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25 jNow to him who is able to strengthen you kaccording to my gospel and the preaching of Jesus Christ, laccording to the revelation of the mystery mthat was kept secret for nlong ages 26 but ohas now been disclosed and through the prophetic writings has been made known to all nations, according to the command of the eternal God, pto bring about the obedience of faith— 27 to qthe only wise God rbe glory forevermore through Jesus Christ! Amen. 
jEph. 3:20; Jude 24
kSee ch. 2:16
l1 Cor. 2:1; 4:1; Eph. 1:9; 3:3–5; 5:32; 6:19
m[1 Cor. 2:7]
n2 Tim. 1:9; Titus 1:2
oCol. 1:26; 2 Tim. 1:10; Titus 1:3
p[Col. 1:6]; See ch. 1:5
q1 Tim. 1:17; 6:16
rSee ch. 11:36
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version(Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 롬 16:25–27.

(롬 16:25-27, 개정) 『[25] 나의 복음과 예수 그리스도를 전파함은 영세 전부터 감추어졌다가 [26] 이제는 나타내신 바 되었으며 영원하신 하나님의 명을 따라 선지자들의 글로 말미암아 모든 민족이 믿어 순종하게 하시려고 알게 하신 바 그 신비의 계시를 따라 된 것이니 이 복음으로 너희를 능히 견고하게 하실 [27] 지혜로우신 하나님께 예수 그리스도로 말미암아 영광이 세세무궁하도록 있을지어다 아멘』

(롬 16:25-27, 새번역) 『[25] ⑪[하나님께서는 내가 전하는 복음 곧 예수 그리스도에 관한 선포로 여러분을 능히 튼튼히 세워주십니다. 그는 오랜 세월 동안 감추어 두셨던 비밀을 계시해 주셨습니다. / ⑪사본에 따라 16:25-27이 없기도 하고; 14:23 뒤에나 15:33 뒤에 붙어 있기도 함 [26] 그 비밀이 지금은 예언자들의 글로 환히 공개되고, 영원하신 하나님의 명을 따라 모든 이방 사람들에게 알려져서, 그들이 믿고 순종하게 되었습니다. [27] 오직 한 분이신 지혜로우신 하나님께, 예수 그리스도로 말미암아 영광이 영원무궁 하도록 있기를 빕니다. 아멘.]』

(롬 16:25-27, 쉬운말) 『[25] ○ 오랜 세월 동안 감추어져 있었던 비밀이 드러남에 따라, 내가 전하는 복음 곧 예수 그리스도에 관한 선포의 말씀으로 여러분의 믿음을 능히 굳세게 세워 주시는 하나님께, [26] 또한 영원하신 하나님의 명령에 따라 예언자들의 글을 통해 이제는 그 비밀이 밝히 드러나고 알려져서, 모든 민족이 믿고 순종하게 된 하나님께, [27] 그리고 오직 한 분이시며 지혜로우신 그분 하나님께, 예수 그리스도로 말미암아 영광이 영원무궁토록 함께하기를 빕니다. 아멘.』

Paul ends his majestic letter to the Romans with a doxology in praise of the God who has in the gospel of Jesus Christ revealed the climax of salvation history. Paul deliberately echoes in these verses the language and themes of the letter, and particularly its opening section:
        “Who is able” (power) cf. 1:4, 16
        “Strengthen you” 1:11
        “[my] gospel” 1:1, 9, 16; cf. 2:16
        “revelation”/“manifested” 1:17; 3:21
        “prophetical writings” 1:2; 3:21
        “obedience of faith” 1:5
        “all the nations (Gentiles)” 1:5; passim
        “only God” 3:29–30
        “wise God” 11:33–36
Prominent here again is the theme of the revelation of the gospel as the pinnacle of salvation history and as a message of universal applicability. Paul ends as he began.3Paul clearly intends to stimulate the Roman Christians’ praise of God by reminding them of what he has told them of God’s wonderful plan for their salvation in Jesus Christ.
Paul uses a repeated threefold structure to enhance the liturgical tone of the doxology: note “gospel,” “preaching,” and “revelation” in v. 25b, the three participial modifiers of revelation—“kept secret,” “manifested,” and “made known.” Perhaps it is the very complexity of this arrangement that lands Paul in syntactical difficulties; for vv. 25–27 are one long incomplete sentence.4
3See, e.g., Bengel, 3.197; Michel, 486; Stuhlmacher, 256.
4E.g., an “anacolouthon.” See Denney, 725. Attempts to avoid this conclusion by supplying a verb (e.g., Godet, 506) are neither necessary nor persuasive. See further the notes on v. 27.
 Douglas J. Moo, The Epistle to the Romans, The New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1996), 937–938.

이 송영은 로마서 전체의 주제를 아주 간략하게 요약한다. 그 주제는 바로 그리스도를 통한 하나님의 구원 계시이다. 

바울은 3중의 구조로 송영의 톤을 강조한다. 
복음과 전파함과 계시
계시를 꾸미는 3개의 분사구문 : 감추어졌다가, 나타내신바 됨, 알게 하신 바

본문의 개역개정의 해석은 본문의 구조적 의미를 반감시킨다. 
Now to him who is able to strengthen you 
    according to my gospel and the preaching of Jesus Christ,
    according to the revelation of the mystery that was kept secret for long ages but has now been disclosed and through the prophetic writings has been made known to all nations, 
    according to the command of the eternal God, to bring about the obedience of faith 
to the only wise God be glory forevermore through Jesus Christ! Amen.
본문의 according to의 3개의 절이 우리를 강하게 하실분, 하나님을 꾸미고 있다,. 
나의 복음과 예수 그리스도를 전파함을 따라
영세전부터 감추어졌던, 그러나 이제는 드러나고 선지자들의 글을 통해서 모든 나라들에게 알려진 신비의 계시를 따라
믿음으로 순종케 하는 영원한 하나님의 명령을 따라 
이제 너희를 강하게 하실 수 있는 분. 
오직 지혜로우신 하나님께 예수 그리스도를 통해서 영광이 영원히 있을지어다. 아멘.

이 송영은 우리의 찬양을 받으시기에 합당하신 하나님이, 우리를 강하게 하실 하나님이 어떤 분이신지, 우리를 위해서 무슨 일을 하셨는지를 설명하고 있다. 

25절) 바울은 하나님만이 우리를 강하게 하실 수 있다라고 말한다. 이 힘은 바로 우리가 그리스도인으로서 유혹과 시험을 극복하고 거룩하게 살아갈 힘을 의미한다. 이처럼 우리를 강하게 할 두가지는 바로 나의 복음 곧 예수 그리스도를 전파하는 것과 오래전 부터 감추어졌던 계시의 비밀이 이제 드러나는 것이다. 

26절) 그 감추어졌던 신비, 비밀이 이제는 하나님의 백성에게, 모든 민족에게 드러났다. 여기서 신비는 예수 그분의 오심이다. 본문에서 신비는 첫번째로 ‘영세전부터 감추어졌다가’로 묘사된다. 이는 과거에는 이스라엘에게 이것이 완전히 이해되지 않았다는 것이다. 이스라엘을 메시야를 고대했지만 예수가 메시야임을 몰랐다. 둘째로 그 신비는 드러났고 선지자들의 글을 통하여 모든 민족이 알게 되었다. 신비는 감추어진 것이면서 동시에 드러난 것이기도 하다. 그렇기에 어떤 이들에게는 감추어졌고 들을귀가 있는 자들을 그것을 듣고 반응했다. 예수의 오심이 그러했다. 태초부터 영원한 신비속에서 하나님의 섭리속에 이루어진 이 일을 모두가 깨닫지는 못한 것이다. 예를 들어 유대인들, 몇몇 제자들을 포함해서, 이들은 예수가 섬기고 고난받는 종이 아니라 왕으로서 군림하기를 원했다. 세번째로 그 신비는 영원한 하나님의 명령을 따라 온 것이다. 이 구원 계획은 창세 전에 시작되었다. 
  • This extended doxological ending is used by Paul to sum up the implications of the gospel as well. In fact, it recapitulates the central motifs of the letter and is especially close to the introduction (1:1–7), thereby framing the letter with the theme of the revelation of God’s salvation in Jesus. Paul begins the same way he does in Ephesians 3:20 (cf. Jude 24), Now to him who is able to,referring to the fact that only God has the power to accomplish these things. So when Paul says God is “able to strengthen” us (niv, establish), he means that our strength comes only via his strength. This is the strength to live the Christian life and to overcome temptation and trials. The twofold basis of this strength is Paul’s gospel and the proclamation of Jesus Christ,though all agree that these are not separate but a single item, for it means that his gospel is proclaiming Christ. He is saying that the basis of strength for serving the Lord is found in the very gospel he has presented (primarily in 3:21–8:39), because in his gospel he is “preaching Jesus Christ” (better the preaching “about” Jesus than the preaching “by” Jesus for the proclamation of Jesus Christ), who is the sole source for Christian strength. Paul’s gospel is further linked with the revelation of the mystery.In it God has revealed or made known his hidden mystery, which, as discussed in 11:25, is a salvation-historical event unknown before but now revealed to God’s people. Here that mysteryis the coming of Jesus Christ himself, which is further described in three ways. First it is hidden for long ages past,*meaning that full understanding was not given to Israel in the past. They knew that their Messiah was coming, but they did not know the full significance of his coming. This is said well in 1 Peter 1:10–11, relating how the prophets “searched intently and with the greatest care, trying to find out the time and circumstances to which the Spirit of Christ in them was pointing when he predicted the sufferings of Christ and the glories that would follow.” They only knew partly what was to happen, and they longed to experience the reality. Second, the mystery is now revealed and made known through the prophetic writings.In one sense there is a contradiction, because this says that the mystery was both concealed and revealed in the prophecies. The solution is that the truths were indeed both revealed and hidden in the prophecies. Part was revealed, but a great deal was hidden. The fact of his coming and many details were made known, but a lot was not, and other aspects were made known but not understood until Christ actually came. Paul reflects that tension here. For instance, the Jewish people (including the disciples) expected a conquering king rather than a suffering servant. Also, God had said in the Abrahamic covenant that all nations would be blessed, but the equal place of the Gentiles in the divine plan was not understood. Third, the mystery has come by the command of the eternal God. It is the divine will that is behind the mystery of the gospel, and it has come to pass as the result of his decree. Since he is the eternal God,this plan was set before the world began (cf. Eph 1:4; Heb 4:3).
  • *16:25–27The majority of scholars argue that this doxology was added to the original letter (Dodd 1932; Barrett 1957; M. Black 1973; Bruce 1985; Cranfield 1979; Käsemann 1980; Wilckens 1982; Dunn 1988b; Munro 1990; Fitzmyer 1993b; Byrne 1996), possibly by a final editor when he compiled the Pauline corpus. The text-critical evidence is problematic. This passage is completely missing in several western manuscripts (F, G, 629 and others), placed after 14:23 in the Majority Text and others (Θ, 0209 and others), after 15:33 in p46, after both 14:23 and 15:33 in 1506, and after both 14:23 and 16:23 in A, P, 33, 104 and others. However, it is found in its present position in p61, א, B, C, D, 81, 365, and several other manuscripts, and Metzger (1994:470–73) argues for its authenticity on the strength of those who place it after 16:23. Most who doubt it, however, do so on its non-Pauline character, arguing that phrases like hidden for long ages pastor the eternal Godor mysteryare unlike Paul and similar to the language of later epistles like Ephesians or Colossians. However, that is only valid if one accepts the non-Pauline authorship of those epistles. Moreover, as Moo has shown (1996:937), the language is quite similar to the rest of Romans, especially to the opening verses (1:1–17). Therefore, many (Godet 1969; Lenski 1945; Murray 1968; Nygren 1949; Hendriksen 1981; Hurtado 1981:185–99; Stuhlmacher 1994; Morris 1988; Stott 1994; Moo 1996; Schreiner 1998) accept the authenticity of the doxology and place it here. While one cannot be certain, it is more likely that the doxology does indeed belong in its present spot at the end of Romans.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 417–419.

이 영원한 신비의 계시의 목적은 바로 모든 민족이 믿어 순종케 되는 것이다. 이는 로마서 전체의 주요 주제로 그리스도께서 바로 모든 나라와 백성들을 위해서 오신 것이다. 유대인이나 이방인이나 모두 하나님의 은혜가 필요한 죄인들이다. 그리스도께서 죽으심으로 믿음을 통해서 모든 이들이 의롭다 칭합을 받게 되는 것이다. 이것은 롬 1:5절에 분명히 나타난다. 칭의는 성화의 첫단계, 출발점이다. 올바른 믿음은 하나님과 올바른 관계로 이끌고, 이는 하나님을 위한 올바른 삶으로 이끈다. 

27절) 지혜로우신 하나님께 예수 그리스도로 말미암아 영광이 영원무궁할 지어다. 아멘
바울신학, 바울의 서신에 있어서 하나님의 지혜는 매우 중요한 내용으로 그는 고전 1:17-2:16과 3:18-20에서 강조한바 있다. 여기에서 그는 하나님의 지혜와 세상의 지혜를 대조한다. 바울의 강조점은 오직 하나님만이 지혜로우시며 그분의 백성은 지혜의 원천으로 오직 그분만을 따라야 한다는 것이다. 바울에게 있어서 지혜는 잠언에서 말하는 지혜와 유사하다. 잠언에서 지혜즌 하나님의 세계에서 하나님의 원리에 따라서 살아가는 삶을 말한다. 이것은 언제나 하나님 중심적이다. 그래서 바울은 영원토록 하나님을 찬양하며 본 서신을 마무리한다. 
  • Paul concludes his epistle with praise to the only wise God, which could mean “to the only and wise God” but more likely means “to God who alone is wise” (so Cranfield 1979). In 11:33 Paul talked about “the depth of the riches of the wisdom and knowledge of God.” The wisdom of God is certainly a major biblical emphasis. Paul focuses on the divine wisdom especially in 1 Corinthians 1:17–2:16 and 3:18–20, where he contrasts the wisdom of God with the so-called wisdom of the world. Paul’s point here is similar—God alone is wise, and his people must seek only him as the source of wisdom. Wisdom in Paul is similar to the meaning of wisdom in Proverbs, where wisdom means living life in God’s world by God’s rules. It is always God-centered. So Paul ascribes God glory forever,meaning he deserves eternal praise. As the Westminster Confession says, God created us to “glorify him and enjoy him forever.” It is our sacred privilege to give him the glory forever. In fact, that is how Revelation 7:15 pictures our eternal destiny: we will be “before the throne of God and serve him day and night in his temple” (see also Rev 22:3). Heaven will in one sense be an eternal worship service, with the difference being that God will be physically present with us, and we will look on his face for the first time since Adam sinned. Moreover, this praise is only possible through Jesus Christ.This is a fitting end to this epistle that teaches that all salvation is possible only through Jesus Christ. It was his act of love (5:8), his atoning sacrifice (3:25), that has brought all this about, and our faith in him (3:21–4:25) that brings us justification to eternal life (4:25; 6:23).
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 419–420.


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17 I appeal to you, brothers, to watch out for those who cause divisions and create obstacles xcontrary to the doctrine that you have been taught; yavoid them. 18 For such persons do not serve our Lord Christ, but ztheir own appetites,6and aby smooth talk and flattery they deceive the hearts of the naive. 19 For byour obedience is known to all, so that I rejoice over you, but I want you cto be wise as to what is good and innocent as to what is evil. 20 dThe God of peace ewill soon crush Satan under your feet. fThe grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. 
21 gTimothy, my fellow worker, greets you; so do Lucius and Jason and Sosipater, my kinsmen. 
22 I Tertius, hwho wrote this letter, greet you in the Lord. 
23 iGaius, who is host to me and to the whole church, greets you. Erastus, the city treasurer, and our brother Quartus, greet you.7
x1 Tim. 1:3; 6:3
ySee 2 John 10
zPhil. 3:19; [2 Tim. 3:4; Titus 1:12]
6Greek their own belly
aCol. 2:4; 2 Pet. 2:3
bch. 1:8
c[Jer. 4:22]; See Matt. 10:16
dSee ch. 15:33
eGen. 3:15; [Luke 10:17–19; Rev. 12:11]
f1 Cor. 16:23
gSee Acts 16:1
hSee 1 Cor. 16:21
i1 Cor. 1:14; [Acts 19:29; 20:4; 3 John 1]
7Some manuscripts insert verse 24: The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version(Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 롬 16:17–23.

