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21 But now athe righteousness of God bhas been manifested apart from the law, although cthe Law and the Prophets bear witness to it— 22 the righteousness of God dthrough faith in Jesus Christ for all who believe. eFor there is no distinction: 23 for fall have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, 24 gand are justified hby his grace as a gift, ithrough the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, 

The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), Ro 3:21–24.

21절) 그러나 이제는 율법외에 하나님의 그 의가 나타났다. 그 하나님의 의는 율법과 선지자들이 증거했던 것이다. 구약 성경은 바로 이 구원의 길을 선포, 예언하고 있는 것이다.(참고 1:2)
바울은 그리스도 안에서 하나님의 새로운 사역이 구약의 언약과 율법시대를 뛰어 넘어서 하나님의 계획안에 새로운 기초를 이루었다고 주장한다. 하지만 이것이 구약의 하나님의 일하심을 부정하거나 폐기하는 것이 아니라 이미 계속해서 증거를 받은 것임을 기억해야 한다. 무언가 새로운 것이 등장할때 이전 것의 폐기가 아니라 그 연장선 속에서 이루어지고 있음을 이야기한다.
하나님의 의는 아주 새로운 주제가 아니다.
- But now. With these two simple words, Paul conveys the incredibly good news that a new era, in which “the righteousness of God has been made known,” has begun. apart from the law … to which the Law and the Prophets testify. In a balance typical of Romans, Paul insists that God’s new work in Christ breaks new ground in God’s plan (it moves beyond the era of the old covenant and its law) but is what God has all along planned to do (the whole OT testifies to it).
Douglas J. Moo, “The Letters and Revelation,” in NIV Zondervan Study Bible: Built on the Truth of Scripture and Centered on the Gospel Message, ed. D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2015), 2297.
'그러나 이제는' 바울은 항상 하나님께서 인간을 하나님 자신과 함께 있게 하시는 방법을 계시하시기 전과 후로 나눈다. 이것의 구체적 계시가 바로 예수 그리스도의 성육신, 탄생과 십자가 죽음과 부활이다.
이 본문의 느낌을 느껴야 한다. 이 현재, 죄로 가득한 상황 속에 이것을 뚫고 들어오는 하나님 의 한 의를 선포하고 있다. 본문의 표현은 1:17절과 유사한데 강조점이 다르다. 17절에서는 현재시제로, 본문에서는 완료시제를 사용하고 있다.
- But now is not merely a logical transition; it is also a temporal transition. For Paul all time is divided into two parts: the time before the revelation of the way in which God puts men right with himself, and the time after that. For similar transitions see 1 Corinthians 15:20; Ephesians 2:13; Hebrews 9:26. Paul indicates that the new age, the age of God’s righteousness, has broken into the present age, the age of God’s wrath. God’s way of putting men right with himself translates the same expression used in 1:17 (literally “the righteousness of God”). Has been revealed translates a different verb from the one used in 1:17, though they are synonyms. What is important, however, is the fact that whereas the present tense was used in 1:17, the perfect tense is used here. This indicates a difference in focus. The former passage indicated how the Good News is presently revealing the way in which God puts men right with himself; the present passage points back to the one historical event (that is, the coming of Christ into the world) which forms the basis on which God puts men right with himself.
Barclay Moon Newman and Eugene Albert Nida, A Handbook on Paul’s Letter to the Romans, UBS Handbook Series (New York: United Bible Societies, 1973), 64.

22절) 예수 그리스도를 믿음을 통한 하나님의 의는 모든 믿는 자들을 위한 것이다. 그러므로 여기에는 차별이 없다. 유대인이나 이방인이나 하나님의 거룩한 의 앞에서는 차별이 없다.
- In this verse Paul directs himself to the human side; that is, he tells what men must do in order for God to put them into a right relationship with himself. The answer is faith: God does this to all who believe in Christ. The last part of the verse serves as a transition to the following verse.
Though the first sentence of verse 22 seems to be somewhat of a summary of what is indicated at the end of verse 21, it would be wrong to translate in such a way as to imply that the first clause of verse 22 is quotation from the Law and the prophets.
Barclay Moon Newman and Eugene Albert Nida, A Handbook on Paul’s Letter to the Romans, UBS Handbook Series (New York: United Bible Societies, 1973), 65.

