God’s Judgment and the Law
12 For all who have sinned vwithout the law will also perish without the law, and all who have sinned under the law will be judged by the law. 13 For wit is not the hearers of the law who are righteous before God, but the doers of the law who will be justified. 14 For when Gentiles, who do not have the law, xby nature do what the law requires, they are a law to themselves, even though they do not have the law. 15 They show that the work of the law is ywritten on their hearts, while their conscience also bears witness, and their conflicting thoughts accuse or even excuse them 16 zon that day when, aaccording to my gospel, God judges bthe secrets of men cby Christ Jesus.
앞서 바울은 유대인과 이방인이 하나님 앞에서 같다라는 사실을 강조하였다. 하지만 분명히 다른 점이 존재하는데 그것은 바로 유대인들은 율법을 가지고 있고 이방인은 그렇지 않다는 것이다.
바울은 하나님께서는 외모를 보시지 않고 편향되지 않게 심판하신다고 말씀하셨다. 따라서 율법을 가졌던 그렇지 않던 간에 하나님께서는 동일한 기준으로 공정하게 심판하신다. 앞서 11절에서 이야기한 하나님의 공정한 심판은 12, 13, 14절에 절에 계속해서 for(gar)라는 표현을 통해서 이루어지고 있음을 보여준다.
- Paul now introduces the Mosaic law for the first time, an issue that will be prominent in the rest of the letter. The point is that if judgment comes by works (vv. 6–11), then all will be judged by the same impartial criteria, whether they are Jews with the Mosaic law or Gentiles apart from it (but still having a law written on their hearts by God). The theme of God’s impartial judgment in verse 11 is explained further (vv. 12, 13 and 14 all begin with gar, for) in terms of its effect on those without the law (v. 12) and with the law (vv. 12–13). All stand equally guilty before God, for those who have the Mosaic law fail to keep it (v. 13) and those who do not have that law still have God’s law written on their hearts (vv. 14–15).
Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 67.
12절) 율법없이 범죄한 자(이방인)는 율법 없이 망하고 율법이 있고 범죄한자(유대인)는 율법으로 말미암아 심판을 받게 된다. 이는 모든 사람이 심판을 받게 되는데 유대인들은 자신들의 율법을 통해서 그리고 나머지는 양심의 법을 따라서 심판을 받게 된다는 것이다.
이방인은 율법없이 망하고(perish, ἀπόλλυμαι is used in John 3:16 and 1 Cor 1:18 to designate the ultimate destiny of nonbelievers.) 유대인은 심판을 받는다(judge,κριθήσονται (a “theological passive,” God will do the judging) means not simply that those under the law will be judged but that they will receive a negative verdict, they will be condemned.)
이 둘 사이에 미묘한 차이가 있다.
- Once again Paul compared two groups of people—those who were apart from the law and those were are under the law.88 The Gentiles were “apart from the law” in the sense that they had no responsibility to obey the commands and ordinances given to Israel through Moses. Israel was “under the law” because they were the recipients of God’s revelation through Moses, the great law-giver. Although both groups had sinned,89 the basis for judgment was different. The Gentiles would “perish90 apart from the law,” while the Jews would be “judged91 by the law.” The Mosaic legislation will play no part in the judgment of those who have not heard. God judges the “heathen” on the basis of the light they have received. In the case of those who have heard, however, the law will serve as the standard for judgment.92
Robert H. Mounce, Romans, vol. 27, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1995), 93.
유대인이나 이방인이나 , 율법을 소유했던 율법을 소유하지 않고 있던 간에 관계없이 이 둘은 모두 그들의 죄로 말미암아 심판을 받게 될 것이다. 이것이 유대인들 편에서는 달라보이지만 하나님의 편에서는 모두 같은 죄인인 것이다.
- The Jews and Gentiles are separated in verse 12 as those outside the Mosaic law and those within it. Those outside will perish without it, but those inside will be judged by it. The first half is common Jewish diatribe against Gentiles (the fact that they were not the recipients of the Torah was the heart of Jewish contempt for them), but the second half is Paul’s rejoinder regarding their equal guilt before God. The key is that both have equally sinned, one outside and the other inside the law, and so both must suffer the consequences of that depravity. Since the Gentiles have sinned outside the Mosaic law, they will be judged accordingly, for they have still sinned against God. But the Jews have sinned from inside the law and so will by judged by the law. The parallelism between perish and be judged is obvious. Here the judgment of the Jews leads to a death sentence similar to that for the Gentiles at the last judgment (2:2, 5, 8–9, 16). There is no distinction, and the Jewish people have no final advantage. Today this is an important message to many churchgoers who think being active gives them a distinct advantage before God. Many will have the terrible shock of Matthew 7:23 when they too hear, “I never knew you. Away from me, you evildoers!”
Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 67–68.