17절) 바울은 형제들에게 권한다. 너희가 배운 교훈을 거슬러 분쟁을 일으키거나 거치게 하는 자들을 조심하고 그들에게서 떠나라. 
바울은 지금 교회안에 거짓 교사들을 경계하고 있다. 그들은 분쟁을 일으키고(강한 자와 약한자, 할례, 음식, 절기) 신자들앞에 장애물을 만들어 거치게 하는 이들이다.(9:33) 이러한 이들은 사람들의 신앙을 무너뜨리고 배교로 이끌 수 있다. 이러한 것은 이단의 주요한 특징들이다. 이것은 심각한 잘못일뿐만 아니라 실제로 기독교의 핵심 교리를 파괴한다.  
  • Paul is urgingor “exhorting” the church (cf. 12:1) and calls them “brothers [and sisters]” in order to stress his relationship with them. This points to a serious admonition. He commands them to watch outor maintain constant vigilance regarding the dangerous heretics who may come at any time. The first problem with these people is that they cause divisionsor “dissension” in the community. Their teaching is divisive and would further erode the cohesion of a community already experiencing problems over the “strong” and “weak” factions (14:1–15:13). Second, they put obstaclesor “stumbling blocks” before the believers. As stated in 9:33 (cf. 11:9), these are forces that destroy one’s faith and can lead to apostasy. This is in fact a primary characteristic of heresy. It is not just serious error but actually destroys the core doctrines of the Christian faith. Such people are not Christians because they espouse what is contrary to the teaching you have learned.Such teaching contradicts the cardinal doctrines of the faith. These are not issues like the security of the believer or predestination (on which see the discussion on chapters 8–11) but central tenets like the doctrine of Christ or of salvation. The only proper response is to keep away from them;that is, have nothing to do with them. This is more than just avoiding them, for that would imply a modicum of tolerance. This is a more direct opposition involving both censure and discipline. It could infer a type of excommunication such as found in Matthew 18:17 (“treat [them] as you would a pagan or a tax collector”) or 2 Thessalonians 3:14 (“do not associate with” them). Of course, such discipline should also be done “gently” with the purpose of bringing them to “repentance” (2 Tim 2:24–26). The goal is not primarily to remove them from the church (though that is certainly an aspect of it) but rather to wake them up and help them to get right with the Lord. Nevertheless, the purity of the church must be guarded zealously.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 412–413.

18절) 이같은 자들, 앞서 교회안에 문제를 일으킴으로 교회로부터 떼어놓아야할 이들은 다음과 같다. 
이들은 우리 주 그리스도를 섬기지 않고 다만 자기들의 배만 섬기는 이들이다. 또한 교활한 말과 아첨하는 말로 순진한 자들의 마음을 미혹하는 이들이다. 거짓 교사들을, 거짓 가르침을 허용하다보면 자연스럽게 교회는 궤멸된다. 따라서 교회를 교회되게 하기 위해서는 잘못된 가르침에 대한 권징이 바르게 이루어져야 한다. 자기들의 배만 섬긴다라는 표현은 빌 3:19에 등장하는 표현으로 탐욕이 가득하고 자기중심성을 의미하는 것이다. 그들은 주님을 섬기지 않고 자기 자신의 유익만을 추구하는 자들인 것이다. 사탄은 속이는 이이다.(7:11) 거짓 가르침은 생명에 이르게할 하나님의 계명, 율법 마저도 사망에 이르는 죄가 되게 할 수 있다. 어린 아이와 같은 신자들은 하나님의 깊은 계획을 깨닫지 못함으로 교활한 말과 아첨하는 말에 쉽게 흔들리고 미혹된다. 이시대의 많은 이단들이 이와 같다. 진리를 말하는 것 같지만 교활한 말로 사람들을 현혹시켜 사망에 이르게 하는 이들이 바로 이단이다. 
이시대에 왜 이렇게 그리스도인들이 신천지와 같은 이단의 가르침에 현혹되는가? 첫번째는 교회안에 진정한 교회와 돌봄이 없기 때문이고 두번째는 그리스도인들에게 성경에 대한 해석학적인, 신학적인 바른 이해가 없기 때문이다.  그래서 이단의 거짓 교사들이 처음에는 성경을 인용하면서 바르게 보이는 내용을 가르치다가 어느 순간 성경의 중요한 부분을 의도적으로 왜곡하여 가르치는 것을 분별하지 못하는 것이다. 그러므로 교회는 이런 이단으로부터 신자들을 보호하기 위해서 교인들을 베뢰아인들처럼 가르치고 훈련시켜야 한다.  
(행 17:11, 개정) 『베뢰아에 있는 사람들은 데살로니가에 있는 사람들보다 더 너그러워서 간절한 마음으로 말씀을 받고 이것이 그러한가 하여 날마다 성경을 상고하므로』
우리는 성경의 진리, 신학적인 진리를 강조하고 우리의 신자들이 성경을 어떻게 연구하고 묵상할지를 가르치고 도와주어야 한다. 그래서 하나님의 말씀이 왜곡되고 오용되는 것에 대해서 스스로 분별할 수 있는 힘을 길러주어야 한다. 그러기 위해서는 말씀이 거러한가 날마다 성경을 묵상하고 상고하는 연습이 필요하다. 
  • The second reason the church must be vigilant is that false teachers deceive the minds of naïve people. Satan is the great “deceiver” (Rev 12:9, 20:3), and they follow in his steps (the connection with Satan is made in v. 20). Paul has used this word in 7:11, where he says “sin … deceived me, and through the commandment put me to death.” He pictures the false teachers as deliberately manipulating truth to suck in the “foolish” or “simple-minded” people. These are weak Christians (Eph 4:14 calls them “infants”) who do not understand the deep things of God and are easily fooled by the smooth talk and flattery,that is, the smooth “eloquence” of the heretics. What they say sounds so plausible and convincing that the gullible are easily drawn into their pernicious lies. This happens all too frequently. One is astounded at the ease with which a Jim Jones or a David Koresh finds adherents. I was once asked by Christianity Todayto write an article on why it is that the cults seem to draw so many of their followers from evangelical churches (Osborne 1979:22–23). I discovered two reasons: one, the lack of true fellowship and caring in many churches; the other, the lack of hermeneutical and theological awareness on the part of too many Christians. When they hear these cult leaders twisting Scripture, they cannot tell that truth is being compromised. The answer is clear. We must develop Berean Christians who “search the Scriptures daily to see if these things are true” (Acts 17:11). We need to stress theological truth and help our believers learn how to study the Bible for themselves and so know when God’s Word is being misused.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 413–414.

19절) 바울은 로마교회의 성도들의 순종함이 모든 사람에게 들렸고 그로 말미암아 기뻐한다라고 했다. 그러면서 이들이 선한데 지혜롭고 악한데 미련하기를 원한다고 했다. 
선한것에 대해서는 지혜롭고 악한 것에 대해서는 순수한, 순진한 태도를 가지라는 것이다. 본문의 미련하다라는 단어 innocent)는 앞선 순진한(naive)라는 단어와 비슷한 단어이다. 악한것에 대한 우리의 태도는 그것을 모르는 무지한 상태가 아니라 순진한 상태이다. 악함을 알지만 선한데 지혜롭기에, 하나님이 기뻐하시는 일이 무엇인지 알기에 악함을 따르지 않는 자들로 나아가야 한다. 그렇지 않으면, 단지 악을 모르는 상태로 있을때는 어느 순간엔가 그 악함에 노출될 수 있기 때문이다. 이것이 가능해지기 위해서는 교회는 성도들에게 선한 것이 무엇인지, 악으로부터 선을 분별하는 법을, 성경이 말하는 진리를 바르게 가르쳐야만 할 것이다. 교회가 근본적인 진리를 가르치는 것을 도외시하고 사변적인 것에 집착할때 거짓된 가르침으로 넘어지게 되는 것이다. 


20절) 평강의 하나님께서 속히 사탄을 너희 발 아래에서 궤멸시키실 것이다. 본문의 사건은 사탄의 머리를 상하게 하는 창 3:15절의 성취를 보여준다. 
  • This is a remarkable promise and probably is both specifically related to the false teachers in verses 17–19 and generally related to the victory of the church in every area, including the discord caused by the strong and the weak groups in the church (14:1–2). The one who will bring this about is the God of peace,a title used in 15:33 and closely connected with Paul’s plea for peace in the Roman community in 14:17 and 19. God will soon crush Satan under your feet,a concept that alludes to the protevangelium of Genesis 3:15, “he will crush your head, and you will strike his heel.” The false teachers are Satan’s emissaries, but their influence is both temporary and doomed. Paul also links heretics with demonic forces in 1 Timothy 4:1, “in later times some will abandon the faith and follow deceiving spirits and things taught by demons.” John also links the two in 1 John 2:18, “as you have heard that the antichrist is coming, even now many antichrists have come.” Yet at the same time this has an inaugurated thrust centering on the tension between the already and the not yet seen so often in Romans (e.g., 8:18, 23, 30). The crushing of Satan has already begun but will not be consummated and finalized until the eschaton, when Satan will be first bound (Rev 20:3) and then thrown into the lake of fire (Rev 20:10). The Jewish understanding of Genesis 3:15 was that the serpent, Satan, would be defeated by God and his angelic forces (Testament of Simeon6:6; Testament of Levi18:12; cf. 1 Enoch54:6; Jubilees10:8–9), a view found in Revelation 12:7–9, where Michael casts Satan and his armies out of heaven. Paul states that Satan would be defeated now in the Roman church and finally at the end of history. Moreover, this would occur soon,the same view of imminence seen in 13:12, “the day is almost here” (see on that passage).
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 414–415.

21절) 바울의 동역자 디모데와 바울의 친척 누기오와 야손과 소시바더가 로마의 성도들에게 문안한다. 
디모데는 바울의 가장 가까운 사역자중의 한사람으로 바울의 2차 선교여행때 합류하여 이 편지를 기록한 고린도에서 바울과 함께 했다.  바울은 디모데를 영적인 아들로 여겼다. 
  • Timothy.One of Paul’s closest ministry associates; he joined Paul on his second missionary journey (Acts 16:1–3) and was with Paul in Corinth as he wrote this letter to the Romans (Acts 20:3–4). Jason.Perhaps the same Jason with whom Paul stayed during his ministry in Thessalonica (Acts 17:5–9).
  •  Douglas J. Moo, “The Letters and Revelation,”in NIV Zondervan Study Bible: Built on the Truth of Scripture and Centered on the Gospel Message, ed. D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2015), 2322.

22절) 이 편지를 기록하는 더디오도 주안에서 너희에게 문안한다. 
당시 이렇게 편지를 말로 하면 받아적는 이들이 있었다. 바울의 시력이 매우 좋지 않았기에 그는 이러한 도움을 받았을 것이다. 필사자가 바울의 말을 기계적으로 받아적었는지 아니면 어느 정도의 자율성를 가지고 썼는지는 분명하지 않다. 

23절) 나, 바울과 온 교회를 돌봐주는 가이오도 너희에게 문안한다. 이 성의 새무관 에라스도와 우리의 형제 쿠아도도 너희에게 문안한다. 
본문의 가이오는 고전 1:14절의 가이오로 디도 유스도로(행 18:7)로 바울에 의해서 회심하여 바울에게 세례를 받은 인물로 고린도에서 바울에게 숙소를 제공한 인물로 알려져있다. 당시 로마 제국의 높은 직책에 있던 인물들중에 회심하여 그리스도인이 된 이들이 있다. 서기오 바울의 경우 지방 총독이었다.(행 13:6-12)
에라스도는 이 도시의 재무장관으로 ‘호 테스 폴리스 오이코노모스”이다. 이를 라틴어로 ‘에딜, aedile’라는 단어인데 고린도의 고대의 비석에 이런 글이 새겨져 있다. “에라스도, 그의 직책에 대한 보답으로, 자비로 이 포장도로를 놓는다” 

  • Gaius.Perhaps the Gaius mentioned in 1 Cor 1:14. This Gaius may also have been known as Titius Justus, whom Acts 18:7 identifies as the person with whom Paul stayed in Corinth. Erastus … the city’s director of public works.The Greek word rendered “director of public works” probably corresponds to the Latin aedile.An inscription discovered on an ancient block of stone in Corinth probably refers to this same Erastus: “Erastus, in return for his aedileship, laid [this pavement] at his own expense.” Acts 19:22; 2 Tim 4:20 also mention an Erastus, but the name was common enough that it is uncertain whether they refer to the same man.
  •  Douglas J. Moo, “The Letters and Revelation,”in NIV Zondervan Study Bible: Built on the Truth of Scripture and Centered on the Gospel Message, ed. D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2015), 2323.







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Greet Ampliatus, my beloved in the Lord. Greet Urbanus, our fellow worker in Christ, and my beloved Stachys. 10 Greet Apelles, who is approved in Christ. Greet those vwho belong to the family of Aristobulus. 11 Greet my kinsman Herodion. Greet those in the Lord who belong to the family of Narcissus. 12 Greet those workers in the Lord, Tryphaena and Tryphosa. Greet the beloved Persis, who has worked hard in the Lord. 13 Greet Rufus, chosen in the Lord; also his mother, who has been a mother to me as well. 14 Greet Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas, and the brothers5who are with them. 15 Greet Philologus, Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints who are with them. 16 wGreet one another with a holy kiss. All the churches of Christ greet you. 
v1 Cor. 1:11
5Or brothers and sisters; also verse 17
w1 Cor. 16:20; 2 Cor. 13:12; 1 Thess. 5:26; [1 Pet. 5:14]
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version(Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 롬 16:8–16.

8절) 주안에서 내 사랑하는 암블리아
이 이름은 종이나 자유자들에게 당시 흔히 사용되던 이름이다. 크랜필드는 암블리아가 도미티안 황제의 조카인 도미틸라의 카타콤 무덤에 새겨진 이름일 가능성이 있다고 보았다. 
  • Ampliatus(v. 8). This was a frequent name used for slaves or freedmen. He was a dear friend of Paul’s, who calls him “beloved in the Lord.” Cranfield (1979:790) thinks it quite possible it is the same Ampliatus named on a tomb in the Catacomb of Domitilla (the niece of the emperor Domitian) in Rome, saying it was a person “specially esteemed.”
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 408.

9절) 그리스도안에서 우리의 동역자인 우르바노와 나의 사랑하는 스다구
우르바노는 또 다른 종의 이름이다. 그는 암블리아와 같이 황제의 가족의 일원이었을 것이다. 그는 바울의 동역자로 로마교회의 지도자였던 것으로 보인다. 
스다구 또한 황제 가족의 일원으로 노예인 것으로 보이는데 그에 대한 더 자세한 정보는 없다. 바울은 그를 암블리아와 같이 내 사랑하는이라고 부른다. 
  • b. Urbanus(v. 9). This is another slave name, and like Ampliatus he too may have been part of the imperial household (so Sanday and Headlam 1902; Cranfield 1979; Dunn 1988b). He is also a “coworker” of Paul’s, making him a leader in the Roman church (see v. 3).
  • c. Stachys(v. 9). We know nothing about him, though again there was a slave in the imperial household of that name. Paul refers to him as “beloved,” just as he does Ampliatus in verse 8.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 408.

10절) 그리스도안에서 인정함을 받은 아벨레에게 문안하라. 
아리스도불로의 권속에게 문안하라.
아벨레 또한 황제의 가족 구성원으로의 기록이 있지만 알려진 바는 없다. 바울은 그를 인정함을 받은이라고 호칭한다. 이는 ‘도키모스’라는 단어로 호용된, 입증된, 존경받는 이라는 의미이다. 이는 그가 교회안의 지도자로 어떤 시험을 통과했거나 혹은 존경받는 이라는 의미이다. 
아리스도불로의 권속, 아리스도불로는 아그립바 일세의 형제로 헤롯대왕의 손자일 것이다. 그는 공직에 나간 적은 없었다. 아그립바 1세는 44년에, 아리스도불로는 45-48년 사이에 사망했는데 그의 죽음이후 그의 가족들은 여전히 황제의 가족에 포함되었을 것이다. 바울은 그의 가족을 교회의 멤버로 문안하고 있는 것이다. 
  • d. Apelles(v. 10). This is another person we know nothing about, though this name also appears in inscriptions from the imperial household. When Paul calls him dokimion, it could mean he was testedin a trial and proven through it, or it could mean simply that he was approvedor esteemed by the church. niv includes both in its translation.
  • e. The Household of Aristobulus(v. 10). This is a fairly common name, but most believe it may refer to the Aristobulus who was the brother of Agrippa I and grandson of Herod the Great. He never held office but accompanied his brother when he lived in Rome. Agrippa I died in a.d. 44, and Aristobulus between a.d. 45 and 48. After his death his household would have probably joined the imperial household but kept their name (so Sanday and Headlam 1902; Cranfield 1979; Dunn 1988b; Moo 1996). Paul is greeting the Christian members of his household.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 408–409.