23절) 차별이 없는 이유는 또한 모든 사람이 죄인이기 때문이다. 자신의 노력이나 순종을 근거로 의롭다 하심을 얻을 수 없다는 것이고 그렇다면 하나님의 영광에 이를 수 없기 때문이다.
원래 헬라어 문장은 23-26절이 한 문장으로 되어 있다.
이 구절에서 영광은 하나님의 구원의 현존이 아니라 각 사람이 닮기를 원하는 하나님의 형상을 의미하는데 이는 죄 때문에 상실 되었다.
- There is a definite contrast in the tenses of the two verbs used in verse 23, have sinned and are far away. The expression which the TEV translates are far away from God’s saving presence (literally “are falling short of the glory of God”) may possibly be understood in another sense. “Glory” in this passage may refer not to God’s saving presence, but to the likeness of God that each man is intended to bear but which has been forfeited because of sin. Most translations simply render this literally.
Barclay Moon Newman and Eugene Albert Nida, A Handbook on Paul’s Letter to the Romans, UBS Handbook Series (New York: United Bible Societies, 1973), 65–66.

24절) 이런 우리가 그리스도 안에 있는 구속, 속량으로 말미암아 선물로서, 값없이 하나님의 은혜로  말미암아 의롭다 하심을 받은 것이다.
칭의는 바울 신학에서 매우 중요한 주제이다. 바울은 의롭게 하다라는 동사 표현, '디카이오', justify를 25번 사용하는데 로마서에서 15번, 갈라디아서에서 6번 등장한다. 게다가 칭의라는 주제와 관계된 명사로 의라는 표현 '디카이오쉬네' righteousness을 56번 사용하는데 로마서에서 32번, 갈라디아서에서 4번 사용한다. 이러한 단어는 법정에서 가져온 표현으로 도덕적인 변화가 아니라 상태에 대한 선언을 표현한다. 그런데 이 칭의와 관계되어서 꼭 살펴야 하는 것이 바로 은혜, 선물이라는 표현이다. 공의로우신 하나님은 의롭다 칭함을 위해서 그분의 거룩하심을 드러내셔야한다. 그래서 죄를 간과하실 수 없는 것이다. 그렇기에 예수의 대속, 희생이 필요했다. 우리는 그 은혜로, 값없이 의롭다 하심을 얻게 되는 것이다.
- all are justified. “All” is not in the Greek text but is carried over from v. 23. Justification is an important Pauline theological teaching. Paul uses the verb for “justify” (Greek dikaioō) 25 times, primarily in Romans (15 times) and Galatians (6 times). In addition, many of the occurrences of the related word for “righteousness” (Greek dikaiosynē) relate to the doctrine of justification (Paul uses this noun 56 times, 32 times in Romans and 4 times in Galatians). “Justify” language is taken from the world of a court of law and refers to a declaration of status, not to moral transformation. Justification has a negative and a positive side: God no longer holds our sins against us in his judgment (4:8), and he gives us a righteous standing before him. freely by his grace. Whatever God does for us is done in grace (4:4–5; 5:1). grace. “Grace” is a thread that runs throughout Romans. The display of God’s grace in the gospel is rooted in the character of God himself. As 4:4–5 makes clear, no human can ever make a claim on God because of anything they have done (11:5–6). A holy God can never be indebted to his creatures. Whatever he gives us, therefore, he gives “freely” and without compulsion (4:16). Not only is grace needed at the beginning of the Christian life, but believers “stand” in grace (5:2): we live in the realm in which grace “reign[s]” (5:21; see 5:15, 17, 20). That reign of grace, Paul hastens to clarify, does not absolve us of the need to live righteously before God; rather, it gives us the power to do so (6:1, 14–15, 17). So interwoven is grace in this new era of salvation that Paul can even speak of his own ministry (1:5; 12:3; 15:15) and the ministry of believers generally (12:6) as a matter of “grace.” It is quite appropriate, therefore, that Romans is framed by prayers that God’s people might fully experience this grace of God (1:7; 16:20). redemption. In Paul’s day referred to paying money to secure a slave’s freedom. In Christ, God has paid a price to secure the release of every believer from sin’s slavery (v. 9). The OT uses “redemption” to refer to the exodus: God intervened to release his people Israel from their slavery in Egypt (Ps 111:9; cf. Ex 6:6; 15:13). Christ’s death provides a new, spiritual “exodus” for the people of God.
Douglas J. Moo, “The Letters and Revelation,” in NIV Zondervan Study Bible: Built on the Truth of Scripture and Centered on the Gospel Message, ed. D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2015), 2297.

