삼상 11:1-15 암몬을 쳐부수고 나라를 새롭게 하는 사울

Saul Defeats the Ammonites
11 ^oThen Nahash the Ammonite went up and besieged ^pJabesh-gilead, and all the men of Jabesh said to Nahash, ^q“Make a treaty with us, and we will serve you.” 2 But Nahash the Ammonite said to them, “On this condition I will make a treaty with you, ^rthat I gouge out all your right eyes, and thus ^sbring disgrace on all Israel.” 3 The elders of Jabesh said to him, “Give us seven days’ respite that we may send messengers through all the territory of Israel. Then, if there is no one to save us, we will give ourselves up to you.” 4 When the messengers came to ^tGibeah of Saul, they reported the matter in the ears of the people, ^uand all the people wept aloud.
5 Now, behold, Saul was coming from the field behind the oxen. And Saul said, “What is wrong with the people, that they are weeping?” So they told him the news of the men of Jabesh. 6 ^vAnd the Spirit of God rushed upon Saul when he heard these words, and his anger was greatly kindled. 7 He took a yoke of oxen ^wand cut them in pieces and sent them throughout all the territory of Israel by the hand of the messengers, saying, ^x“Whoever does not come out after Saul and Samuel, so shall it be done to his oxen!” Then the dread of the Lord fell upon the people, and they came out ^yas one man. 8 When he mustered them at ^zBezek, ^athe people of Israel were three hundred thousand, and the men of Judah thirty thousand. 9 And they said to the messengers who had come, “Thus shall you say to the men of Jabesh-gilead: ‘Tomorrow, by the time the sun is hot, you shall have ^bsalvation.’ ” When the messengers came and told the men of Jabesh, they were glad. 10 Therefore the men of Jabesh said, ^c“Tomorrow we will give ourselves up to you, and you may do to us whatever seems good to you.” 11 ^dAnd the next day Saul put the people ^ein three companies. And they came into the midst of the camp in the morning watch and struck down the Ammonites until the heat of the day. And those who survived were scattered, so that no two of them were left together.
The Kingdom Is Renewed
12 Then the people said to Samuel, ^f“Who is it that said, ‘Shall Saul reign over us?’ ^gBring the men, that we may put them to death.” 13 But Saul said, ^h“Not a man shall be put to death this day, for today ⁱthe Lord has worked ^jsalvation in Israel.” 14 Then Samuel said to the people, “Come, let us go to Gilgal and there renew the kingdom.” 15 So all the people went to ^kGilgal, and there they made Saul king ^lbefore the Lord in Gilgal. There ^mthey sacrificed peace offerings before the Lord, and there Saul and all the men of Israel rejoiced greatly.

^o ch. 12:12
^p Judg. 21:8
^q Gen. 26:28; 1 Kgs. 20:34; Ezek. 17:13; [Ex. 23:32; 34:12, 15; Deut. 7:2]
^r [Num. 16:14]
^s ch. 17:26; Gen. 34:14
^t ch. 10:26
^u Judg. 2:4; 21:2
^v See ch. 10:6, 10
^w [Judg. 19:29]
^x Judg. 21:5, 8, 10
^y Judg. 20:1
^z Judg. 1:5
^a [Judg. 20:15–17; 2 Sam. 24:9]
^b ver. 13
^c ver. 3
^d [ch. 31:11]
^e Judg. 7:16
^f ch. 10:27
^g [Luke 19:27]
^h 2 Sam. 19:22
ⁱ [ch. 19:5; Ex. 14:13]
^j ver. 9
^k ch. 10:8
^l ch. 15:33; [ch. 10:17; Judg. 11:11]
^m ch. 10:8

 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 삼상 11:1–15.

당시 실제로 암몬의 압제와 위협이 상당했다는 증언이 사해 사본에 등장한다. 이것으로보아서 당시 이스라엘이 왕을 요구했던 이유가 이러한 실제적인 위협(백성들의 눈을 실제로 빼는 일)이 있었기 때문이다. 

Now Nahash, king of the Ammonites, had been grievously oppressing the Gadites and the Reubenites. He would gouge out the right eye of each of them and would not grant Israel a deliverer. No one was left of the Israelites across the Jordan whose right eye Nahash, king of the Ammonites, had not gouged out. But there were seven thousand men who had escaped from the Ammonites and had entered Jabesh-gilead.^p
p Q Ms Compare Josephus, Antiquities VI.v.1 (68–71): MT lacks Now Nahash … entered Jabesh-gilead.

 The Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1989), 삼상 10:27.

2절) 언약하다라는 말은 희생제물을 가르는 것과 같은 의미가 있다. 암몬은 실제로 이를 위해서 사람의 눈을 요구한 것이다. 

-  To make a treaty is literally “to cut a treaty,” which usually involved sacrificial animals. But Nahash demands to cut the treaty with the men’s eyes.

 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 508.

