자는 사용하시지 않는다고 주장했다. 그래서 복음서의 비유가 풍자적 요소를 가지거나 그 해석이 풍자적인 것은 예수님께서 직접 의도하신 거싱 아니라 이후 초대교회의 주장이라고 여겼다. 하지만 요즘은 이렇게까지 생각하지는 않는다. 먼저 히브리어 마샬이 풍자를 의미할 수 있고 예수님 시절에 풍자가 합법적인 문학양식으로 여겨졌으며 최근의 문학비평을 통해서 예수님의 비유가 오직 하나의 의미만을 가진다는 것은 도전을 받았고 이러한 은유의 재발견은 예수님의 풍자 사용에 대한 개방성을 가지게 하였다. 
 - The English word “parable” simply transliterates the Greek word parabolē, which appears forty-eight times in the Synoptic Gospels and twice in Hebrews and means that which is placed beside, presumably for the purpose of comparison. The meaning of the Greek word is not significant, however, because the parables of Jesus are not related to Greek parables but to the mashalim of the Old Testament. The word mashal has a variety of meanings: comparison, proverb, allegory, riddle, fable, oracle, ethical maxim, wisdom saying, byword, taunt, type, mystery, aphorism, simile or metaphor, similitude, etc. Therefore one should not expect all of the parables of Jesus to represent the same oral or literary form, and that is certainly the case.
Following A. Jülicher, many contemporary scholars make a sharp distinction between parables and allegories. A parable, they say, has only one point of comparison so that the details are unimportant. In an allegory, however, all or most of the details represent something.
They claim further that Jesus never used allegory. Therefore when a parable in the Gospels has allegorical features or when the explanation of a parable is allegorical, they claim the parable or explanation could not have come from Jesus but was the invention of the primitive church.
Though long popular, Jülicher’s reductionistic view has increasingly come under fire on a variety of fronts. First, the Hebrew word mashal can refer to an allegory: Ezek 17:2–10; 20:49; 24:3–5. Second, allegory was recognized as a legitimate literary form in Jesus’ time. There is no a priori reason why Jesus could not have used allegory, i.e., a story with multiple comparisons as opposed to a story with only one. There are too many parables in the Gospels with allegorical features for none of them to be authentic. Third, recent literary criticism of the parables has challenged Jülicher’s corollary that each parable can be reduced to a single, “universal truth” consistent with nineteenth-century liberalism. The rediscovery of metaphor has led to renewed openness to Jesus’ use of allegory.24
It is now possible to define the word “parable” as it is used in the Gospels. In addition to referring occasionally to a proverb (Mark 3:23–26; Luke 4:23; 6:39 [cf. Matt 15:14–15]), a metaphor (Mark 7:14–17; Luke 5:36–38 [cf. Mark 2:21–22; Matt 9:16–17]), and a similitude (Matt 13:33; Mark 4:26–29 [cf. v. 34]; 4:30–32; 13:28–29 [“lesson,” NIV]; Luke 15:3–7, 8–10), the predominant use is to refer to a story from nature or human life to illustrate spiritual truth.25 Whether there is one point of comparison or several must be determined from each parable. Common sense must play a large role in such determination.26 About thirty figures of speech and stories, many in more than one Gospel, are explicitly called parables. Of course many other parables are not referred to as such. There are at least seventeen of these and perhaps as many as forty-five.
According to the Synoptic Gospels, therefore, the parable was the most common and distinctive form of teaching employed by Jesus. He used parables not simply to illustrate spiritual truth but to provoke reflection and decision. His parables confronted his hearers with a challenge to submit themselves to the reign of God. In fact, the parables in Mark 4 tell what the kingdom of God is like (vv. 11, 26, 30). This fact must be kept in mind in interpreting them.