11절) 내 친척 헤로디온에게 문안하라.
나깃수의 가족 중 주안에 있는 자들에게 문안하라. 
헤로디온 : 바울은 그를 친척이라고 불렀다. 그는 헤롯 가족의 종 혹은 종에서 자유케된 사람으로 보인다. 이러한 경우 보통 전주인의 이름을 따른다. 바울이 그를 아리스도불로 가족의 바로 다음에 언급한 사실은 여기에 언급된 아리스도불로가 헤롯 가족에 속해있다는 증거가 된다. 
나깃수의 가족 : 나깃수는 저명한 자유인으로 클라우디우스의 보좌관이었고 꽤 부자라고 일반적으로 믿어졌다. 그러나 바로의 취임이후 그의 어머니 아그리피나는 숙청을 진행했고 그는 자살을 강요당했다. 위와 같이 그의 가족은 황제가문의 일부가 되었지만 여전히 그 독특한 이름을 유지했다. 
  • f. Herodion(v. 11). Paul calls him a “kinsman” or fellow Jew (see v. 7). He was probably a slave or freedman in Herod’s family. Such often took their patron’s name (especially if they were foreigners). The fact that Paul mentions him right after the household of Aristobulus is further evidence that the Aristobulus named here belonged to the Herodian family.
  • g. The Household of Narcissus(v. 11). These are in the Lord,and as in verse 10 (the household of Aristobulus), this probably refers to Christians in the household. It is commonly believed that Narcissus is the prominent freedman who had been an aide to Claudius and was quite wealthy. However, after the accession of Nero (a.d. 54), his mother Agrippina conducted a purge, and he was forced to commit suicide. As above, his household would have become part of the imperial family but still retained its distinctive name.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 409.

12절) 주안에서 수고한 드루배나와 드루보사에게 문안하라. 
주안에서 많이 수고하고 사랑하는 버시에게 문안하라. 
드루배나와 드루보사 : 당시 흔한 이름으로 자매인 것으로 보인다. 당시 자매들, 특히 쌍둥이의 경우 같은 이름의 어원을 사용한다. 그들의 이름의 뜻은 ‘우아한’, ‘섬세한’이라는 뜻이다. 
버시 : 이름의 뜻은 ‘페르시아 여인’이다. 또한 당시 흔히 노예나 자유인들에게 사용된 이름이다. 버시는 이중의 칭찬을 듣는데 그녀는 많이 수고하고 사랑하는 이라고 언급한다. 그녀는 특별히 교회안에서 존경받는 지도자였다. 
  • h. Tryphena and Tryphosa(v. 12). These were also either slaves or freedwomen (common names in the papyri) and were probably sisters (families often gave sisters, especially twins, names from the same root). Since their names meant “dainty” and “delicate,” there could possibly be a play on words when Paul says they work hard in the Lord.They were probably respected leaders in the church.
  • i. Persis(v. 12). The name means “Persian woman” and was commonly used for slaves and freedwomen. She has a double commendation, combining the “beloved” of verses 5 and 8 and the “worked hard in the Lord” of verses 6 and 12. Yet the description goes beyond Tryphena and Tryphosa, for Paul says she worked “veryhard,” possibly indicating that she was an outstanding leader in the church (like Mary in v. 6).
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 409.

13절) 주안에서 택하심을 입은 루포와 그의 어머니에게 문안하라. 
본문에 나오는 루포가 막 15:21에 등장하는 구레네 사람 시몬의 아들일 가능성이 있다. 만약에 그렇다면 그의 아버지가 예수님의 십자가를 지셨고, 그것을 계기로 특별히 주안에서 택하심을 받았다라는 것이 설명된다. 
(막 15:21, 개정) 『마침 알렉산더와 루포의 아버지인 구레네 사람 시몬이 시골로부터 와서 지나가는데 그들이 그를 억지로 같이 가게 하여 예수의 십자가를 지우고』
루포의 어머니 : 바울은 그의 어머니는 곧 내 어머니이다라고 말한다. 이는 특별히 바울이 그들과 가까운 관계였던 것을 말하는 것이다. 또한 그녀가 바울에게 어머니와 같은 애정과 호의를 베풀었다는 것을 의미한다. 혹자들은 바울이 예루살렘의 구레네 사람 시몬의 집에서 머물었었을 것이다라고 가정하기도 한다. 이처럼 그들은 이미 서로 아는 관계였다는 것이다. 
  • j. Rufus(v. 13). He is chosen in the Lord,which could mean he was especially respected or “choice” (so Godet 1969; Fitzmyer 1993b) but more likely describes him as one of the Lord’s elect children. There is a good chance (though it obviously cannot be proven) that this is the Rufus of Mark 15:21, which describes Simon of Cyrene (who bore the cross for Jesus) as “the father of Alexander and Rufus.” Mark’s naming of the sons indicates that they were well known to his readers, and if Mark had its provenance in Rome (as many believe), that would indicate he was a prominent Christian leader there.
  • k. [Rufus’s] Mother(v. 13). Paul describes her as “his mother and mine.” This may mean that they were especially close, but it could also mean that she had shown him motherly affection or hospitality at some point. She may have traveled a great deal, perhaps as a member of a household or business, and encountered Paul in this way (so Dunn 1988b), or perhaps Paul stayed with the family of Simon of Cyrene in Jerusalem (so Godet 1969, but less likely since there is no indication that Paul and Rufus had known each other before).
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 409–410.

14절) 아순그리도, 블레곤, 허메, 브드로바, 허마와 및 그들과 함께 있는 형제들에게 문안하라. 
이 이름들도 당시 흔히 사용된 이름들로 가정교회의 일원 혹은 지도자들이다. 여기에 바울은 언급되지 않지만 그들과 함께 있는 형제들에게도 문안하고 있다. 
  • m. Philologus, Julia, Nereus and His Sister(v. 15). This could well be a family, with the father Philologus, his wife Julia, and their children Nereus and his sister. Also, the first two could be brother and sister, thus two pairs of siblings. It is impossible to know for certain. These were common slave names, and some think that they were slaves in the imperial household. However, those named with them may mean that this was a house church and therefore a family whose home was used. This latter is slightly more likely.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 410.

15절) 빌롤로고와 율리아, 네레오와 그의 자매, 올름바와 그들과 함께 있는 모든 성도들에게 문안하라. 
이들이 어떤 관계인지는 불명확하다. 혹자는 남편과 아내, 그리고 그 자녀들로 자매들이라고 여긴다. 이처럼 이들은 가정교회의 일원이었고 자신의 집을 성도들에게 제공하여 모임을 함께 한 것으로 보인다. 
  • m. Philologus, Julia, Nereus and His Sister(v. 15). This could well be a family, with the father Philologus, his wife Julia, and their children Nereus and his sister. Also, the first two could be brother and sister, thus two pairs of siblings. It is impossible to know for certain. These were common slave names, and some think that they were slaves in the imperial household. However, those named with them may mean that this was a house church and therefore a family whose home was used. This latter is slightly more likely.
  • n. Olympas and All the Saints with Them(v. 15). As stated above, these Christians met with Philologus’s family as a house church (as in v. 14).
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 410.

16절) 너희가 서로 거룩한 입맞춤으로 서로 문안하라. 그리스도의 모든 교회가 다 너희에게 문안하느니라. 
거룩한 입맞춤은 유대 전통뿐만 아니라 당시의 고대 세계에서 서로 인사할때 특별한 애정과 존경의 표현이었다. 사도 교회의 전통에서 입맞춤의 인사는 기도와 성찬의 중간에 있다고 하는데 신약 시대동안 예전의 전통을 수행했다는 기록은 존재하지 않는다. 하지만 바울은 그이 서신을 읽는 이들에게 이를 공개적으로 요청했다. 이 거룩한 입맞춤은 평화의 입맞춤이라고 불렸다. 바울은 그리스도의 모든 교회가 다 너희에게 문안한다라고 과장법을 사용한다. 물론 모든 교회가 로마 교회를 문안한 것은 아니다. 하지만 이를 통해 로마교회를 격려하고 서로를 지지한다는 것을 알게하려는 목적이 있었을 것이다.  

바울은 지금 로마의 여러 형제 자매들에게 인사하며 서로 문안할 것을 이야기하고 있다. 이중에는 직접적인 관계가 있는 사람도 있을 것이고 그렇지 않은 이들도 있을 것이다. 하지만 중요한 것은 바울이라는 위대한 사도가 자신들의 이름을 기억하여 불러주며, 편지에 일일이 기록했을때 이를 받는 사람들은, 그리고 그 편지에서 자신의 이름을 발견하거나, 그 이름을 알고 있는 사람들은 큰 격려를 받았을 것이다. 이렇게 많던 적던 사역을 하는 사람들과 개인적인 친분을 쌓아나가고 한사람 한사람의 이름을 불러주는 것은 매우 중요한 일이라고 할 수 있다. 


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Greet rPrisca and Aquila, my fellow workers in Christ Jesus, who risked their necks for my life, to whom not only I give thanks but all the churches of the Gentiles give thanks as well. Greet also sthe church in their house. Greet my beloved Epaenetus, who was tthe first convert2to Christ in Asia. Greet Mary, who has worked hard for you. Greet Andronicus and Junia,3my kinsmen and my ufellow prisoners. They are well known to the apostles,4and they were in Christ before me. Greet Ampliatus, my beloved in the Lord. Greet Urbanus, our fellow worker in Christ, and my beloved Stachys. 10 Greet Apelles, who is approved in Christ. Greet those vwho belong to the family of Aristobulus. 11 Greet my kinsman Herodion. Greet those in the Lord who belong to the family of Narcissus. 12 Greet those workers in the Lord, Tryphaena and Tryphosa. Greet the beloved Persis, who has worked hard in the Lord. 13 Greet Rufus, chosen in the Lord; also his mother, who has been a mother to me as well. 14 Greet Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas, and the brothers5who are with them. 15 Greet Philologus, Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints who are with them. 16 wGreet one another with a holy kiss. All the churches of Christ greet you. 
rSee Acts 18:2
s1 Cor. 16:19; [Col. 4:15; Philem. 2]
t[1 Cor. 16:15]
2Greek firstfruit
3Or Junias
uCol. 4:10; Philem. 23
4Or messengers
v1 Cor. 1:11
5Or brothers and sisters; also verse 17
w1 Cor. 16:20; 2 Cor. 13:12; 1 Thess. 5:26; [1 Pet. 5:14]
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version(Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 롬 16:3–16.

바울은 로마를 방문한 적이 없다. 하지만 그의 지중해 동쪽의 선교 사역을 통해서 많은 그리스도인을 만났고 그들에게 문안하고 있는 것이다. 고대 세계에서 이름은 그들의 출신이나 사히적인 상태를 알려주는 중요한 신호의 역할을 했다. 여기에 26명의 이름이 등장하는데 로마 기독 공동체는 매우 다양한 집단, 예를 들어 남자와 여자, 유대인과 이방인, 고위층이나 낮은 이들로 모두 함께 구성되어 있었다. 이중에 가정교회가 분명하게 나타나는 것이 3곳, 10절과 11절도 포함하면 5곳이나 된다. 대부분이 이방식 이름이고 히브리 출신으로 추정되는 이름이 미리아와 헤로디온이다. 이중에 9명의 여인이 등장하는데 당시 초대교회안에 많은 여인들이 유력한 역할을 했던 것으로 보인다. 이 여인들 중에 두명 뵈뵈는 집사로 유니아는 사도들에게 존중히 여김을 받는 유력한 위치에 있었고 브리스가는 바울의 동역자였다. 게다가 마리아, 드루배나, 드루보사, 버시에 대해서는 주안에서 많이 수고한 이들이라고 불렀다. 
  • Although Paul has never visited Rome, he has encountered many of the Christians who live there in the course of his ministry in the eastern Mediterranean. The names of people in the ancient world often signaled their ethnic origin or social status. The 26 names in these verses reveal that the Roman Christian community was very diverse, with men and women, Jews and Gentiles, and people from both the upper and lower classes (Gal 3:28).
  •  Douglas J. Moo, “The Letters and Revelation,”in NIV Zondervan Study Bible: Built on the Truth of Scripture and Centered on the Gospel Message, ed. D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2015), 2321.

  • There are twenty-six people at Rome Paul wants to greet as well as three house churches (five if we consider the householdsof vv. 10, 11 to be churches). This may well be everyone he can think of. His purpose may partly have been to enlist their help when he came (so Käsemann 1980; Moo 1996), but it was also to show that he had extensive knowledge of the Roman church and so wrote his epistle from a standpoint of personal involvement (so Schreiner 1998). Most of these are Gentile names, with two (Mary and Herodion) of Hebrew origin. There are nine women, which demonstrates the high view that Paul and the early church had of women in the church. Two are named as holding offices (Phoebe the deacon and Junia the apostle), and another (Priscilla) is called a “coworker.” Moreover, four (Mary, Tryphena, Tryphosa and Persis) are said to work hard in the Lord.Clearly, women made a real difference in the early church. Moreover, most of the twenty-five names (one is simply called his [Rufus’s] mother) are from the class of slaves, freedmen and craftsmen, the lower classes (so Fitzmyer 1993b; Moo 1996). It is also possible that Paul did not know several people but rather mentioned also those he had heard of, as seen in the more impersonal greetings (Schreiner 1998 lists the houses of Aristobulus and Narcissus as well as Tryphena, Tryphosa, Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas, Philologus, Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympas in this category). Several have suggested three groups of names (Stuhlmacher 1994; Schreiner 1998), and I will follow that organization here.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 403–404.

3-4절) 브리스가와 아굴라에게 문안하는 바울. 그들은 바울을 위해서 자기들의 목까지도 내놓았다. 이들은 바울과 선교 사역의 열정을 함께 나누고 섬겼을 뿐만 아니라 가죽을 깊은 일을 함께 하였다. 
  • Prisca and Aquilaare well-known from elsewhere in the NT (cf. 1 Cor. 16:19; 2 Tim. 4:19). Prisca is given the diminutive name Priscilla in Acts (Acts 18:2–3, 18, 26). Scholars have suggested many reasons why Prisca is named first (was it her prominence, or social standing, or that she was converted first, or was it out of courtesy, or a mere stylistic variation?) though there is insufficient evidence to know the answer. Paul also names her first in 2 Tim. 4:19, but second in 1 Cor. 16:19.
  •  Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible(Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2184.

브리스가와 아굴라. 아내인 브리스가의 이름이 먼저 등장하는 것으로 보아서 초대교회안에서 좀더 중요한 역할을 했던 것으로 보인다. 이들은 바울의 동역자로 바울의 선교팀에 함께 합류했는데 부유했던 것으로 보인다. 그들은 여러 도시에 여러 사람이 모일만한 큰 집을 가지고 있었고 바울이 어려움을 당할때 그를 도왔을 뿐만 아니라 아볼로가 세례에 대해서 오해하고 있을때 이를 교정해 주기도 했다.(행 18:26) 
  • a. Priscilla(Greek Prisca) and Aquila(vv. 3–4) are called my fellow workers in Christ Jesus,with “coworker” possibly being a semitechnical term for early church leaders who deserve pay (1 Cor 9:14) as well as respect and obedience (1 Cor 16:16, 18; see Ellis 1993:183). These two are major figures from Paul’s mission, seen in the fact that they are named first in 16:3–16 (the order of names often indicates status). That Priscilla is named first (four of the six times the two are mentioned in the New Testament) may indicate she has higher social status or that she had a more significant ministry in the church. Paul met them in Corinth after they had been expelled from Rome by the emperor Claudius in a.d. 49 over the riots between Jews and Christians. They were fellow Jews and were also tentmakers/leatherworkers. Since they were probably wealthy (in virtually every city they have a home large enough for a house church), Paul stayed with them and worked alongside them (Acts 18:1–3). Aquila was Jewish (18:2), and Priscilla may have been as well. When Paul went to Ephesus, they traveled with him (Acts 18:18). He then stayed there a while and used their home for a house church (1 Cor 16:19). They also had a significant ministry and on one occasion took Apollos aside, corrected his misunderstanding about baptism and “explained to him the way of God more adequately” (Acts 18:26).
  • Yet now they are back in Rome, perhaps partly as an advance team for Paul’s visit. Claudius died in a.d. 54, and this allowed many to move back to Rome. Some think their movements indicate wealthy entrepreneurs with businesses in more than one city, but that cannot be proven. It is just as likely that they were free to move because they had a mobile business. At any rate, they obviously had become members of the Pauline team and major leaders in the early church. Probably in every city they used their (large?) home for a house church. Paul says here that they risked their lives for me,which means they used their status and influence to help Paul in a time of crisis, possibly saving his life at risk of their own. The most likely reference is to the riot in Ephesus (Acts 19:23–41) about a year earlier, undoubtedly a dangerous situation (cf. 1 Cor 15:32, “I fought wild beasts in Ephesus,” a metaphor for extreme opposition). He then adds that not only I but all the churches of the Gentiles are grateful to them.This gratitude could be for rescuing Paul or for all the significant ministry they had in Corinth, Ephesus and Rome. The latter seems more likely (so Sanday and Headlam 1902; Bruce 1985; Dunn 1988b; Fitzmyer 1993b; contra Cranfield 1979).
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 404–405.