13절) 바울이 말하는바 의인은 도덕적인 성질이 아니라 하나님과의 관계를 말하고 있는 것이다. 그런 의미에서 율법을 듣는 자가 의인이 아니라 오직 율법을 행하는 자가 의롭다 하심을 얻는, 하나님과의 바른 관계를 가지게 되는 것이다.
본문을 통해서 바울은 행함으로 얻는 구원을 가르치려는 것이 아니다. 바울은 단언코 이것에 대해서 반대한다. 하지만 본문에서 바울은 유대주의의 관점에서 이를 차용해서 설명하고 있는 것이다. 유대인들은 너무나 율법에 대해서 잘 알고 있었다. 그런데 문제는 그것을 행하지 않는다는 것이었다. 물론 율법을 통해서 구원을 얻을 수 없지만 구원받은 사람이라면 반드시 그의 삶을 통해서 하나님의 가르침, 율법의 행위가 드러나야 하는 것이다.
율법을 듣는 것은 그것을 순종하는 것으로 나아가는 첫번째 단계이다. 하지만 행함으로 이어지지 않는 들음이라면 이것은 아무런 유익이 없다.
- Obviously Paul was not teaching salvation by works. Later, in his summary of this entire section (3:20), Paul clearly stated that “no one will be declared righteous in [God’s] sight by observing the law.” In the immediate context Paul adopted for the moment the perspective of Judaism. What needs to be added is that no one could ever keep the law so perfectly as to be considered righteous before God. People have a fatal tendency to substitute passive agreement for action. But God does not pronounce people righteous because their doctrine is correct. Only those who do what God requires are declared righteous (cf. Lev 18:5).95 Hearing what the law requires is only the first step. Unless hearing becomes doing, it has no particular benefit (Jas 1:22–23, 25). This
Robert H. Mounce, Romans, vol. 27, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1995), 94.
본문의 의롭다 하심은 justify(디카이오데손타이)라는 단어로 앞서 1:17절에 언급한 대로 하나님께서 예수그리스도의 희생, 대속으로 말미암아 죄인된 이들을 의롭다고, 무죄라고 법적 선언을 내리시는 것을 의미한다.
- Here Paul introduces the important verb “justify” (dikaiōthēsontai), which is part of the discussion in 1:17 and means that God makes a legal decision, declaring repentant sinners righteous or innocent as a result of the sacrifice of Christ for them. Yet this is problematic because it seems to link justification with obeying the law, something that Paul rejects in 3:20 (“no one will be declared righteous [justified] in his sight by observing the law”). It could be that Paul is not thinking of present justification but of final justification at the last judgment (so Dunn 1988a; Schreiner 1998); more likely Paul is writing from the standpoint of the Jew under the law, for whom the heart of the matter was obedience and not just hearing (so Barrett 1957; Murray 1968; Stott 1994; Morris 1988; Moo 1996). Of course, none could ever be truly justified by keeping the law, but Jews standing before God are held accountable for their actions.
Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 68.
14절) 모세를 통해서 수여된 율법을 받지 못한 이방인도 본능적으로 율법의 일을 행할 때가 있다. 이러한 사람은 율법이 없어도 자기가 자기에게 율법이 된다. 본문의 본성은 단지 자연적인 직관이 아니라 하나님께서 사람가운데 창조하신 양심에 대한 신적 반응에 의한 것을 의미한다.
- This is a “natural” response, not because it is something that one does by instinct of by nature, but because it is a response of the divinely created conscience within man. An expression for their own free will is difficult to render in a number of languages. In some instances it is simply equivalent to “whenever they themselves decide,” “whenever their own heart tells them to,” or “whenever their innermost thoughts say they should.”
Barclay Moon Newman and Eugene Albert Nida, A Handbook on Paul’s Letter to the Romans, UBS Handbook Series (New York: United Bible Societies, 1973), 40.
예를 들어 이방인, 하나님을 알지 못하는 사람이 다른 사람을 도와주고 연민을 품고 선을 행한다고 할 때, 그는 모세 율법을 직접적으로 받지 않았지만 하나님이 창조하신 인간에게 부여된 신의 성품, 양심에 따라서 이러한 일을 행하고 있는 것이다.
- By nature (see also 1:26) is used in accordance with “the typically Stoic thought of the moral law found in nature,” a view also seen in Philo and Josephus (Harder 1976:600; cf. also Martens 1994:55–67). Calvin (1974:97–98) called this “common grace,” and it means that the Gentiles had a certain innate sense of right and wrong that allowed them at times to do that which was required in God’s law. They do not know God, but they have an internal barometer that enables them to know when they are doing wrong in his sight. As Stott says (1994:86), “Not all human beings are crooks, blackguards, thieves, adulterers, and murderers. On the contrary, some honor their parents, recognize the sanctity of human life, are loyal to their spouses, practice honesty, speak the truth and cultivate contentment, just as the last six of the ten commandments require.” In this sense the Gentiles become a law for themselves, that is, they possess a God-given form of the divine law, a form that is in keeping with the Mosaic law. Paul’s point is that the Jews have no true advantage over the Gentiles by having the law, for the Gentiles have their own form of it.
Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 69.
유대인들은 율법을 돌판에 새겼지만 이방인들은 그들의 양심, 마음에 그 것을 새겼다.
15절) 이런 이들, 이방인들은 그 양심이 증거가 되어서 그 생각들이 서로 고발, 혹은 변명하여 그 마음에 새긴 율법의 행위를 나타낸다.
바울은 이방인들이 율법을 소유하지 않았지만 1) 그들의 행동, 2) 그들의 양심, 3) 그들의 생각을 통해서 그들 자신이 율법의 행위를 나타낸다고 말하고 있다.
마음(hearts, 카디아), 양심(conscience, 시네이데시스)
본문에 그 생각들이 서로 혹은 고발하며 혹은 변명한다라고 했는데 이는 때로는 우리가 우리가 한 행동에 대해서 네가 잘못했다라고 하기도 하고 때로는 네가 잘했다라고 한다는 것이다. 성경에 모든 상황과 사건에 대해서 무엇이 옳고 그른지 정해 놓고 있지 않다. 이러한 상황에서 우리는 성경에 기초한 우리 양심을 통해서 어떤 사안에 대해서 판단해야만 하는 것이다.
- Accuse and defend are expressed in some languages as direct discourse—for example, “sometimes their thoughts say, You did wrong, and sometimes their thoughts say, You did right.”
- The Gentiles by their conduct showed that what the law required100 was written on their hearts. Paul was not saying that God’s specific revelation to Israel through Moses was intuitively known by pagan peoples. He was saying that in a broad sense what was expected of all people was not hidden from those who did not have the revelation given to Israel. Their own conscience acknowledged the existence of such a law.101 Thrall suggests that Paul was saying that in the pagan world the conscience performed roughly the same function as the law performed in the Jewish world.102 The conscience, however, is not a norm for action but an inner witness that judges whether or not an act is right or wrong.103 It is customary to point out that in v. 15 Paul p 96 distinguished three ways in which the pagan was apprised of moral responsibility—the law, the conscience, and thoughts that accuse or defend.104 But since Gentiles were “apart from the law” (v. 12), law in their case hardly could function for them in that sense. Further, two parallel clauses with which the verse closes are closely related. Although the conscience is not specifically the thoughts that accuse and defend, it is not wrong to say that they represent the way they function. The second clause clarifies and explains the first. In other words, one ought not to separate the conscience from the inner thoughts that alternatively accuse or defend. The picture is that of people inwardly debating an issue of moral conduct.105
Robert H. Mounce, Romans, vol. 27, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1995), 95–96.
16절) 하나님께서 예수 그리스도로 말미암아 다른 이들이 알지 못하는 , 나만이 알고 있는 은밀한 것에 대해서 바울이 복음에 말한 것과 같이 심판의 날에 심판하실 것이다.
이 심판의 주체는 바로 하나님이시다. 그런데 이 심판은 복음을 통해서, 여러 성경의 기록과 예수 그리스도의 말씀을 통해서 이미 선포된 것과 같은 방식으로 사람들의 은밀한 것까지 하나님의 때에 이루어질 것이다. 그러므로 모든 이들은 이에 대해서 핑계치 못할 것이다.
- The relationship of verse 16 to verses 12–15 is difficult because the previous verses discuss a present work of the conscience while verse 16 links it with the final judgment. Several different solutions have been proposed (see Cranfield 1975; Dunn 1988a; Moo 1996; Schreiner 1998): (1) Some believe it is a later addition, but there are no grounds for such. (2) Verse 16 might connote a present judgment in the mind (like v. 15), but Paul elsewhere uses “the day” for the Day of the Lord at the end of history (e.g., Rom 13:12; 1 Cor 1:8; 2 Cor 1:14; Eph 4:30; Phil 1:6, 10). (3) Both verses 15 and 16 could refer to the final judgment, with the conscience exercised at that final event, but that does not fit the present orientation of verses 14, 15. (4) The niv places verses 14–15 in parentheses, with the result that verse 16 would go back to verse 13 and justification at the final judgment. However, there is too close a link between verse 15 and verse 16 for this. (5) Verse 16 might sum up the whole paragraph with its emphasis on both present and final judgment. This is partially correct, but the introductory on the day when that opens verse 16 points to a special relationship with verse 15. (6) The best option is to see the present activity of the conscience as finding its culmination in the final judgment. In this sense verse 16 is in inclusio with verse 12, both referring to that final consummation when God will judge [everyone’s] secrets, that is, when all the things hidden from others will be brought to light by God (1 Sam 16:7; Ps 139:1–2; Mk 4:22 par.; Lk 12:2–3). This is similar to 1 Peter 1:17, where God is described as “a Father who judges each man’s work impartially”; that is, he both refuses to play favorites and judges on the basis of the totality of one’s actions.
Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 70–71.