24 P. R. Jones, The Teaching of the Parables (Nashville: Broadman, 1982), 14–18.
NIV New International Version
25 C. H. Dodd’s definition is classic: “The parable is a metaphor or simile drawn from nature or common life, arresting the hearer by its vividness or strangeness, and leaving the mind in sufficient doubt about its precise application to tease it into active thought” (The Parables of the Kingdom [New York: Scribner’s, 1961], 5).
26 The contemporary rejection of all allegory is no doubt an overreaction to the ancient and medieval practice of excessive allegorization of the parables. The most notorious example is Augustine’s treatment of the parable of the good Samaritan in his Quaestiones Evangeliorum 2.19. In addition to the obvious identification of the Samaritan with Jesus, the traveler is Adam; Jerusalem is heaven; Jericho is the moon, which symbolizes mortality; the robbers are the devil and his angels; the stripping of the man is depriving him of his immortality; the beating is persuading him to sin; leaving him half dead is the effects of sin; the priest is the Jewish priesthood; the Levite is the prophets; binding the wounds is restraint of sin; the oil is comfort and hope; the wine is encouragement to work for Christ; the donkey is the body of Christ; the inn is the church; the two coins are the two commandments to love; the innkeeper is the apostle Paul; and the return of the Samaritan is the resurrection of Christ! Such interpretation is preposterous, but a similar view was still held by R. C. Trench, Notes on the Parables of Our Lord (1841). The work that did more than any other to put a stop to such nonsense was A. Jülicher, Die Gliechnisreden Jesu (1888). Jülicher insisted that each parable had only one point of comparison and that it was a general moral truth. Contemporary scholarship has accepted the former but rejected the latter because people are not put to death for teaching simple moral truths. A most judicious treatment of the subject is R. H. Stein, An Introduction to the Parables of Jesus (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1981), and some of the above is indebted to his work. (Stein is the author of the commentary on Luke in the NAC.)
 James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 77–78.

1절) 예수님께서 바다에 떠있는 배에 오르셔서 바닷가에 모여있는 무리를 향해서 가르치셨다. 예수님께서 배에 오르셔서 말씀하신 이유는 무리가 많아서 예수님을 바라볼 공간적인 여유가 없었기에 배에 오르셔서 이를 강단 삼아서 가르치신 것이다. 

3절) 이 비유는 예수님의 들으라라는 훈계로 시작된다. 주의깊게 신경을 써서 들으라는 것으로 9절도 이런 의미로 반복된다. 이 비유는 다른 공관복음에서도 반복되는데 마 13:1-9; 눅 8:4-8로 이 비유에 대한 설명이 있는 유일한 가르침이다. 도마복음에도 이 내용이 등장한다. 
- The parable begins and ends (v. 9) with an admonition to listen thoughtfully, which shows that the meaning of parables is not always self-evident (cf. the comments on vv. 11–12). This admonitory feature, the place of the parable at the beginning of the discourse, its being the only one with an explanation, and its presence in all three of the Synoptic Gospels (Matt 13:1–9; Luke 8:4–8) and in the Coptic Gospel of Thomas 9 shows the importance it had in early church thought. James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 79.

4-8절) 이 비유에는 4종류의 땅이 등장한다. 
1) 길가 : 새들이 와서 먹어 버림
2) 흙이 얕은 돌밭 : 흙이 깊지 않으므로 곧 싹이 나오지만 해가 돋은후에 타서 뿌리가 없어 마름
3) 가시떨기 : 가시가 자라 기운을 막음으로 결실하지 못함
4) 좋은 땅 : 자라 무성하여 결실함. 30, 60, 100배의 결실을 맺음
당시의 농사법을 생각할때 이러한 결과는 당연히 예견된 것이다. 그런데 한가지 이상한 것은 좋은땅의 결실의 결과가 엄청나다는 것이다. 고대농사법의 평균 수확량은 많아야 7-8배이고 기껏해야 10배를 내지 못했기 때문이다. 그런데 하나님나라의 셈법은, 수익율은 차원이 다른 것이다. 