- Through Christ Jesus, who sets them free translates a noun expression in Greek “through the setting free in Christ Jesus.” Although “setting free” is a noun in Greek, it describes an event rather than an object, and so is better rendered by a verb in English. This word is rendered in a variety of ways in the different translations—for example, “redemption” (RSV, NAB), “ransom” (Moffatt), “by being redeemed” (JB), “deliverance” (Goodspeed), and “act of liberation” (NEB). This particular word is used only once in the Septuagint (Daniel 4:34, which speaks of Nebuchadnezzar’s recovery from his madness, “the time of my setting free came”), but other words derived from the same stem are used in a number of passages, especially in those which speak of God’s setting his people free from Egypt. Although some of the Old Testament passages make mention of a price paid to effect the release, the emphasis in never on that aspect; the emphasis is rather on the result accomplished, that is, on the act of setting free. Paul uses this word once again in (Romans 8:23), and it appears elsewhere in his writing in 1 Corinthians 1:30; Ephesians 1:7, 14; 4:30; Colossians 1:14. It is also found in Luke 21:28 and Hebrews 9:15; 11:35. In each of these passages the emphasis is upon the act of being set free, and in Ephesians 1:7 and Colossians 1:14 the setting free is specifically identified with the forgiveness of sins.
Barclay Moon Newman and Eugene Albert Nida, A Handbook on Paul’s Letter to the Romans, UBS Handbook Series (New York: United Bible Societies, 1973), 66–67.
본문의 의롭다 하심이라는 표현이 동사형, 명사형으로 아래와 같이 반복되어서 사용된다.
- It may also be helpful to throw some further light on the verb translated put right. So far the verb has appeared three times in this letter (2:13; 3:4, 20), while its related noun form has appeared four times (1:17; 3:5, 21, 22). The verb itself is a causative stem, and means something like “to make right.” The analogy that Paul has in mind is that of a law court. This then is not an ethical term, as though God’s pronouncement made men morally upright or virtuous; rather it is used to indicate that God pronounces men acquitted or not guilty in his sight. In other words this is merely another term used to describe the way in which God forgives. The simplest way to express this idea in today’s English is to say that God puts man into a right relationship with himself.
Barclay Moon Newman and Eugene Albert Nida, A Handbook on Paul’s Letter to the Romans, UBS Handbook Series (New York: United Bible Societies, 1973), 67.

본문을 통해서 우리는 이 의롭다 하심을 이루시는 주체가 누구인지 고민하게 된다. 일차적으로는 하나님이시고 이차적으로는 예수님이시다. 말하자면 하나님께서 사람을 그분 자신과의 관계에서 바르게, 의롭다하시는데 바로 이 일을 예수 그리스도를 통해서 이루시는 것이다.
- The righteousness God provides comes as a free gift. It cannot be purchased or earned. In either case it would no longer be a gift. One of fallen humanity’s most difficult tasks is to accept righteousness as a gift. With every fiber of their moral being, people want to earn God’s favor. From a human perspective this sounds both reasonable and noble. The hidden agenda, however, is that it would provide a basis for boasting. God neither needs nor desires our help in doing what we could never accomplish.
We underestimate the hopelessness of our sinful state. At best, any righteousness by works would be desperately inadequate. By God’s grace we are granted a right standing with him.14 The basis for this redemptive process is Christ Jesus. The gospel centers in the atoning work of God’s unique and only Son. Redemption15 is found in him and him alone.
Robert H. Mounce, Romans, vol. 27, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1995), 116.