5절) 브리스가와 아굴라의 집에서는 교회 모임이 이루어졌다. 에베소에서 그들이 로마로 쫓겨날때까지(AD 49) 그들의 집을 교회로 사용했다. 콘스탄틴 시대까지 그리스도인들은 독립적인 건물을 짓지 못했다. 
  • b. The church that meets at their house(v. 5). As at Ephesus, their home was used as a house church. They could well have used their home for a house church before they were expelled from Rome in a.d. 49. Christians did not construct separate buildings for worship until after Constantine. This means that the largest congregations probably consisted of about fifty people. At any rate, they have quickly established themselves again as major Christian leaders in the Roman church.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 405.

에배네도는 아시아의 첫 회심한 열매였다. 당시 이렇게 회심한 이들은 교회의 지도자가 되었다. 아마도 그는 이 지역의 다른 많은 회심자들이 생기는 촉진제 역할을 했을 것이다. 
  • c. My Dear Friend Epenetus(v. 5). A close friend of Paul’s (though Paul tries to speak positively about everyone on the list, so this could be a semiformal compliment; see Cranfield 1979; Moo 1996), Epenetus is not mentioned anywhere else in the New Testament; he was the first convert(literally “firstfruits”). This probably means he was converted by Priscilla and Aquila, for Paul left them at Ephesus while he completed the second missionary journey (Acts 18:19). As often happens, the early converts become leaders in the church (Cranfield 1979). It could also mean his conversion “sparked the conversion of many others in the province” and that he traveled to Rome with Priscilla and Aquila (Fitzmyer 1993b).
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 405–406.

6절) 이름으로 보아 유대 그리스도인으로 보인다. 이를 향해 많이 수고했다라고 말하고 있고 그녀를 문안할 것을 명령한다. 신약에는 마리아라는 인물이 여러번 등장한다. 이중에 누구인지는 정확하지 않은데 요한과 마가의 어머니 마리아의 경우 초대가정교회중 하나가 이곳에 있었다.(행 12:12) 
  • d. Mary(v. 6). She was probably a Jewish Christian, though sometimes Gentiles also had this name (the feminine form of Marius). Obviously, we have no way of knowing whether this is any Mary in the New Testament (e.g., the mother of Jesus, Mary Magdalene, Mary and Martha). That is unlikely, for one would expect Paul to say more if she was one of those who had known Jesus. The same is true of Mary the mother of John Mark (who wrote the Second Gospel), whose home was one of the earliest house churches (Acts 12:12). She is thus an unknown leader who worked very hardfor the Roman church. The term workdoes not indicate any specific task (some have tried to read it as a semitechnical term for apostolic ministry as in 1 Cor 15:10 and others) but means that she labored mightily on behalf of the Roman church. Still, she is the first to be noted by Paul in this way (see also v. 12), so she did play an important role in the life of the church there.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 406.

7절) 바울의 친척이요 함께 갇혔던 안드로니고와 유니아에게 문안하라. 그들은 사도들에게 존중히 여겨지고 나보다 먼저 그리스도안에 있는 자들이다. 안드리니고는 헬라식 이름으로 그가 헬라 유대인인 것을 의미한다. 그런데 유니아라는 이름에 대해서 의견이 분분하다. 일반적으로 여성이라고 알려져있지만 그래서 안드로니고의 아내일  것으로 여겨지기도 하지만 분명하지는 않다. 언제 그들이 바울과 함께 감옥에 있었는지는 분명치 않다. 로마에 가기전 감옥에 있던 기록은 빌립보 감옥(행 16:24-34)인데 고후 11:23에서는 그가 여러번 갇혔다라고 기록하고 있다. 그들이 감옥에 함께 있었다는 것에 대한 다른 해석으로 주안에 함께 갇힌 자들이라고 보는 견해와 바울과 함께 옥에 갇힌 것이 아니라 그들도 옥에 갇힌 경험이 있다는 것으로도 해석 가능하다. 후자가 더 신빙성이 있다. 
  • Andronicus and Junia(v. 7; niv has the masculine Junias;*tniv has the feminine Junia). These are Jewish Christians who have great stature in the early church. Paul calls them his relatives,which could mean his actual blood relations (so Murray 1968) but more likely refers to fellow Jews (so “kinsfolk” is a better translation). Andronicusis a Greek name and probably means he was a Hellenistic Jew. The name Juniais debated, but the feminine is most likely. She was probably the wife of Andronicus (like Priscilla and Aquila in v. 3). It is difficult to know when they were in prison withPaul. The only one recorded imprisonment before Romans was written was the short stay in Philippi (Acts 16:24–34), but Paul in 2 Corinthians 11:23 mentions that he has been in prison “frequently.” Many scholars believe he was in prison for a while in Ephesus (possibly referred to in 1 Cor 15:32; 2 Cor 1:8–9). If that was true, it would provide a plausible occasion. Clement (1 Clement5:6) says that there were seven imprisonments in all, and we can hardly know which one this refers to. Yet two other possibilities must be mentioned: this could be metaphorical for “prisoners of the Lord,” but that does not seem viable here. It could also mean that they were imprisoned like Paul was rather than imprisoned with him, and this is a real possibility. There is no way to know for sure whether they were actually with Paul or not (the Greek simply says “fellow prisoners”).
  • *16:7The name Paul uses, Iounian, could be either the masculine form of the masculine Juniasor the feminine Junia.The accent would be different, but ancient manuscripts did not use accents, so that does not help. Until the twelfth century it was commonly believed to refer to the wife of Andronicus (see Fitzmyer’s lengthy discussion [1993b]). Then from the thirteenth century until the middle of the twentieth century the masculine was generally preferred (Godet 1969; Sanday and Headlam 1902; Lenski 1945; Barrett 1957; Murray 1968; Michel 1966), meaning that the two were a missionary team. However, most recent commentators prefer the feminine (Cranfield 1979; Wilckens 1982; Dunn 1988b; Stott 1994; Fitzmyer 1993b; Moo 1996; Schreiner 1998; see especially the strong arguments in Thorley 1996). The problem with the masculine interpretation is the absence of evidence for Juniasused as a shortened form of Junianus. In contrast, Juniawas a very common name, so it is most likely this was a woman.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 406–407.

본문에서 사도들에게 존중히 여겨지고라는 표현은 이견이 존재한다. 이들을 사도로 존중히 여기라는 것으로도 또한 사도들이 그들을 존중히 여기라는 것으로도 해석할 수 있다. 사도성을 어느정도까지 확대할 것인지가 중요하다. 일반적으로 열두 제자와 바나바와 바울 정도까지를 인정한다. 그런데 초대교회 당시 순회 선교사들에게 이 ‘아포스톨로스’라는 단어를 사용한 기록도 있다. 
  • Paul next mentions that they were outstanding among the apostles,and that too has occasioned debate. It could mean that they were highly esteemed “by the apostles” or “among the apostles.” If the former, they were not apostles; if the latter, they were. While “by” is technically possible, the general consensus is that among the apostlesfits much better; they were probably two of the group of apostles named in 1 Corinthians 15:5 and 7 (Jesus appeared “to the Twelve” and then later “to all the apostles”). It is hard to know what use of apostleis meant in 1 Corinthians 5:7 and here. There are the Twelve and a few others like Paul and Barnabas, but there is also a use of the term apostolosfor wandering missionaries, a use it had in the second-century Didache (11:3–6). This could well be the use in Acts 14:4 and 14, where Paul and Barnabas were doing missionary work as “apostles” (cf. 2 Cor 8:23; Phil 2:25, where it is translated “representative” and “messenger,” respectively), and that may be the meaning here (so Godet 1969; Cranfield 1979; Fitzmyer 1993b; Moo 1996). Still, this would have been an office in the church, and Junia with her husband is an outstandingexample of such a leader. Finally, they were in Christ before [Paul] was,meaning they had been converted before him. If they were among the “apostles” of 1 Cor 15:7, that would mean they had probably been followers of the Lord himself. However, they could also have been among the Hellenistic Christians in Jerusalem at the time of Acts 6–7. So they had been leaders/apostles for some time.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 407–408.







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 I commend to you our sister Phoebe, a servant1of the church at pCenchreae, that you qmay welcome her in the Lord in a way worthy of the saints, and help her in whatever she may need from you, for she has been a patron of many and of myself as well. 
1Or deaconess
pActs 18:18
qPhil. 2:29
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version(Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 롬 16:1–2.

1절) 바울은 겐그레아 교회의 일군, 여집사인 뵈뵈를 로마의 교회에 추천한다. 그녀는 고린도의 항구도시인 겐그레아 교회의 일군으로 바울의 편지를 로마에 전달하는 역할을 했던 것으로 보인다. 
당시 이러한 편지를 전달하는 것은 매우 어려운 일이었다. 대중교통이 발달하지 않은 상황에서 때로 전혀 만난적이 없는 사람들의 도움에 의존해야만 했다. 만약 사람들이 잘 알고 있는 유력한 이의 추천이 있다면 여행자들이 이러한 도움을 받는 것이 더욱 용이했을 것이다. 

겐그레아 : Cenchreaewas a port town just 6.5 miles (10.5 km) east of Corinth (see note on Acts 18:18).
 Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible(Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2184.

바울은 뵈뵈를 소개하면서 우리 자매, 교회의 일군(집사)라고 소개한다. 본문에서 일꾼으로 번역된 단어는 ‘디아코노스’로 집사라는 단어인데 음식을 서빙하는 사람(웨이터), 주인의 종, 영적 파워를 가진 종등의 의미로 사용된다. 
  • 1. “The waiter at a meal,” Jn. 2:5, 9.
  • 2. “The servant of a master,” Mt. 22:13: ὀ βασιλεὺς εἶπεν τοῖς διακόνοις. In this sense the Christian is a servant of Christ, Jn. 12:26. It is part of his task, however, to serve his fellows, Mk. 9:35; 10:43; Mt. 20:26; 23:11.
  • 3. In the figurative sense, “the servant of a spiritual power,” whether good or evil, 2 C. 11:14 f.: τοῦ σατανᾶ, τῆς δικαιοσύνης; Eph. 3:6 f. and Col. 1:23:1τοῦ εὐαγγελίου; Gl. 2:17: τῆς ἁμαρτίας; R. 15:8: περιτομῆς; 2 C. 3:6: καινῆς διαθήκης. The action of the servant is to the benefit of the magnitude which he serves.
  • When it is said in R. 15:8 that Christ is a servant of the circumcision, this simply means, of course, that His work is on behalf of Israel.
  • More difficult is Gl. 2:17: “If, then, we who are accounted righteous in Christ are found to be sinners, is Christ a servant of sin? By no means.” “Servant” here might be rendered “promoter.” This would give us the following line of argument. In Jewish eyes everyone who does not keep the Law is a sinner (→ ἁμαρτωλός, I, 322; 325); this applies to all Gentiles, with whom Jews may not hold table fellowship. Thus, if Christ causes the Jews who follow Him to renounce the provisions of the Law, He is extending the domain of sin which embraces all the Gentiles.—Yet it is not impossible to keep to the stronger expression “servant of sin.” If we do, we must interpret the saying in the light of Gl. 2:20. Christ Himself lives and acts in the man who trusts in Him. If this man is found a sinner, this applies to the Lord Himself dwelling within him, as though He were enslaved to sin. The absurdity of the conclusion naturally illustrates the falsity of the presupposition, namely, the Jewish view of sin.2
  • 4. As διακονος τοῦ εὐαγγελίουthe apostle (ἀπόστολος, I, 437) is διάκονος Χριστοῦ(2 C. 11:23) and διάκονος θεοῦin a very special sense, with all the troubles and sufferings and with all the responsibility of this office (2 C. 6:3 ff.). In his description of himself from this standpoint, Paul usually prefers the term δοῦλος(R. 1:1 etc.; Tt. 1:1), which expresses far more clearly the fact that he belongs wholly and utterly to Christ or to God.
  • 5. Timothy is a “servant of God” to the degree that with the preaching of the Gospel he confirms and admonishes the faith of the Thessalonians (1 Th. 3:1–3).3Timothy is also called a true servant of Jesus Christ (1 Tm. 4:6). Epaphras is σύνδουλοςof the apostles and διάκονος τοῦ Χριστοῦ(Col. 1:7). Tychicus is διάκονος ἐν κυρίῳ(Eph. 6:21; Col. 4:7).
  • 6. Heathen authorities can also be called the servants of God in the discharge of their office, since they are appointed by God and have the task of maintaining God’s order in the world (R. 13:1–4).
  • 7. Paul describes himself in Col. 1:25 as a “servant of the Church” (ἐκκλησίας) in virtue of his divinely given commission. Paul and Apollos are no more than servants of both God and the Church as they use their gifts to bring the latter to faith (1 C. 3:5).
  • 1It is not quite certain, of course, whether the accompanying clause οὗ ἐγενόμην ἐγὼ Παῦλος διάκονος refers τὸ εὐαγγέηιον or to the Son of God, who controls the whole line of thought from v. 13. It is worth noting that אand P have κῆρυξ καὶ ἀπόστολος instead of διάκονος, while other MSS combine the expressions.
  • 2Cf. H. W. Beyer in NT Deutsch, II (1933), 453 f.
  • 3There are several variants of the phrase διάκονον τοῦ θεοῦ (1 Th. 3:2). D* de 33 Ambst have σύνεργον τοῦ θεοῦ, Β σύνεργον alone, and there are many combinations of διάκονος and σύνεργος. For their interrelationship, cf. Dib. Th., ad loc.
  •  Hermann Wolfgang Beyer, “Διακονέω, Διακονία, Διάκονος,”ed. Gerhard Kittel, Geoffrey W. Bromiley, and Gerhard Friedrich, Theological Dictionary of the New Testament(Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1964–), 88–89.

뵈뵈는 동료 신자이며 이방인이고 고린도 인근의 겐그레아에 있었다. 고린도로부터 10km정도 떨어진 도시였는데, 바울이 고린도에서 18개월동안 머물렀는데 이 과정속에서 바울과의 친분이 두터웠을 것이다. 이곳에서 바울이 로마서를 썼고 이를 뵈뵈에게 맡긴 것으로 보인다. 
  • Letters of commendation were common in the ancient world.2People who were traveling in an age with few public facilities often depended on the assistance of people they had never met; and this assistance was easier to be had if the traveler could produce a letter of introduction from someone known to the potential host/assistant. So Paul writes to “commend”3Phoebe to the Roman Christians. She is a fellow believer,4probably a Gentile,5and comes from Cenchreae. Paul would have had plenty of opportunity to get to know her, for Cenchreae6is only eight miles from Corinth, where Paul spent 18 months at one point (cf. Acts 18:1–18; cf. v. 11) and is now staying as he writes to the Romans.
  • 2See C.-H. Kim, Form and Structure of the Familiar Greek Letter of Recommendation(SBLDS 4; Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1972).
  • 3Gk. συνίστημι. The word is not common in Greek letters of introduction, but it does occur (cf. 2 Macc. 9:25; MM; BAGD). Paul uses the word in this sense also in 2 Cor. 3:1; 5:12; 6:4; 10:12, 18.
  • 4Gk. ἀδελφή, “sister,” used only rarely in the NT in this sense (cf. also 1 Cor. 7:15; 9:5; Phlm. 2; Jas. 2:15).
  • 5Her Gentile background is suggested by her name, Φοίβη, which is taken from Greek mythology.
  • 6Corinth itself lies inland several miles from the sea (the Gulf of Corinth to the northwest and the Saronic Gulf to the northeast). Cenchreae was a seaport on the Saronic Gulf and was connected to Corinth by a series of forts (D. H. Madvig, ISBEI, 772). Paul, like other travelers taking ship for the east, left from Cenchreae after his first stay in Corinth (cf. Acts 18:18). Note that 2 Corinthians is addressed to “all the saints who are in the whole of Achaia.”
  •  Douglas J. Moo, The Epistle to the Romans, The New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1996), 913.