과연 이 비유가 가르치고자 하는 것이 무엇인가? 혹자들은 이후에 나오는 이 비유에 대한 설명이 예수님께서 직접하신 것이 아니라 초대교회의 설명이라고 말하기도 한다. 만약 이 비유가 하나 이상의 해석이 가능하다면 이 해석에 대한 언급없이 비유를 해석하려고 시도하는 것은 매우 중요합니다. 많은 해석의 제안들이 가능한데 첫번째 얼마간의 씨앗의 손실에도 불구하고 수확의 풍성함이 있다는 것은 그리스도인들이 그들의 실패에도 불구하고 더욱 정진할 것을 격려합니다. 두번째 계속되는 실패에도 불구하고 하나님의 왕국은 마침내 임할 것이다. 세번째 복음이 왜 그렇게 많이 거부되는지, 다음은 이 비유는 듣는자들로 하여금 그들의 복음에 대한 반응을 점검할 것을 촉구하며, 이 비유는 반대에도 불구하고 설교자들의 성공을 보장합니다. 
- What does the parable teach? Inasmuch as it is often claimed that the explanation in vv. 13–20 comes from the early church and not Jesus,27 and since the parables are capable of more than one interpretation (cf. Matthew’s and Luke’s varied use of the parable of the lost sheep), it is important to try to interpret the parable without reference to that explanation. Many suggestions have been made: The abundance of the harvest despite the loss of some seed encourages Christians despite their failures; despite repeated failures the kingdom will come at last; contrary to appearances the kingdom has already come; the parable explains why the gospel was rejected by so many; the parable forces hearers to examine their reactions to the gospel; the parable assures preachers of success despite opposition, to name a few.
27 It is interesting that few questions have been raised about Mark’s accuracy in recounting the parable itself.
 James A. Brooks, Mark, vol. 23, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1991), 80.

본문을 씨뿌리는 자의 비유라고 말하지만 중요한 점은 씨뿌리는 땅 말하자면 말씀을 받아들이는 대상들의 차이를 강조한다. 중요한 것은 말씀은 소비되지만 그것이 좋은땅에 뿌려지기만 하면 놀라운 결실을 맺게 된다는 것이다. 한사람의 중요성을 말한다. 


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31 qAnd his mother and his rbrothers came, and standing outside they sent to him and called him. 32 And a crowd was sitting around him, and they said to him, “Your mother and your brothers3 are outside, seeking you.” 33 And he answered them, “Who are my mother and my brothers?” 34 And slooking about at those who sat around him, he said, “Here are my mother and my brothers! 35 tFor whoever udoes the will of God, he is my brother and sister and mother.”

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 막 3:31–35.

31-32절) 예수의 어머니(마리아)와 동생들이 밖에 서서 사람을 보내어 예수를 부름, 예수님께서는 무리들에 둘러싸여있다가 어머니와 형제들이 찾는 다는 이야기를 들으셨다. 당시 유대 가정에 아들의 역할은 매우 중요했다. 먼저 부모에게 효도를 해야했고 가정의 재정적인 필요를 채워야 했을 것이다. 그런데 지금 예수님께서는 이러한 역할을 감당하지 못하고 계셨을뿐만 아니라 좋지 않은 무리들과 함께한다는 좋지 않은 소문이 가족들에게 들려왔을 것이다. 이를 걱정하는 가족들이 지금 예수를 찾아와 그를 끌고가려고 하는 것이다.(21절) 예수님께서는 자신의 육신의 가족들과의 관계를 끊지 않으시고 하나님의 핵심 가족으로서의 믿음의 메시야 공동체에 대한 우선순위를 강조하고 계신 것이다. 
- In the midst of Jesus’ teaching, his mother and half brothers are “seeking” him (v. 32); they presumably now try to “seize” him (see v. 21). Without severing his relationship with his earthly family (e.g., John 19:26–27; Acts 1:14; 1 Cor. 15:7), Jesus emphasizes the priority of the messianic community of faith (Ex. 32:25–29; Deut. 33:8–9) as the core family of God: whoever does the will of God (see Matt. 6:10; John 7:17; Rom. 12:2; 1 Pet. 4:2), he is my brother and sister and mother (see Ps. 22:23; Heb. 2:11–12). Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 1899. 