본문은 한 호흡으로 읽어나가야 한다. 모든 사람이 죄 가운데 있음을 선포하고 있는데 하나님의 심판과 그분의 의는 모든이에게 차별이 없다. 바울은 이제 전체 로마서를 통해서 이 하나님의 의와 의롭다 하심에 대해서 설명해 나간다. 


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21 For although they knew God, they did not honor him as God or give thanks to him, but they obecame futile in their thinking, and their foolish hearts were darkened. 22 pClaiming to be wise, they became fools, 23 and qexchanged the glory of rthe immortal God for images resembling mortal man and birds and animals and creeping things. 

The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2016), Ro 1:21–23.

이 장의 이후 내용들은 대부분 부정과거 동사를 사용하고 있다. 부정과거는 이미 지나간 일로 지금 더이상 일어나지 않는 과거시제와는 달리 시간이 특정되지 않아서 헬라어에서는 이것이 문맥속에서 계속해서 일어나고 있는 행동을 의미할때 사용된다. 그렇기에 본문에서 하나님을 알면서도 우상을 섬기는 이 행동은 과거에 이루어져서 끝난 사건이 아니라 계속적으로 이어지고 있는 행동인 것이다.
- Throughout the remainder of this chapter, most of the verbs are in the aorist tense, but the aorist does not necessarily indicate past time, and a past tense in English may imply that the action described has ceased. The force of the Greek aorist in this context is to indicate that these actions are typical of what men have done at all times throughout history; for the English readers the present tense is more natural in expressing such events. This is why throughout this passage the TEV uses the present tense, rather than the past tense, as most translations do.

Barclay Moon Newman and Eugene Albert Nida, A Handbook on Paul’s Letter to the Romans, UBS Handbook Series (New York: United Bible Societies, 1973), 24.

21절) 본문에서 하나님을 알다라고 말할때 이 앎은 인격적인 관계에서 오는 지식이라기 보다는 그저 하나님의 존재에 대하여 아는, 인지하는 앎을 의미하는 것이다. 우리는 이러한 앎에 머물러 있어서는 안된다. 그분과의 인격적인 관계로 나아가야만 한다. 문제는 하나님의 존재를 앎에도 불구하고 그분께 영광을 돌리지 않고 또한 감사하지 않는다는 것이다. 뿐만 아니라 더 나아가 그들의 생각이 공허하고 그들의 어리석은 마음이 어두워졌다라고 말한다.
하나님께서는 믿는자나 믿지 않는자나 모두에게 해와 비를 내리신다. 이에 마땅한 반응은 바로 그 분께 영광과 감사를 드리는 것이다. 그러나 인간은 하나님을 무시한 것이다. 하나님을 따르지 않고 그분의 빛을 거절함의 필연적인 결과는 바로 어둠을 향하는 것이다. 죄는 필연적으로 인간존재를 어둠으로 이끈다.
- In reality, the heart in Scripture refers to the mental processes (see Osborne 1984:55–70), so this is clarifying the futility of the mind further. First their hearts and minds are foolish, a term meaning devoid of understanding (cf. Mk 7:18; Rom 1:31, 10:19). Second, they are darkened, meaning they have deliberately rejected the light of God.

Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 49.

22절) 스스로 지혜 있다라고 여기는 이 태도가 바로 원죄의 시작이다. 하나님과 같이 선악을 알기 위해서, 지혜롭게 되기 위해서 인간은 선악과를 따먹는다. 하지만 이는 필연적으로 인간을 죽음으로, 어둠으로 이끌게 되는 것이다.