그녀의 역할이 일반적인 섬김인지 교회안의 공식적인 역할이 있었는지 분명하지 않지만 일반적으로 후자로 보는 견해가 많다. 당시에 여인들도 집사로서의 역할을 했고 어떤 이들은 목사의 역할이다라고 말하는 이들도 있다. 보통 집사는 공동체 안의 어려운 이들을 돌보거나 재정적인 것을 돌보는 역할을 했다. 
  • This is the only place in the New Testament where Phoebe (a Gentile by name) is mentioned, but she was a leader in the church at Cenchrea (the port city of Corinth) and was probably the bearer of this letter to Rome. So Paul is authenticating her and the letter she carries. Moo says such commendations were common then (1996:913): “People who were traveling in an age with few public facilities often depended on the assistance of people they had never met; and this assistance was easier to be had if the traveler could produce a letter of introduction from someone known to the potential host/assistant.” She is first our sister,meaning a fellow believer. Then she is a “deacon” (niv, servant) of the church in Cenchrea, which could refer to a general service to the church (niv; nasb; Romaniuk 1990:132–34) or an official office in the church (nrsv; reb; nlt; Cranfield 1979; Dunn 1988b; Morris 1988; Moo 1996; Schreiner 1998). Most accept the latter, for the term referred to that office (Phil 1:1; 1 Tim 3:8, 12), and women at times did hold the office (1 Tim 3:11). Moreover, this is the masculine noun (diakonos),and if it did indicate a general “serving,” one would have expected the feminine diakonia. In fact, some have concluded that she was the pastor of the congregation (Schüssler Fiorenza 1986:425–26; Jewett 1988:148–50), but there is too little evidence that this term was used of the position of pastor or “overseer” in the first century. Most likely she held the office of “deacon,” but there is little evidence regarding what this office entailed (Dunn 1988b thinks it a “ministry of hospitality,” but it was certainly more than that). Most likely deacons dealt with the practical needs of the church, for example, caring for the needy (Cranfield 1979) and financial oversight (Moo 1996).
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 402–403.

2절) 바울은 주안에서 합당한 성도들의 예절로 그녀를 영접하고 어떤 것이든지 그녀가 필요로 하는 것을 도와줄 것을 요청한다. 그 이유는 그녀가 많은 이들과 바울의 보호자, 후원자였기 때문이다. 
(롬 12:13, 개정) 『성도들의 쓸 것을 공급하며 손 대접하기를 힘쓰라』
성도들을 대접하고 돕는 것은 성도들의 마땅한 바이다. 이처럼 손대접하는 것은 성도들에게 요구되는 덕목이었는데 지도자들에게는 이러한 것이 더 요구되었다. 바울은 로마의 성도들을 향해서 뵈뵈가 필요로하는 것을 무엇이든지 도와줄 것을 요청하는데 이것이 무엇일까? 일반적인 의미에서의 손대접, 오랜 여정에 지친 나그네를 대접하는 것일 수도 있고 좀더 나아가서 법률적인 도움을 의미하는 것으로도 본다. 왜냐하면 그녀가 로마에 법적인 대리인으로 가고 있기 때문이다. 하지만 이에 대한 근거는 불분명하다. 
바울은 그녀가 여러사람과 나의 보호자가 되었다라고 말한다. 여기서의 보호자라는 표현은 후원자, ‘프로스타티스’라는 단어로 여성후원자라는 의미이다. 이 단어는 부유한을 통해서 재정적인 후원을 하는 것을 의미한다. 말하자면 그녀는 교회의 일군, 지도자로 빌립보의 루디아와 같은 역할을 한것으로 보인다. 이시대와 마찬가지로 당시에도 여성들이 교회안에서 중요한 역할들을 감당했다. 말하자면 그녀는 겐그레아 교회의 지도자로 로마교회의 모든 도움을 받을 자격이 있는 여인이라는 것이다. 
  • So Paul asks the Roman church to receive her in the Lord,meaning to welcome her and give her lodging. In the Lordadds a spiritual dimension; they receive her as fellow believers. The added in a way worthy of the saintsbuilds on in the Lordand means simply to accept her the way the saints should. In other words, hospitality is generally expected of all saints (Rom 12:13; Heb 13:2; 1 Pet 4:9; but especially of leaders, 1 Tim 3:2; Tit 1:8). Moreover, they should give her any help she may need,which could be legal assistance (as in 1 Cor 6:12; so Michel 1966; Dunn 1988b; Fitzmyer 1993b), meaning she would be coming to Rome as a litigant in a case. But there is little hint in the context for this, and it is a lot to read into the term “help” (pragma, “matter”). So Paul is simply asking them to help her in any need she might have. Paul then commends her further, saying she has been a great help [“patron”] to many people, including me.Some think this means simply that she has “helped” people (nasb; niv; nlt; Käsemann 1980), but the term often referred to a person of wealth who gave assistance to a group as a “patron” (similar to the way the women in Lk 8:1–3 “were helping to support” the apostolic band). In a sense this means she was a leader of the church there in a manner similar to Lydia at Philippi (so Bruce 1985; Fitzmyer 1993b), though not the leader or president (as argued by Schulz 1990:124–26). Dunn (1988b:888–89) provides a great deal of evidence of leadership positions held by women in both the Hellenistic and Jewish worlds (such as ruler of a synagogue or patron of a collegium). In short, she was a patron/leader in the church at Cenchrea and worthy of all the assistance the Roman church could render her.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 403.


  • Paul’s purpose12in commending Phoebe is twofold. First, he wants the Roman Christians to “receive her in the Lord in a manner worthy of the saints.” “Receiving” includes, of course, welcoming Phoebe into fellowship. But it would also mean assisting her to find lodging, food, and the like.13The qualification “in the Lord”/“in Christ” is typical of the personal greetings and references in this chapter.14We should avoid seeking some exact nuance for the phrase; by it Paul simply means that the Roman Christians are to give Phoebe a “Christian” welcome. The additional qualification, “in a manner worthy of the saints,” expands on this same point.15Paul’s second purpose in commending Phoebe is that the Roman Christians would “assist16her in the matter in which17she has need of you.” The “matter” on which Phoebe requires assistance cannot be determined, although it is possible that a legal dispute is involved.18
  • 12The verse begins with ἵνα. Moule (Idiom Book,p. 145) suggests that this might be an “imperatival” ἵνα.
  • 13The verb is προσδέχομαι, different from the verb Paul uses in 14:1 and 15:7 (προσλαμβάνω). For the meaning of προσδέχομαι here, see also Luke 15:2; Phil. 2:29 (BAGD; Käsemann).
  • 14“In the Lord” occurs seven times (cf. also vv. 8, 11, 12 [twice], 13, 22); “in Christ” four times (vv. 3, 7, 9, 10). There is no difference in meaning between them here.
  • 15The debate about whether this phrase highlights the one to be received or the ones doing the receiving (e.g., Murray) is probably misguided: the phrase modifies the verb and includes both those who receive and those who are received.
  • 16The Greek verb is παρίστημι. It has a variety of meanings in the NT; cf. 2 Tim. 4:17 for the closest parallel (BAGD).
  • 17The Greek is awkward, with the antecedent of the relative pronoun ᾧ coming after the pronoun (πράγματι; cf. Turner, 265).
  • 18The Greek word is πράγμα, a very general term meaning “act, deed, matter.” But in 1 Cor. 6:1 it is used to describe a legal dispute; and this meaning would fit this context well (cf. Gifford; Michel; Dunn; Fitzmyer). On the other hand, the indefinite construction Paul uses—ἄν with the subjunctive χρῄζῃ (“have need of”)—might point to the general meaning (cf., e.g., Käsemann; Schlier; Cranfield). The indefinite construction also tells against the suggestion of Jewett (“Paul, Phoebe, and the Spanish Mission,” pp. 150–51), that the “matter” was Phoebe’s sponsorship of Paul’s mission to Spain.
  •  Douglas J. Moo, The Epistle to the Romans, The New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1996), 915.


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30 I appeal to you, brothers, by our Lord Jesus Christ and by jthe love of the Spirit, kto strive together with me in your prayers to God on my behalf, 31 lthat I may be delivered from the unbelievers in Judea, and that mmy service for Jerusalem may be acceptable to the saints, 32 so that by God’s will I may come to you with joy and nbe refreshed in your company. 33 May othe God of peace be with you all. Amen. 
j[Phil. 2:1; Col. 1:8]
kCol. 4:12; [2 Cor. 1:11; Col. 2:1, 2; Heb. 13:18]
l2 Thess. 3:2; [2 Tim. 3:11; 4:17]
m2 Cor. 8:4
n[1 Cor. 16:18; 2 Cor. 7:13; Philem. 7, 20]
och. 16:20; 2 Cor. 13:11; Phil. 4:9; 1 Thess. 5:23; Heb. 13:20; [1 Cor. 14:33; 2 Thess. 3:16]
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version(Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 롬 15:30–33.


30절) 바울은 주 예수 그리스도와 성령의 사랑으로 말미암아 로마의 성도들에게 힘을 다하여 나를 위하여 기도해줄 것을 강권한다. 본문에 ‘권하노니’라고 표현된 ‘파라칼레오’는 강권하다라는 강력한 표현이다. 게다가 강권하는데 우리 주 예수 그리스도와 성령의 사랑으로 강권하고 있다. 교회의 주인되신 그리스도와 교회와 우리안의 사랑을 가능하게 하시는 성령의 이름으로 명령하고 있는 것이다. 이렇게 구할 수 있는 이유는 바울이 로마 교회의 성도들이 그리스도와 성령안에서 하나임을 믿었기 때문이다. 또한 그는 이 기도를 통해서 그들이 자신의 사역에 동참하기를 바라고 있었다. 진정 기도야말로 그리스도앞에 자신들이 필요한 것을 가지고 나아와 간구하는 과정을 통해서 역사하시는 하나님을 경험함으로 사역에 하나가 되게하는 매우 중요한 방편이다. 

31절) 바울은 두가지 기도제목을 형제들에게 요청한다. 첫번째는 유대에서 불신자들로부터 건짐을 받는 것이고 두번째는 그의 연보가 예루살렘의 성도들에게 전달되는 것이었다. 어떤 이들은 바울이 유대인들의 충동에 의해서 유대에서 체포되었기에 첫번째 기도요청이 응답되지 않았다고 보기도 하지만 만약에 그의 기도제목이 응답되지 않았다면 그는 죽임을 당하게 되었을지도 모른다. 도리어 바울이 체포되어 로마로 압송되었기에 그는 죽임을 면하게 되었다. 그리고 본문에서는 바울, 자신이 섬기는 일이 성도들에게 잘 받아들여지기를 기도해달라고 요청했는데 이는 크게는 바울의 모든 사역, 섬김이고 작게는 예루살렘의 가난한 이들을 구제하기 위해서 모은 헌금을 말한다. 실제로 바울의 사역과 바울의 연보는 예루살렘에 잘 전달되었다.(행 24:17)
  • The first prayer request is that I may be rescued from the unbelievers in Judea,showing that Paul already knew that the Jews were lying in wait for him. A short time later he learned of a plot against him as he was about to board a ship for Syria (Acts 20:3), so he could have been aware of potential problems. Such Jewish opposition had always been a part of his ministry (Acts 9:29; 13:45; 14:2–5, 19; 17:5–9, 13; 18:12–17; 19:9). Of course, history tells how well founded this concern was, with the riot and demand for his death after he had arrived in Jerusalem (Acts 21:27–36). In fact, the prayers were efficacious. His arrest by the Romans saved him from the mob, and when another plot took place, Paul’s nephew learned of it (miraculously it seems), and Paul was taken to Caesarea (Acts 23:12–24). God was firmly in control, and the prayer was answered (though in a way hardly expected). The second request was for the acceptance of the offering by the saints in Jerusalem. In one sense Paul’s serviceor “ministry” could be taken as all that Paul did, including the sacrifices in the temple. But this term was used in verse 25 explicitly for the offering to the poor in Palestine, and that is probably what it means here as well. This was also a valid concern, for he had also been opposed by many Jewish Christians (as in Galatians and Phil 4), who could have rejected a gift from Gentile Christians. But this prayer was granted as well, for Luke tells us that Paul and his team were “received … warmly” and the Jerusalem saints “praised God” at the report of the Gentile mission (Acts 21:17, 20).
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 400.

32절) 또한 바울은 하나님의 뜻을 따라 로마의 성도들에게 기쁨으로 나아가 그들과 함께 편히 쉴수 있도록 요청하고 있다. 바울이 실제로 로마에 도착하기까지 참으로 여러운 과정들이 있었다. 예루살렘에서 그를 죽이고자 하는 여러번의 시위가 있었고 이때마다 하나님께서 그를 기적적인 방법으로 보호하셨다. 뿐만 아니라 로마로 가는 항해 여정가운데 하나님께서 그와 함께 하셨다. 실제로 로마의 성도들이 가를 환대해주었다. 
(행 28:15, 개정) 『그 곳 형제들이 우리 소식을 듣고 압비오 광장과 트레이스 타베르네까지 맞으러 오니 바울이 그들을 보고 하나님께 감사하고 담대한 마음을 얻으니라』
실제로 바울은 로마에 도착해서 사형판결을 다루는 재판을 받았지만 하나님이 주시는 기쁨을 경험했다. 이렇게 수년의 시간을 그는 로마의 감옥에서 보내는데 이에 대해서 빌립보서에서 감옥의 간수들이 복음을 들었고 많은 그리스도인들이 바울의 매임으로 인해서 더욱 담대한 신앙을 가지게 되었다.
(빌 1:13-14, 개정) 『[13] 이러므로 나의 매임이 그리스도 안에서 모든 시위대 안과 그 밖의 모든 사람에게 나타났으니 [14] 형제 중 다수가 나의 매임으로 말미암아 주 안에서 신뢰함으로 겁 없이 하나님의 말씀을 더욱 담대히 전하게 되었느니라』
행 28장이나 바울의 옥중서신을 통해서 직접적으로 나오지는 않지만 바울은 투옥중에도 기쁨을 누리며 성도의 교제를 누렸다. 
  • The purpose of the two prayer requests was so that by God’s will I may come to you with joy.His deliverance from his Jewish enemies and the acceptance of the offering by the Jerusalem saints would fill him with joy as he arrived in Rome. Once again the irony of this is that it did indeed come to pass but not in the way Paul thought. All the tumult in Jerusalem, the two years in prison in Caesarea and the tumultuous journey by ship to Rome (Acts 22–27) must have made him wonder many times if God had rejected this prayer request. Yet the key is by God’s will,and that was certainly evident throughout those chaotic events. There is little doubt that Paul’s arrival was with joy,for Luke tells us that a group of Christians came down to meet Paul on the way to Rome, and “at the sight of these men Paul thanked God and was encouraged” (Acts 28:15). Even though he was a prisoner about to start a capital trial, there was joy because God was in charge. And it was in many ways a triumphant two years in Rome. Paul told the Philippian church at the end of that time that through his imprisonment the entire Pretorian guard had heard the gospel and Christians everywhere had become more bold for their faith (Phil 1:13–14). Paul’s second desire was that he might be refreshedduring his time in Rome. Schreiner (1998:783) says this is “the fellowship and joy that exist when members of the church mutually minister one to another.” In other words, this refers to fellowship with the believers there. There is no direct evidence that this occurred while Paul was in Rome, but the picture of Paul in Rome in Acts 28 and the prison epistles themselves show a person who does seem refreshedin his spirit. Undoubtedly he had many times of fellowship with the Roman church during that period.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 400–401.

33절 ) 바울은 평강의 하나님께서 너희 모두와 함께 계시기를 기도하고 있다. 
이 평강의 하나님은 구약이나 바울 서신의 중요한 모티브이다. 이는 하나님께서는 평강을 가져오시는 분이라는 의미를 내포한다. 여기서 평강은 영혼의 개인적인 평정과 교회의 하나됨을 모두 포함한다. 
  • Paul concludes with a further prayer-wish (see 15:5–6, 13), asking that the God of peace be with you all.*The God of peaceis a major motif in the Old Testament (e.g., Lev 26:6; Judg 6:24; Ps 29:11; Is 26:12) and in Paul’s writings (2 Cor 13:11; Phil 4:9; 1 Thess 5:23). It connotes “the God who brings peace” and is linked with Paul’s plea for peace in the Roman community in 14:17 and 19. The peacehere probably includes both individual tranquility of the soul and corporate togetherness in the church. The concluding amen*affirms the prayer and provides a formal conclusion (see 1:25; 9:5; 11:36).
  • *15:32This could be a third prayer request (“Pray that I may be rescued, that the collection will be accepted, that I might arrive with joy”), but it is more likely that this is subordinate to verse 31 and indicates the purpose of the prayers (so Morris 1988; Moo 1996).
  • *15:33Cranfield (1979:780) points out that this cannot be the concluding prayer of the epistle because all the others in Paul’s epistles include the word grace.Thus this is the concluding prayer of this section (15:14–32, possibly 14:1–15:32).
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 401.