- The obligations of a son in a Jewish family were considerable. It was a son’s duty to honor his father and mother. In the Wisdom Literature it is clear that honoring parents means obeying what they teach and respecting their authority, even as an adult. We do not know what concerns Jesus’ family carried with them that day or what plans they may have had other than to talk with him. If we look back over Mark 1–3, however, we might suspect that the following items would have been on the agenda. In the first place Jesus was not pursuing a career and did not have a stable income (1:39). Therefore he may not have been contributing sufficiently to the family’s finances. Second, Jesus kept bad company (2:15). Even worse, he had offended the leading religious authorities (2:23–27; 3:1–6, 22). It could be said that his recent activities border on the irresponsible, and some members of his family had already tried to restrain him. There were no signs of improvement. All indications pointed to the probability that things were going to get worse.
With these or similar concerns the responsible members of the family, his mother and brothers, stood outside the house where he was and sent word for him to come out. Jesus replied, Who are my mother and my brothers? Then he looked at the people sitting with him and said, Here are my mother and my brothers! Whoever does God’s will is my brother and sister and mother.
That was a radical assertion. Jesus rejected both the traditional authority and structure of the family and then provided his own definition of the family. The new family is a company of people not bound by ties of blood, but by a commitment to doing God’s will. This statement recalls the harsh language of Matthew 10:35–37: “For I have come to turn ‘a man against his father, a daughter against her mother.’ … Anyone who loves his father or mother more than me is not worthy of me.” Rejecting the expected role of your parents may even look like hatred (Lk 14:26). Jesus held out for a higher responsibility, a more pressing claim. For him, doing the will of God superseded any other obligation. And this, of course, leads us to wonder where his natural family stood in the escalating confrontation between the new and the old.

 Ronald J. Kernaghan, Mark, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2007), 83–84.

33-35절) 이에 대해서 예수님께서는 “누가 내 어머니이며 동생들이냐”라고 말씀하시면서 둘러 앉아 있는 제자들과 무리들을 향해서 “누구든지 하나님의 뜻대로 행하는 자가 내 형제요 자매요 어머니이다”라고 말씀하셨다. 이것은 매우 급진적인 고백이다. 그분은 지금 전통적인 가족의 구조와 권위에 대해서 도전하고 계신 것이다. 새로운 가족은 혈연에 의한 관계가 아니라 하나님의 뜻을 행하는 것에 헌신된 것에 의해서 결정된다는 것이다. 예수님께서는 지금 가족관계를 평가절하하고 있는 것이 아니라 더 높은 가치가 있다는 것을 설명하고 계신 것이다. 
- It is also a call to think of ourselves first as part of a new family, a new people, a new set of relationships that have come into being because of the good news about the kingdom of God. This is what we might call a spiritual truth that took concrete form in the life of the early church. Jesus’ declaration in Mark 3:35 is the reason there is so much talk about brothers and sisters and children in the Pauline and Johannine Epistles. This new reality proved to be more compelling than the natural sociology of the early Christians in cities like Colossae. Jesus did not come to bring a kind of spirituality that was celebrated only on Sunday mornings inside the walls of a building where it could never affect anything else. Jesus brought something new into the world that transforms all of our relationships. We might pose this issue in the practical realities of our time by asking this question: How should Christians in the West respond when we hear about Palestinian Christians being forcibly evicted from their homes without compensation, jailed without trial or summarily deported?
God made a covenant with Israel, and God does not abandon a covenant even when people break it (Torrance 1992:27–28). Divine forgiveness means that God finds ways to renew the covenants people break. Whether the people of Israel had broken the covenant again is an issue that Mark has not yet clarified. What has emerged, though, is the question who belongs to the family of God. If this family now includes anyone who does the will of God—including non-Jewish people—do the same standards of love and fairness apply to all?

 Ronald J. Kernaghan, Mark, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2007), 84–85.


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