- 실제로 암몬의 나하스(serpenr, snake)가 눈을 빼려는 이유는 이스라엘에게 굴종을 강요하고, 실제로 보복, 독립 전쟁을 하는 것을 약화시키기 위해서이다. 눈이 없으면 인지능력과 시력이 떨어져서 전투력이 대단히 감소되기 때문이다. 이런 요구에 대해서 야베스 장로들은 7일간의 말미를 요청하여 구원자를 요청한다.

4절) 기브아와 길르앗 야베스 사이에는 밀접한 연합이 있었던 것으로 보인다.(삿 21:1-23) 약 70km나 되는 이곳으로 와서 도움을 요청하고 있는 것이다. 앞서 그림 참조

5절) 지금 왕으로 추대받은 사울이 여전히 농부로 일을 하고 있었다는 모습을 보여주고 있다. 그의 겸손한 모습을 보여주면서 동시에 성경기자의 사울에 대한 부정적인 평가를 보여준다. 

-  The mention of Saul’s farming activity may be intended as a further hint of the biblical writer’s negative evaluation of Saul. Previously Saul has been portrayed as an incompetent shepherd (cf. comments on 9:3); now he is portrayed as a farmer, a link that connects him with Cain (Gen 4:2).

 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996).

6-7절) 길르앗 야베스가 암몬에게 당한 모욕, 위협을 듣고 분노하는 사울, 이에 소를 잡아 각을 떠서 각 지파에 두루 보내고 이 회집에 따르지 않을때 이와 같이 할 것을 알림. 

하나님의 영에 크게 감동되는 사울, 그런데 하나님의 영과 여호와의 여이 주는 의미의 차이가 있다. 

- At the same time, however, the narrator artfully casts a shadow over Saul’s moment of glory by referring to the divine presence as “the Spirit of God,” not “the Spirit of Yahweh/the Lord.” Though both phrases refer to the same being, this subtle change in language deprives Saul of direct association with Israel’s covenant God. Five Israelites are mentioned as having “the Spirit of the Lord” come over them, but in Genesis to 2 Kings⁴⁰ the only other person said to have “the Spirit of God” come over him is Balaam, a non-Israelite (cf. Num 24:2) who ultimately brought harm to Israel (Num 31:16).
⁴⁰ Othniel (Judg 3:10), Gideon (Judg 6:34), Jephthah (Judg 11:29), Samson (Judg 14:6, 19; 15:14), and David (1 Sam 16:13).

 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 136.

이렇게 한겨리의 소를 잡아 드리는 행동은 이전 삿 19:29에 등장했던 내용이다. 

-  The Israelites’ anxiety may have been increased when they remembered the punishment inflicted on a city—ironically, on Jabesh Gilead—that had once refused a similar call to assemble (Judg 21:5). Saul’s slaughter of his oxen may have symbolized his entrance into full-time kingship.

 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 137.

9절) 베섹에 군사들을 모으고 암몬을 칠 것을 계획한다. 이 내용을 전령들이 야베스 사람들에게 전달하는데 이 내용에는 무장한 이스라엘 군대가 개입한다는 것과 다음날 새벽이전에 첫번째 공격이 있을 것을 담고 있다. 

10절) 사울의 연합군의 기습 소식을 들은 야베스인들은 암몬에게 사람을 보내어 거짓 정보(항복 소식)을 전한다. 이로 인해서 암몬은 자신들의 경계 태세를 낮췄을 것이다. 그리고 3대로 나눈 사울의 공격은 성공을 거두게 된다. 

12-15절) 승리이후에 예식을 행하는 사무엘, 이 예식은 정치적인 의미라기 보다는 종교적인 의미의 대관식, 예식이라고 할 수 있다. 

-  After Saul’s victory, the people are enthusiastic about him. Note that Samuel still plays the crucial role in establishing and promoting kingship in Israel (see v. 7). This ceremony at the worship center of Gilgal seems to be a religious coronation rather than the event of political recognition in 10:17–25.

 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 509.

승리에 이은 백성들의 반응, 앞서 왕으로 세워졌지만 여전히 반대자 들이 있었다. 하지만 이번 암몬과의 전쟁을 통해서 분명한 리더십을 발휘한 사울은 모든이들의 추대속에 왕으로 인정받는다. 반대자들을 죽여야한다는 지적도 있었지만 이들을 모두 포용하며 사무엘과 함께 선한 리더십을 발휘하고 있다. 이에 길갈은 행정적 종교적 중심지의 역할을 한다. Since Gilgal had served as both an administrative and religious center (cf. Josh 5:2–10; 14:6; 1 Sam 7:16)

 Robert D. Bergen, 1, 2 Samuel, vol. 7, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 138.

암몬과의 전쟁을 승리로 이끄는 사울, 확실한 승리로 백성들에게 분명하게 왕으로 인정받고 길갈에서 다시금 나라를 새롭게 한다. 리더로 세워지고 그 지도력을 인정받기 위해서는 이렇게 분명한 어떤 사건들이 필요하다. 사울도 처음에는 하나님의 인도하심을 받았을뿐만 아니라 하나님의 영으로 의로운 분노를 받아 백성을 인도했다.