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22 This is the reason why bI have so often been hindered from coming to you. 23 But now, since I no longer have any room for work in these regions, and csince I have longed for many years to come to you, 24 I hope to see you in passing as I go dto Spain, and eto be helped on my journey there by you, once I have enjoyed your company for a while. 25 At present, however, fI am going to Jerusalem bringing aid to the saints. 26 For gMacedonia and Achaia have been pleased to make some contribution for the poor among the saints at Jerusalem. 27 For they were pleased to do it, and indeed hthey owe it to them. For if the Gentiles have come to share in their spiritual blessings, they ought also to be of service to them in material blessings. 28 When therefore I have completed this and have delivered to them what has been collected,2I will leave ifor Spain by way of you. 29 I know that when I come to you I will come in the fullness of the blessing3of Christ. 
bch. 1:13; [1 Thess. 2:18]
cver. 29, 32; ch. 1:10, 11; Acts 19:21
dver. 28
eSee Acts 15:3
fActs 19:21; 20:22; 21:15; 24:17; [ver. 31]
g1 Cor. 16:1–4; 2 Cor. 8:1; 9:2, 13
h1 Cor. 9:11; [Gal. 6:6]
2Greek sealed to them this fruit
iver. 24
3Some manuscripts insert of the gospel
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version(Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 롬 15:22–29.





22-24절) 바울은 이전부터 여러번 로마 교회를 방문하기를 원했다. 하지만 여러가지 이유로 그것이 막혔었다. 바울은 이제 자신의 사역이 이 지방에서 완수되었고 그래서 당시 중요한 요충지로 여겨지는 서바나(스페인)을 가기를 원했는데 그곳에 가는 길에 로마를 들르기를 원하고 있는 것이다. 
  • Paul now feels that his work in the east has come to an end. So he hopes to see the Roman church, and desires that they would function as his base of support for his mission to Spain. By the first century a.d. Spain was firmly a part of the Roman Empire. Spain provided significant crops to the empire, and it was the fatherland of several important Roman authors (and a few later emperors); thus it would have been a strategic location for Paul to evangelize. No visit of Paul to Spain is recorded in the NT, but it is possible that he went there after his release from prison in Rome (after Acts 28:30–31). There is some historical evidence after the NT suggesting that Paul did preach in Spain, but it falls short of clear proof.
  •  Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible(Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2183.

바울은 로마 교회의 방문을 여러차례 희망했다. 하지만 그의 더 큰 비전은 로마 교회가 스페인 선교를 돕는 것이었다. 그는 로마 교회를 거쳐서, 로마 교회의 지지와 도움을 통해서 스페인에 복음 전하기 원했다. 
바울이 왜 스페인에 가기를 원했는지는 분명하지 않다. 하지만 이것이 하나님이 주신 마음이며 복음을 알지 못하는 이들에게 복음을 전하기 위함이고, 그 지역이 전략적인 요충지였기 때문이다. 스페인은 율리우스 시저 시대이후에 세워진 식민지로 많은 곡물이 생산되는 중요한 지역으로 여겨졌다. 실제로 바울이 스페인을 방문했는지는 불분명하다. 한가지 가능성은 그가 로마 방문이후에 투옥되었다가 사형되기까지 4년정도의 시간이 있었는데 이때에 방문했을 가능성이 있다. 하지만 이는 구체적으로 입증되지 않았다. 
  • Spain was well known in Rome; colonies had been established there from the time of Julius Caesar. The Romans divided it into three provinces, and there was a developed Roman colony there. There is even the possibility that Paul actually got to Spain, as suggested in 1 Clement(his epistle to Corinth written around a.d. 96) 5:7, “reaching the limits of the west he bore witness before rulers.” However, it is difficult to know when Paul could have gone since he went back to the churches of Macedonia and Asia Minor after his Roman imprisonment (as seen in Phil 2:24 as well as the pastoral epistles) and on the basis of tradition was arrested (in 2 Tim 1:15 he was arrested in Asia, where he went after the first imprisonment), imprisoned and executed under Nero about four years later. The only way it would be possible is for Paul to have been executed after the Neronian period. In short, it is an interesting possibility but cannot be proven.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 394–395.

바울의 교회 개척의 원칙중의 하나는 다른 사람의 터 위에 세우지 않는 다는 것이다. 그래서 여러번의 교회 개척을 통해서 동쪽 지역에서는 일할 곳이 없다라고 그는 판단했다. 그래서 새로운 지역을 향해 나아가기를 원했고 로마를 거쳐서 서바나를 가기를 원한 것이다. 하지만 당시의 운송수단이나 여러가지 환경을 볼때 이 계획을 쉽게 추진하기는 쉽지 않았을 것이다. 그는 마음속에 소망과 부담을 동시에 가지고 있었고 길이 열리기를 바라고 있었다. 
  • Still, he had long wanted to do so. For many yearshe had been longingto visit Rome*. As the list in chapter 16 shows, he had many friends there, and since Rome was the capital of the empire, the churches in the east were frequently kept abreast of the situation in the churches there. So Paul was undoubtedly well acquainted (second hand) with the Roman church. What has made this upcoming visit possible is the fact that there was no more place for [Paul] to work in these regions(that is, in the eastern regions of the empire). As Schreiner states (1998:774), placehere means “opportunity” (cf. Rom 12:19; Eph 4:27), and Paul could hardly mean he is forced to leave or that every town had been evangelized. Rather, his work there is finished, and the stage has been set for the work to go on throughout the region. His desire to plant the gospel in new regions now makes it possible for him to visit Rome on his way to the west.
  • *15:22While some (e.g., Käsemann 1980) believe the hindrance was Paul’s desire not [to] be building on someone else’s foundation(v. 20), it is unlikely that that would keep Paul from visiting Rome (he shows no desire to minister there for any length of time). Rather, it had to be the needs of his mission in the east that prevented his visit.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 394.

24절에서 바울은 스페인으로 가는 경유지로 로마에서 로마의 성도들을 만나 서로 교제를 가진후에 스페인으로 나아가기를 원했다. 앞서 1:15절의 내용과 비교해보면 약간의 차이점이 있기는 하다. 실제 그는 로마에서 오랬동안 머무르기를 원하지 않았던 것으로 보인다. 짤은 기간이지만 그는 로마 방문을 통해서 복음을 전하기를 원했고, 성도들과 함께 기쁨의 교제를 나누기 원했으며 나아가서 스페인 선교를 위한 지지와 도움을 받기를 원했다. 여기서 도움은 먼저는 중보와 사역에 대한 지지와 위임뿐만 아니라 실제적인 재정적인 도움과 함께 일할 동역자를 얻기를 원했을 것이다. 앞서 안디옥 교회가 동쪽 제국의 선교 사역의 요충지였다면 바울은 로마교회가 서쪽 제국의 선교사역의 중추기지가 되기를 원했던 것이다.
  • When Paul comes, he will just be passing throughon the way to Spain. This is different from his purpose in 1:15, where he said he is “eager to preach the gospel also to you who are at Rome.” The two are not at odds, however, for he planned a short stay (while),and certainly during that time planned to preach. His primary goal, however, was twofold: first to enjoy your company,that is, have a time of fellowship with them, and, second, to have you assist me on my journey there.It is generally agreed that assistis a term used often for missionary support (cf. Acts 15:3; 20:38; 21:5; 1 Cor 6:6; 2 Cor 1:16). This refers not only to prayer support and a commissioning for the mission but also to financial support and perhaps even to providing “companions who would know the country” (Käsemann 1980:398). Paul could be hoping to develop a team like the ones that set out from Antioch on the first two missionary journeys. What Antioch was to the missionary journeys in the eastern empire Paul is hoping Rome would be for the western mission.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 395–396.

바울에게는 로마를 방문하기 전에 해야할 중요한 사역이 하나 있었다. 그것은 예루살렘 성도들을 돕는 목적으로 마게도냐와 아가야에서 모은 연보를 그들에게 전달하는 것이었다. 이러한 구제를 목적으로한 예루살렘 방문은 두번째 였는데 이전에 제국 전체의 기근(행 11:27-30)을 돕기 위해서 바울과 바나바가 방문을 했었다. 이때 교회의 기둥과 같았던 야고보와 베드로와 요한이 바울을 이방인의 사도로 확증해주었고 그러면서 가난한 자들을 기억해줄 것을 바울에게 당부하였다. 그래서 3차 전도여행중에도 그는 예루살렘의 가난한 성도들을 돕기 위해서 모금하는 것에 힘을 기울였고 이를 전달하기 위해서 예루살렘에 가고자 한 것이다. 
  • One important responsibility remains for Paul before he can come to Rome, delivering the collection for the poor he had been gathering for the past several months in the service of the saints(v. 25)*, with probably a purposive force, “in order that I might minister to the saints” (with the offering, so Cranfield 1979; Wilckens 1982; Moo 1996). This was actually the second such collection; Paul and Barnabas delivered the first about a.d. 48 after Agabus’s prophecy regarding an empirewide famine (Acts 11:27–30 = Gal 2:1–10, Paul’s second visit to Jerusalem). At that time the “pillars” of the church—James the Lord’s brother, Peter and John—affirmed Paul as apostle to the Gentiles and asked only that he “remember the poor,” to which he added, “the very thing I was eager to do” (Gal 2:10). This charge probably had a great effect on him, and on the third missionary journey he spent a great deal of time collecting another gift from the Gentile churches for the poor among the saints in Jerusalem*(v. 26).
  • *15:25It is interesting that Luke never mentions the collection for the poor in Acts 20–21, even though he mentions the delegates who carried it. Most likely the collection was not an emphasis and did not fit his major purpose, which was to show how the Spirit was leading Paul to Jerusalem and to his God-given destiny.
  • *15:26The meaning of “the poor of the saints” is variously understood. Some (kjv, “the poor saints”; cf. Bammel 1968:909; Schlier 1964; T. E. Schmidt 1993:827) think it epexegetical, that is, “the poor who are the saints.” But that is difficult since it implies that all the saints are poor. It is better to take it with the majority of versions (nasb; niv; nrsv; njb; nlt) and scholars (e.g., Murray 1968; Cranfield 1979; Morris 1988; Dunn 1988b; Fitzmyer 1993b; Moo 1996) as partitive: the poor among the saints.Paul does not mean that all the saints were poor; he means that a sizable group among them were poverty-stricken.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 396.

25-27절) 바울은 성도를 섬기는 일, 구제 헌금을 전달하는 일로 예루살렘을 방문하는데 이는 마게도냐와 아가야 사람들의 헌금을 전달하기 위함이었다. 그들은 기쁨으로 함께 했고 영적인 것에 대한 감사의 표현으로 육적인 것을 기꺼이 나누고자 했다. 

당시 가난한 이들이 교회안에 큰 문제였다. 이들은 기근이나 핍박과 같은 여러가지 이유로 어려움을 겪었는데 바울은 이를 위해서 연보를 강조했다. 그는 고전 16:1-4에 이를 말했고 이후 고후 8-9장을 통해서 이들이 제대로 연보를 하지 않는 것으로 인해서 다시 이들에게 이를 상기 시킨다. 그래서 고린도 지역의 마게도냐와 아가야의 교회 성도들이 이에 반응했고 바울은 고린도를 방문한다. 여기서 바울은 로마서를 기록하고 있는 것이다. 
  • Poverty seemed to be an ongoing problem for the Palestinian church, possibly because of several factors such as famines, the poverty of Judea in general and persecution (for the latter, see Acts 8:1–3; Jas 2:5–8; see Keck 1965:100–129). Paul’s concern for the poor in general and his earlier experience made him focus on the collection during his third missionary journey, and he may have spent a great deal of time on it during his two- to three-year stay in Ephesus. From 1 Corinthians 16:1–4, written toward the end of that stay (around 56), he had already told the Corinthians about the collection, perhaps in an earlier letter (1 Cor 5:9), and he encouraged them to take weekly offerings and set the money aside for the collection. In 2 Corinthians 8–9, written several months later, they still had not done so, and Paul reminded them of the sacrificial giving of the much poorer Macedonian churches (2 Cor 8:1–5). They must have responded after the second letter, for Paul says here that Macedonia and Achaia(the province Corinth is part of) were pleased to make a contribution.Shortly after, Paul visited Corinth (2 Cor 2:3; 9:5; 12:20–13:1), where he wrote his epistle to the Romans (see the introduction to this commentary). The collection had to be going on for some time, for Acts 20:4 mentions delegates also from Galatia and Asia, and they most likely accompanied Paul with the funds they had collected (probably while Paul was in Ephesus, Acts 19).
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 396–397.

바울이 이처럼 가난한 자들을 위해서 연보하는 일을 장려한 이유는 여러가지 가 있다. 
  1. 26절에서 연보한 것이 원어로는 교제, ‘코이노니아’이다. 교회 안의 이방인과 유대인의 연보를 통해서 서로 교제를 통해 하나됨을 위해서 이다. 
  2. 27절에서는 나눔의 원리를 발전시킨다. 이방인들이 유대인들의 영적인 것을 나눠 가졌으면 육적인 것으로 그들을 섬기는 것이 마땅하다는 것이다. 이는 고후 8:14절의 평등의 원리로도 부린다. 이처럼 영적인 것과 육적인 것을 함께 나누는 것이 필요하고 이런 자세는 서로간의 긴장은 완화시킨다. 
  3. 맥나이트는 이스라엘의 회심을 위한 종말론적인 긴장으로 이러한 연보를 했다고 주장한다. 이바인들의 연보는 유대인들을 시기나게 했다. 유대인들은 이방인들이 시온으로 선물을 바치는 약속이 성취됨을 눈으로 보게되는 것이다. 
  4. 이는 기쁨의 행동이다. 바울은 마게도냐와 아가야 교회의 성도들이 이를 기쁨으로 행했다고 말한다. 고후 8:2은 이렇게 말한다. (고후 8:2, 개정) 『환난의 많은 시련 가운데서 그들의 넘치는 기쁨과 극심한 가난이 그들의 풍성한 연보를 넘치도록 하게 하였느니라』
  • Paul had several purposes in developing this collection for the poor: (1) In verse 26 he calls the gift a “fellowship” (niv, contribution), indicating a unity of sharing between the Gentile and Jewish factions in the church. The gift from the Gentiles was intended to bind them with the Jews in Jerusalem and to show their love. In fact, Paul considered this an obligation (they owe it to them,v. 27). Undoubtedly, he wished to forge a new sense of unity with the gift. (2) In verse 27 he develops the principle of sharing—if the Gentiles have shared in the Jews’ spiritual blessings, they owe it to the Jews to share with them their material blessings.This has often been called the principle of equality, as in 2 Corinthians 8:14, “At the present time your plenty will supply what they need, so that in turn their plenty will supply what you need. Then there will be equality.” In other words, the Jews provide help from their spiritual heritage, and the Gentiles provide material help; in that way they find equality before the Lord. Such mutual sharing would go a long way in reducing the tensions. (3) McKnight (1993:146; so also Schreiner 1998) notes a further purpose: this could well have been intended as an “eschatological provocation” of Israel to conversion, functioning as part of the “envy” (Rom 11:11–24) that would bring Israel to salvation. They would see in the offering “the fulfillment of the promise that the Gentiles would bring gifts to Zion (Is 2:2–4; 60:6–7, 11; Mic 4:13).” (4) It was an act of joy. Paul emphasized that the Macedonians and Achaians were pleased to do it. He says it marvelously of the Macedonians in 2 Corinthians 8:2: “Out of the most severe trial, their overflowing joy and their extreme poverty welled up in rich generosity.” It simply cannot be stated any better than that. It was a pleasure to give!
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 397–398.

28-29절) 바울은 다시금 예루살렘을 들러 이 사역의 열매(이방인들의 헌금)을 전달한 후에, 혹증한 후에 로마교회를 들렀다가 스페인으로 갈 것을 다시금 말한다. 그러면서 그들에게 나아갈때에 그리스도의 충만한 복을 가지고 나아갈 것을 확신한다. 
그의 동료들은 바울에게 예루살렘에 가지 말것을 요청한다. 뿐만 아니라 아가보의 예언을 통해서 바울이 예루살렘에 가면 사슬에 묶여서 모라로 가게 될 것을 말했다. 아가보의 예언에도 불구하고 바울은 이렇게 말한다. 
(행 21:10-14, 개정) 『[10] 여러 날 머물러 있더니 아가보라 하는 한 선지자가 유대로부터 내려와 [11] 우리에게 와서 바울의 띠를 가져다가 자기 수족을 잡아매고 말하기를 성령이 말씀하시되 예루살렘에서 유대인들이 이같이 이 띠 임자를 결박하여 이방인의 손에 넘겨 주리라 하거늘 [12] 우리가 그 말을 듣고 그 곳 사람들과 더불어 바울에게 예루살렘으로 올라가지 말라 권하니 [13] 바울이 대답하되 여러분이 어찌하여 울어 내 마음을 상하게 하느냐 나는 주 예수의 이름을 위하여 결박 당할 뿐 아니라 예루살렘에서 죽을 것도 각오하였노라 하니 [14] 그가 권함을 받지 아니하므로 우리가 주의 뜻대로 이루어지이다 하고 그쳤노라』
바울은 그가 예루살렘에 가면 잡히게 되고 고난을 당할 것을 알았지만 그럼에도 불구하고 예루살렘을 향해 가는 것이 그래서 결박당하고 죽는 것 까지도 주님의 뜻임을 확신했다. 결국 14절에서는 바울이 권함을 받지 않고 예루살렘으로 올라가는 것이 주님의 뜻임을 밝히고 있다. 