23절) 우상은 하나님께 돌려야할 영광을 바꾸어 다른 대상에게 바치는 것을 말한다.
썩지 않는, 영원히 존재하는 하나님의 영광을 썩어 없어질 대상(사람, 새, 짐승, 기어다니는 동물), 우상으로 대체한 것이다. 본문에서 동물을 세종류로 구분한다. 날아다니는 새와 네발로 기어다니는 것들과 기어다니는(파충류)로 나눈 것이다.

- Although God is “immortal” (aphtharton), humans are only “mortal” (phtharton). To exchange the one who exists outside of creation, not subject to its inevitable demise, for that which at the very moment is caught in the process of decay indicates the abysmal ignorance of fallen humans. In Deut 4:16–18 God prohibited the Israelites from making images shaped like a man, any animal on earth, or any creature that moved along the ground. Paul used these same categories to describe the flight of sinners away from the knowledge of God. This decline from idols shaped like humans, to images of beasts, and even to creeping things shows that a debased mind gravitates to the lowest possible level.20

Robert H. Mounce, Romans, vol. 27, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1995), 80.

- Exchange stems from the Greek word for another and means to substitute one thing for another. Here they are substituting idols for the glory of the immortal God. There is an allusion here to Psalm 106:20 and Jeremiah 2:11, though in both places it is Israel’s glory that is exchanged for worthless idols. Here it is the divine glory, a term often used of the Shekinah or glorious presence of God in his sanctuary (Ex 40:34–35; 1 Kings 8:10–11; 2 Chron 7:1; Ps 26:8). Nearly half the New Testament occurrences are in Paul’s writings, with sixteen in Romans alone. It connotes the splendor, majesty and honor due God alone by his earthly creatures. God’s creation has manifested the glory of his deity, giving the world the knowledge (1:20) that he is indeed immortal God. But they have exchanged that knowledge for the foolishness of finite idols.

Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 49–50.


하나님께서는 자연을 통해서 자신을 계시하셨다. 사람들은 이를 통해서 하나님의 존재를 부인할 수 없다. 그런데 문제는 사람들이 죄로 말미암아 그들의 마음이 어두워진 것이다. 결국 여기서의 앎이 그들을 구원으로 이끌지는 못한다. 우리에게는 좀더 특별한 앎이 필요한 것이다. 단지 머리로만 알고 있는 앎이 아니라 인격적인, 관계적인, 경험적인 앎이 필요하다는 것이다.
- This passage explains why (for) the unsaved are without excuse (v. 20). God has indeed revealed himself in nature, but human minds have been darkened by sin. They knew God, but the question is, how much knowledge did they have? This is hardly the biblical sense of a knowledge of God that leads to belief and surrender to him (1 Cor 1:21; Gal 4:9; Phil 3:7–10; 1 Jn 4:7–8). Rather, they only knew what nature revealed, namely, his power and deity (1:20). But this knowledge led neither to glorifying him as God nor to giving thanks to him. Neither worship nor gratitude resulted

Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 48–49.

하나님을 알고 있음에도 불구하고 하나님을 찬양하고 그분께 감사드리지 않는 것은  우리가 바로 죄인이기 때문이다. 그래서 더 적극적으로 하나님을 형상화 하는 죄를 지을 뿐만 아니라 다른 우상들을 섬기는데 까지 나아가게 된다. 나는 하나님을 알고 있는가? 알고 있다면 그 앎이 어떤 앎인가? 온전한 앎으로 마땅히 그분께 돌려야할 합당한 영광을, 감사를 드리고 있는가? 도리어 생각에 허망해지고 마음이 어두워지고 있지는 않은가? 그렇게 되지 않기 위해서 하나님을 바르게 알고 그 앎에 대한 바른 반응을 그분께 돌려드려야 할 것이다. 


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