바울은 이방인들에게, 복음을 알지 못하는 이들에게 나아가 복음을 전하고자하는 계획속에서 로마를 통해서 스페인으로 나아갈 것을 기대하고 있었다. 그 과정속에 그는 핍박과 고난을 예견하고 있었지만 그 길이 주님의 뜻임을 알았고 순종함으로 나아갔다. 



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14 mI myself am satisfied about you, my brothers,1that you yourselves are full of goodness, filled with nall knowledge and able to instruct one another. 15 But on some points I have written to you very boldly by way of reminder, obecause of the grace given me by God 16 to be pa minister of Christ Jesus to the Gentiles qin the priestly service of the gospel of God, so that rthe offering of the Gentiles may be acceptable, sanctified by the Holy Spirit. 17 In Christ Jesus, then, I have sreason to be proud of tmy work for God. 18 For I will not venture to speak of anything except uwhat Christ has accomplished through me vto bring the Gentiles to obedience—by word and deed, 19 wby the power of signs and wonders, by the power of the Spirit of God—so that xfrom Jerusalem and all the way around yto Illyricum I have fulfilled the ministry of the gospel of Christ; 20 and thus I make it my ambition to preach the gospel, not where Christ has already been named, zlest I build on someone else’s foundation, 21 but as it is written, 
a“Those who have never been told of him will see, 
and those who have never heard will understand.” 
m[2 Pet. 1:12; 3:1; 1 John 2:21]
1Or brothers and sisters; also verse 30
n1 Cor. 1:5; 13:2; [1 Cor. 8:1, 7, 10; 12:8]
oSee ch. 1:5
pSee ch. 11:13
q[Mal. 1:11]
rIsa. 66:20; [Phil. 2:17]
sPhil. 3:3
tHeb. 2:17; 5:1
uActs 15:12; 21:19; Gal. 2:8
vSee ch. 1:5
w2 Cor. 12:12; [Acts 19:11]
xActs 22:17–21
y[Acts 20:1, 2]
z[2 Cor. 10:13, 15, 16]
aCited from Isa. 52:15
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version(Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 롬 15:14–21.

14절) 바울은 본 절에서 로마의 그리스도인들을 내 형제들아라고 친근하게 부르고 있다. 물론 교회안에 신실하지 못한 이들도 있었지만 앞선 장에서 약한 자와 강한 자가 있었던 것처럼 본 절에서는 그리스도안에서 신실하게 살아가는 이들에게 권고하고 있는 것이다. 그는 세가지 사실을 확신했다. 
  1. 선함이 가득하다. 이는 친절과 관대함이라는 표현으로 다른 이들을 대하는 이들의 신실한 태도를 말한다. 
  2. 모든 지식이 차서. 이는 바울이 앞서 본 서신에서 이야기하고 있는 하나님과 복음의 진리에 대한 광범위한 지식을 가지고 있다는 의미이다. 
  3. 능히 서로 권하는 자들이다. 물론 약한 자와 강한 자의 문제들이 있지만 말이다. 본문의 권하다라는 단어는 ‘노우데테오’로 성내거나 괴롭히지 않고 고치기 위한 의도로 사용하는 훈계의 말이라는 의미이다. 
  • Paul wants the Romans to understand why he is coming to them and also why he has presumed to write an apostolic letter to a church he has never visited. Both purposes flow out of his sense that God has called him as apostle to the Gentiles. He is also certain that they will receive the letter in the spirit in which it was written, calling them “brothers [and sisters]” and complimenting them for the depth of their walk in Christ. Some have thought him insincere here, merely trying to flatter them, but that does not fit the tone of the letter as a whole. Rather, this is courtesy shown to a church with problems but still containing many mature Christians (see Cranfield 1979; Schreiner 1998). He is convincedof three things: first, that they are full of goodness, a term referring to their kindness and generosity and perhaps also their honesty in dealing with others (Käsemann 1980; Cranfield 1979 prefer the latter). Second, they are complete in knowledge, meaning they have a comprehensive knowledge of God and the gospel truths, including all Paul has talked about in this letter. As a result, they are competent to instruct one another,certainly referring to the problem of the strong and the weak in the previous section but going beyond that to general instruction in the Christian faith. Instructis often used of “the word of admonition which is designed to correct while not provoking or embittering” (Behm 1967:1021), but here it may be more neutral, denoting imparting knowledge. Paul is saying that he knows that the Roman church has not only accepted but understood and acted upon the things he has told them in the letter.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 387.

15절) 바울은 로마의 성도들을 향해서 복음의 진리, 성경의 진리를 생각나게 하기 위해서 이를 썼다라고 말한다. 물론 바울이 말하는 이 진리를 모두 아는 사람은 없을 것이다. 분명한 것은 이러한 기본적인 진리를 계속해서 상기되도록 가르쳐져야 한다는 것이다. 사람의 본성은 선택적인 기억력을 가지고 있기 때문이다 .우리는 교회안에 관용이 필요하고 하나됨이 필요하다는 사실을 잘 알고 있다. 하지만 문제가 닥칠때 우리는 이것을 기억하지 못하고 이러한 심각한 문제때문에 자신들을 이러한 가르침에서 제외된다고 생각한다. 그래서 바울을 이를 따를 것을 담대하게 요청하고 있는 것이다. 

16절) 바울로 하여금 담대하도록 하는 이 은혜는 바울을 이방인을 향한 그리스도 예수의 일꾼으로 하나님의 복음의 제사장 직분을 맡겼고, 이방인을 제물로 드리는 것이 성령안에서 거룩하게 되어 받으실만하게 하기 위함이다. 
바울은 지금 자신이 전혀 방문해 보지 않은 이방인 교회를 향해서 이 편지를 쓰고 있는 데 이는 바로 자신을 이방인의 사도로 부르신 그분의 은혜때문이다. 바울은 본문에서 자신을 사도라 부르지 않고 이방인을 위한 일꾼이라고 부른다. 게다가 그는 제사장 직분에 사용되는 일꾼, 종이라는 표현을 사용하고 있다. 그는 제사장으로서 하나님의 복음을 이방인에게 선포하고 그들을 하나님이 받으실만한 제물로 드리는 것이 자신의 사역이라고 여기고 있는 것이다. 바울은 본문에서 자신의 사역이 하나님의 복음의 제사장으로서 이방인을 제물로 바치는 것이라고 말한다. 하나님이 받으실만한, 기쁘게 받으시는 이 제물은 바로 이방인의 회심을 의미하는 것이다. 하나님의 복음의 선포를 통해서 이방인이 회심할때 하나님께서는 이들을 제물로 받으신다는 것이다. 그런데 중요한 것은 이것이 오직 성령안에서, 성령을 통해서 가능하다는 것이다. 오직 하나님께서 그의 성령을 통해서 이방인을 거룩하게 하시고, 그들을 부정함과 죄된 상태에서 거룩한 제물로 변하게 하심으로 거룩한 하나님께 찬양과 예배를 드리기에 합당하게 하신다는 것이다. 벧전 2:9처럼 그들은 “택한 백성, 왕같은 제사장, 거룩한 나라”가 되는 것이다. 
  • The reason that Paul had the boldness to write so forcefully was because of the grace God gave [him] to be a minister of Christ Jesus to the Gentiles(vv. 15–16)*. This is a statement of the authority behind the letter as a whole. Paul could write to a Gentile church he had never visited because God through his grace had made Paul “apostle to the Gentiles” (cf. Acts 22:21; 26:17–18; Rom 1:5; 1 Cor 3:10; Gal 2:9; Eph 3:2; Col 1:25). Yet it is interesting that Paul calls himself not an apostle but rather a ministerto the Gentiles. Moreover, he uses a specific term that, while it can refer to a ministeror servant, often connotes a priestly office (as in Is 61:6; Neh 10:40; Sirach 7:30), and in this context that fits very well. In his priestly work, he proclaim[s] the gospel of Godto the Gentiles and then makes them an offering acceptable to God.Lohse (1995) shows the connection between the “gospel” in 1:3–4, 16–17 and here as a summary of Paul’s message of justification in Christ. In short, he wins them to Christ through the gospel and offers them to God, who accepts them. The offering is not coming from the Gentiles; Paul metaphorically presents the Gentiles as an offering to God. The gospel is his priestly duty,and proclaiming it is the fulfillment of the Old Testament sacrifices. Moreover, the converted Gentiles are acceptable,a term that also means “well-pleasing,” used also of the acceptability of “spiritual sacrifices” in 1 Peter 2:5. God is pleased with the offering of the Gentiles, but as with Old Testament sacrifices, it is essential that those offerings be sanctifiedor “set apart” for God. This can only be done by the Holy Spirit. As Moo says (1996:891), “it is ultimately God himself, by his Holy Spirit, who ‘sanctifies’ Gentiles, turning them from unclean and sinful creatures to ‘holy’ offerings fit for the service and praise of a holy God.” Thus in the words of 1 Peter 2:9, they become “a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation.”
  • *15:16Some (Barth 1933; Cranfield 1979) believe that Paul is calling himself a Levite rather than a priest, with Christ the high priest whom Paul is serving as a Levite. This is certainly possible, since the term is often used of the levitical office in the lxx (Ex 38:21; Num 1:50; 3:6; 1 Chron 6:32–33; and so on). However, the context here does not support this interpretation, and it is best to see Paul using priestly imagery for his apostolic work.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 388–389.

이방인을 제물로 드린다는 이 표현은 사 66:19-20절을 염두에 둔 발언이다. 
  •  a minister of Christ Jesus to the Gentiles.Paul’s authority to write “quite boldly” (v. 15) to the Roman Christians is based on God’s own appointment of him to be “the apostle to the Gentiles” (see 11:13 and note; cf. Gal 1:15–16). the Gentiles might become an offering acceptable to God.Describing his apostolic ministry in priestly terminology, Paul identifies the offering he makes: the Gentiles themselves. Paul may have in mind the prophecy of Isa 66:19–20, which speaks of declaring God’s glory “among the nations” and of bringing people from “all the nations” to Jerusalem as an “offering to the Lord.”
  • v. verse in the chapter being commented on
  • cf. compare, confer
  •  Douglas J. Moo, “The Letters and Revelation,”in NIV Zondervan Study Bible: Built on the Truth of Scripture and Centered on the Gospel Message, ed. D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2015), 2320.

17-19절) 바울이 자랑하는 것은 그리스도 예수 안에서 하나님의 일이다. 그리스도께서 이방인들을 순종하게 하시기 위해서 바울을 회심시킨 것만을 말했다. 이렇게 하나님의 역사는 말과 행위로, 표적과 기사의 능력으로 예루살렘으로부터 일루리곤까지 전해졌다. 
바울은 이렇게 자랑하는 표현을 많이 사용했다. 하지만 이것이 본인 자신에 대한 자랑이 아니고 그를 통해서 그리스도께서 이루신 일을 자랑하는 것이다. 바울은 자신이 도구일 뿐이며 오직 그리스도만이 이 모든 일을 행하실 능력이 있으신 분임을 고백한다. 이방인들의 순종은 바울이 말하는 이방인 선교의 핵심이라고 할 수 있다. 그는 단지 회심에 그치는 것이 아니라 신자들로 하여금 계속해서 그분을 따르고 순종하는 삶으로 초청하고 있다. 순종은 그리스도와 성령에 대한 최선의 반응이다. 바울의 사역의 핵심은 단지 복음 전도가 아니라 제자화 사역이다. 사람들이 그리스도께 나왔을때 온전히 그리스도께 자신의 전 삶을 드리고, 항복하고 그분을 따라야 한다. 그러기 위해서는 말뿐이 아니라 표적과 기사의 능력이 필요하다. 바울은 신약에서 가장 유명할 뿐만 아니라 능력있는 사도, 제자였다. 그는 누구보다 복음에 정통했고 많은 기사와 이적을 베풀었다. 하지만 그는 분명하게 그의 말과 행위의 배후에 성령의 능력이 있음을, 자신에게서 이러한 능력이 나가는 것이 아님을 분명히 알았고 이를 분명히 했다. 바울은 본 절을 통해서 계속해서 하나님과 예수님, 성령을 앞세운다. 
  • The thought continues in verse 18, as Paul says he would not “be so bold” (niv, venture;the cognate of boldlyin verse 15 [so Moo 1996:891]) as to speak of anything except what Christ has accomplished through me.His boasting was entirely in Christ, and it would be presumptuous to do anything else. The verb accomplishmeans to “produce” or “bring about” and looks to Christ as the active agent in accomplishing everything. Paul was the instrument (through me),but Christ was the force that produced the results. Those results are leading the Gentiles to obey God by what I have said and done(literally “in word and deed”). Obviously Paul has the Gentile mission in mind, that which was given him by the grace of God (v. 15). The obedience of the Gentiles here refers not only to their conversion but also to a lifetime of following Christ, the “obedience that comes from faith” that was the basic purpose of his mission also in 1:5. Obedience is stressed in 1:5; 5:19; 6:16; and 16:19, 26 and is the proper response to Christ and the Spirit. Paul centered not just on evangelism but discipleship; when people came to Christ, he wanted to ensure that they surrendered their lives fully to him. But he refuses to brag about his own accomplishments because he realizes none of this would have occurred without the Lord’s intervention and guidance. Paul did indeed speak and act, but behind every word was the empowering presence of Christ. With the emphasis on God, the Spirit and Christ in Paul’s mission in verses 16–17 and again in verses 18–19, there is an implicit Trinitarianism (so Murray 1968; Moo 1996).
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 389–390.

19절) 바울이 예루살렘에서 사역한 것에 대한 기록은 많이 있지만 일루리곤(지금의 크로아티아, 보스니아, 세르비아, 알바니아 지역)에서 사역한 기록은 존재하지 않는다. 바울이 의미한 바는 일루리곤 지경까지 이르는 지역에서 사역했다는 것을 의미하는 것이다. 예를 들면 마케도니아와 그리스에 이르는 지역. 
  • The deeds are detailed in verse 19—by the power of signs and miracles.*“Signs and wonders” is a common phrase for miracles, occurring first at the Exodus (Ex 7:3; 10:9–10; Deut 4:34; and so on) then elsewhere in the Old Testament (Ps 78:43; Jer 32:20–21) as well as in the New Testament (Acts 2:19; 4:30; 5:12; 6:8; 7:36; 2 Thess 2:9; Heb 2:4). It is used of Paul’s miracles in Acts 14:3 and 15:12. In a sense the signsare the God-ward aspect pointing to his powerbehind it, and “wonder” is the human response to his powerful deed. The word poweris found twice, first in the powerful miracle and then in the basis of the miracle, through the power of the Spirit.The Spirit both undergirds everything Paul does, including his miracles, and brings the Gentiles into the sanctifying presence of God (v. 16).
  • *15:19Some think that there is chiasm in verses 18–19: word—deed—signs and wonders—the power of the Holy Spirit(Michel 1966; M. Black 1973). But the Holy Spirit is not just connected with the words of Paul (indicating the power of Paul’s preaching), nor can the deeds be narrowed to signs and wonders. The deeds are everything Paul has done, and the Holy Spirit provides the power for the deeds as well as the words. The movement aroundfrom Jerusalem to Illyricum has led to diverse interpretations. Some think of it as a ministry “round about” the vicinity of Jerusalem (Godet 1969) or as related to the centrality of Jerusalem, referring to Paul’s mission as a “circle” building on the table of the nations in Genesis 10 and fanning out from Jerusalem to the nations (Schreiner 1998). Others conceive it as an arc or “grand sweep” by which the gospel moved out throughout the Gentile world (Lenski 1945; Cranfield 1979; Käsemann 1980; Dunn 1988b; Fitzmyer 1993b). But it most simply means that Paul has moved “around” from place to place as he brought the gospel to the nations (Sanday and Headlam 1902; Cranfield 1979; Moo 1996). The first two are too complex for this one word, and the second does not fit as well as the third.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 390.
바울은 그리스도의 복음을 편만하게 전했다라고 표현했다. 바울의 선교 전략은 거점 도시에 들어가 복음을 전하고 그 도시를 기점을 다른 지역을 향해 나아가는 것이었다. 그래서 모든 도시에 복음이 전해진 것은 아니지만 이런 표현을 한 것이다. 예루살렘은 최남단, 일루리곤은 최북단에 위치한다 바울은 본문을 통해서 이 모든 사역이 성령의 능력으로 이루어졌음을 확인하며 로마제국의 동쪽에서의 사역을 마쳤고 이제 서쪽으로 나아갔다. 


20-21절) 바울은 그리스도의 이름을 부르는 곳에는 복음을 전하지 않기를 힘썼다. 이 말은 오직 그리스도의 복음을 들어보지 못한 사람들, 지역을 우선적으로 사역했고 이미 다른 사람이 사역하고 있는 곳에서는 사역을 하지 않겠다는 것이다. 바울의 최우선의 관심을 잃어버린 자들이었다. 그는 개척선교를 목적으로 했다. 그가 자신을 이방인의 사도로 부르는 것처럼 이방 세계에 복음 전도를 그의 부르심으로 여겼다. 그리고 그는 자신을 씨를 뿌리는 자로 여겼고 또다른 지역의 개척을 위해서 이동했다. 바울은 고전 3:10에 고백한 것처럼 자신을 개척자로 여겼다. 
(고전 3:10, 개정) 『내게 주신 하나님의 은혜를 따라 내가 지혜로운 건축자와 같이 터를 닦아 두매 다른 이가 그 위에 세우나 그러나 각각 어떻게 그 위에 세울까를 조심할지니라』
  • In verses 20–21*Paul then explains what he means by saying he had “completed” his mission. His desire has always been to preach the gospel where Christ was not known.That led him to cities from Jerusalem to Illyricum. As several have noted (Cranfield 1979; Dunn 1988b; Moo 1996), “ambition” is probably too strong a translation, and the term more likely means to “strive after” or “be zealous” regarding a thing. So Paul has been zealous about his intention to reach the lost. His goal has been that of a pioneer missionary who is the first to proclaim the gospel in an area. As Stott says (1994:382), “His own calling and gift as apostle to the Gentiles was to pioneer the evangelization of the Gentile world, and then leave to others, especially to local, residential presbyters, the pastoral care of the churches.” As he said to Corinth, “I planted the seed, Apollos watered it” (1 Cor 3:6). As several note (Michel 1966; Murray 1968; Käsemann 1980; Cranfield 1979; Schreiner 1998), known(literally, “named”) does not mean knowing about Christ in general but rather that no one “names Christ in worship” or “confesses his name.” Paul wants to go where no church has been established because he does not want to build on someone else’s foundation.This is the same metaphor as 1 Corinthians 3:10, “I laid a foundation as an expert builder, and someone else is building on it.” Moo uses an apt illustration (1996:896), “Paul … believed that God had given him the ministry of establishing strategic churches in virgin gospel territory; like the early American pioneers who pulled up stakes anytime they could see the smoke from another person’s cabin, Paul felt ‘crowded’ by too many Christians.”
  • *15:20It is debated whether “in this manner” beginning verse 20 (omitted in the niv) explains Paul’s past mission (Cranfield 1979; Dunn 1988b; Fitzmyer 1993b; Moo 1996) or looks forward to his future plans in verses 22–23 (Sanday and Headlam 1902; Lagrange 1950; Käsemann 1980). This is somewhat of a false dichotomy. Verse 20 is transitional, both telling why he feels he has completed his mission in the east and providing the reason for the mission in the west.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 391–392.

주의 소식을 받지 못한 자들과 듣지 못한 자들이 바로 이방인들이라고 여겼고 이들이 주께로 나아와 주의 소식을 보고 깨닫게 하는 사역을 감당한 것이다. 
  • This is then anchored in a citation from Isaiah 52:15 lxx, part of the best known of the Servant Songs (Is 52:13–53:12)*. Isaiah’s message is that the One who is disfigured (v. 14) will “sprinkle many nations” (Is 52:15) so that those who were not told about him will see, and those who have not heard will understand. This passage is very apropos for Paul’s purpose, for the “nations” who have not heardare the Gentiles, and the Servant of the Lord (about him)is certainly the Messiah. In the larger context, Isaiah 49:6 tells Israel, “I will make you a light for the Gentiles, that you may bring my salvation to the ends of the earth.” Paul undoubtedly saw this aspect of the Servant Songs as fulfilled in the Gentile mission. So the goal of Paul’s mission is that the Gentiles who were not told(that is, where “Christ was not known”) and who have not heardwill finally understandor “see,” implying their conversion. What Paul has “completed” then is laying the groundwork for the evangelism of the Gentile world in the eastern part of the empire; now it is time for the local pastors to come and “water” what he has “planted” (2 Cor 3:6).
  • *15:21A few (Michel 1966; Dunn 1988b) believe that Paul saw himself as the Servant in the Scripture quoted from Isaiah proclaiming the message to the Gentiles, but the majority correctly identify Christ as the Servant of the Lord. Paul’s mission is to announce the gospel “about him,” that is, the Messiah.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 392–393.








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For I tell you that Christ cbecame a servant to the circumcised to show God’s truthfulness, in order dto confirm the promises given to the patriarchs, and in order ethat the Gentiles might glorify God for his mercy. As it is written, 
f“Therefore I will praise you among the Gentiles, 
and sing to your name.” 
10 And again it is said, 
g“Rejoice, O Gentiles, with his people.” 
11 And again, 
h“Praise the Lord, all you Gentiles, 
and let all the peoples extol him.” 
12 And again Isaiah says, 
ij“The root of Jesse will come, 
even he who arises to rule the Gentiles; 
kin him will the Gentiles hope.” 
13 May the God of hope fill you with all ljoy and peace in believing, so that by the power of the Holy Spirit you may abound in hope. 

cMatt. 15:24; John 1:11; [Heb. 3:1]; See Acts 3:26
d[ch. 4:16; 2 Cor. 1:20]
eSee ch. 3:29
fCited from 2 Sam. 22:50; Ps. 18:49
gCited from Deut. 32:43
hCited from Ps. 117:1
iCited from Isa. 11:10
jIsa. 11:1; [Rev. 5:5; 22:16]
kMatt. 12:21
l[ch. 5:1, 2; 14:17]
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version(Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 롬 15:8–13.


7-13절의 목적은 강한자와 약한자에 대한 내용을 끝맺으면서 유대인과 이방인과의 관계에 대해서 편지 전체를 하나로 그려냅니다. 바울이 로마서를 기록한 목적이 유대인들과 이방인들의 갈등임을 분명히 보여줍니다. 본문의 구조는 서로를 받으라고 명하고 나서(7절) 서로 받는 이유를 두가지로 설명한다. 첫빼는 그리스도께서 그들 모두를 받으셨고 하나님의 언약을 이 둘 모두에게 확증하셨다. 그런다음 구약의 4본문의 인용을 통해서 연합의 기초가 하나님을 함께 찬양하는 것임을 보여주고나서 기쁨과 평강을 구하는 기도로 끝마친다. 
  • This section has two purposes—it concludes the section on the strong and the weak, but is also serves to draw the letter together as a whole, especially regarding Jew-Gentile relationships. Sass (1993) goes so far as to argue that this passage sums up the themes of the whole letter, including what God has done through Christ (vv. 8–9)*and the Pauline gospel (vv. 9–12). This certainly shows that the conflict between the Jewish and the Gentile factions in the Roman Church was one of the major purposes in his writing the letter. The organization is simple, with the command for mutual acceptance (v. 7) followed by two reasons for acceptance: Christ has accepted them all, and Christ has confirmed God’s covenant promises to both (vv. 7–8). Then four Old Testament citations show that the basis of unity is worshiping God together (vv. 9–12); the section concludes with a prayer for joy and peace (v. 13).
  • *15:8–9There are two options for the syntactical structure of these verses: (1) Paul is saying two parallel things, that Christ has become a servant of the Jews and that the Gentiles are glorifying God (so Cranfield 1979; Wilckens 1982); and (2) that Christ has become a servant of the Jews for two purposes, to confirm the covenant promises and to enable the Gentiles to glorify God (so Murray 1968; Barrett 1957; Morris 1988; Dunn 1988b; Moo 1996; Schreiner 1998). The grammar is quite difficult, but the latter fits the developing message better.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 379–380.

앞선 14장에서 이미 서로를 받을 것을 명했는데 14장의 기초는 하나님께서 그들을 받으셨다는 것이다. 하지만 본문의 기초는 그리스도께서 우리를 받으신 것이 기초이다. 그래서 14장과는 2가지 다른점이 존재한다. 14장에서는 바울은 오직 강한자가를 언급했다면 여기서는 두 그룹을 모두 언급한다. 그리고 14장에서 하나님이 그들을 받으셨음을 이야기했다면 여기서는 그리스도께서 모두를 받으셨음을 이야기한다는 것이다. 이는 수평적인 측면에서 수직적인 측면으로의 전환을 보여준다. 나아가 하나님의 백성들 간의 내적인 관계가 그들의 하나님과의 관계에 매우 중요하다는 것을 계속해서 보여준다. ‘서로를 받으라’는 이 명령은 믿는 자들의 교제에 있어서 신약의 핵심적인 가르침이다.(행 2:44, 4:32) 이것이 가능해지려면 성도들은 그들의 차이점을 무시하고 하나님의 한 가족으로서 한 몸의 구성원으러서 서로를 받아야 합니다. 이것의 기초는 바로 그리스도께서 이 두 그룹을 그의 가족으로 받으신 것입니다. 그러므로 양측은 서로 서로 형제요 자매인 것이다. 그들은 서로에 대한 그들의 관계안에서 이 현실을 반영해야만 한다. 게다가 앞서 6절의 주제를 다시 언급하면서 하나님께 영광을 돌려드리는 것으로 행해져야만 한다. 그리스도는 우리를 그분의 가족으로 이끄시면서 하나님께 영광을 돌리셨다. 그리고 하나님의 영광은 우리들의 연합에 달려있다. 우리가 온전히 하나님앞에서 하나가 될때에야만 온전히 하나님을 찬양할 수 있다. 하나됨 자체가 하나님께대한 찬양일뿐만 아니라 하나가 되어야만 한 입으로 그분을 찬양할 수 있는 것이다. 
  • Paul now addresses both groups and draws the challenge to a close by commanding them to accept one another,the very theme with which he began the section in 14:1. In 14:3 the basis of this is that “God has accepted” them, while here the basis is just as Christ accepted you.So there are two differences with chapter 14: there Paul addressed only the strong while here the command is for both groups, and there it was God receiving them while here it is Christ. This moves from the horizontal to the vertical dimension and continues the theme that the internal relationship of the people of God is vital for their relationship with God. The command to accept one anotheris at the heart of the New Testament doctrine of the fellowship of believers, as seen in Acts 2:44 (“all the believers were together and had everything in common”) and 4:32 (“all the believers were one in heart and mind”). For this to be possible, the saints must disregard their differences and accept one another(see v. 5 on “one another”) as members of the same body, the same family of God. The basis of this is that Christ has received both groups into his family, so therefore both sides are brothers and sisters of one another. They must now reflect this reality in their relationships with each other. Moreover, this again must be done to the glory of God, restating the theme of verse 6. Christ has glorified God in bringing us into his family, and the glory of God is at stake in our own unity.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 380.


8-9절) 교회에 이방인들이 참여한것은 이미 선진들에게 주신 언약에 대한 성취이다. 많은 이들이 하나님의 진실하심이 특히 언약의 신실성을 의미한다고 본다. 

9-12절) 바울은 여러 구약의 구절을 인용하며 유대인들과 함께 이방인들을 하나님의 백성에 포함시키고 있다. 본문은 역사서, 율법서, 시가서, 선지서의 각각의 구절들의 인용으로 하나님을 찬양하는 것이 구원역사에 있어서 궁극적인 목적임을 보여준다. 
  • Paul cites verses from 2 Sam. 22:50 or Ps. 18:49; Deut. 32:43; Ps. 117:1; and Isa. 11:10, which emphasize the inclusion of the Gentilesinto the people of God along with the Jews. If the first reference is from 2 Sam. 22:50, citations are provided from the historical books, the law, the writings, and the prophets. The one people of God, both Jews and Gentiles, will praise God forever for his great mercy extended to them in Christ Jesus, showing that the worship of God is his ultimate aim in salvation history.
  •  Crossway Bibles, The ESV Study Bible(Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008), 2182.

본문은 11장의 내용과 연결되어서 그리스도 안에서 하나님의 사역의 신실하심을 지속적으로 보여준다. 1:16에서 “첫째는 유대인에게요 또한 헬라인에게로다’라고 말했는데 바울은 하나님의 매우 복잡한 계획을 보여주었다. 하나님께서는 유대인들을 거절하셨고 유대인에게로 돌아서셨다. 이는 유대인들로 질투나게 해서 결과적으로 그들을 하나님의 왕국으로 들어오게 하기 위함이었다. 진노의 그릇이 긍휼의 그릇이 되는 것이고 감람나무가 접붙임을 받는 것이다. 그래서 그들을 그분의 자비를 찬양한다. 유대인들이나 이방인들이나 모두 하나님의 구원의 계획에 포함되어 있으며 모두 그리스도의 희생적 사역의 수신자인 것이다. 그러므로 하나님과 그리스도안에서 그들은 하나이고 교회안에서 한마음과 한뜻을 이루어야 한다. 교회안에서 이 두 그룹의 하나됨은 그리스도가 이 둘의 종이라는 사실에 기초한다. 
  • Yet at the same time there is a second purpose in the ongoing nature of God’s faithful work in Jesus, and this was also a significant emphasis in chapter 11, that the Gentiles may glorify God for his mercy.This is the second half of 1:16, “first for the Jew, then for the Gentile.” In 10:19–11:32 Paul presented a complex plan—God had rejected the Jew and turned to the Gentile in part to make the Jews jealous and eventually to bring them into the kingdom themselves. Here he summarizes the message. Those who originally were “objects of his wrath” have become “objects of his mercy” (9:22–23) and have been grafted into the olive tree (11:17) so that they might praise God for his mercy. Both Jew and Gentile are included in God’s plan of salvation, and both are the recipients of Christ’s salvific work. Therefore, they are one in God and Christ and must become one in heart and mind in the church. J. R. Wagner (1997:482–84) makes the point that in effect Christ has become “servant” of the Gentiles as well as of the Jews, and the unity of the two groups in the church is based on the fact that Christ is servant of both.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 381–382.


앞서 6절과 같이 13절도 기도로 마쳐진다. 하나님께서 당신의 백성들에게 소망을 주시겠다는 것이 중요한 열쇠이다. 이는 4절과 12절에서 강조되었을 뿐만 아니라 이전에 기록된 성경의 약속이기도 하다.(4절) 다른 말로 이새의 뿌리 안에서 이방인들이 가진 그 소망은 바로 하나님께수 그들에게 주신 것이다. 게다가 평강과 희락, 기쁨은 내적인 조화와 기쁜 영으로 성령을 통해서 당신의 교회에 주신 것이다14:17) 그래서 이 기도제목은 이미 하나님께서 당신의 공동체 안에서 이루고 계신 것이다. 이것은 당신이 그분을 신뢰하는 것에서 온다. 신뢰 혹은 믿음/신앙은 구원 사역의 측면에서 중요한 키이고 신비적인 믿음이 아니라 하나님에 대한 전적인 신뢰이다. 게다가 신앙은 하나님께서 당신의 언약을 이루실 것을 믿고 이해하는 것이다. 이런 면에서 강한자와 약한 자의 차이가 발생한다. 강한자는 하나님에 대한 이해속에서 이를 좀더 깊이, 전적으로 신뢰하는 사람들이라면 약한자는 이런 이해가 부족한 이들을 의미한다. 하지만 바울은 강한자나 약한 자 모두에게 기쁨과 평강이 믿음안에서 충만케 될 것을 구하고 있다. 이는 오진 성령의 능력으로 이루어지는 것이다. 8장에서 성령의 역사는 교회와 개인안에 임재할 수 있는 존재로 보여진다. 그분의 부으심이 없다면 소망이나 평강, 기쁨에 도달할 수 없다. 그분과 함께 우리는 단지 소망을 가지는 것이 아니라 소망으로 넘치는 것이다. 이는 소망의 잔이 흘러 넘치는 것을 의미한다. 5:15절에서 하나님의 은혜와 구원의 선물이 흘러넘친 것처럼 그 결과 우리의 상호 구원의 소망은 우리 모두에게 넘쳐흐르고 우리에게 서로를 받을 수 있는 영적인 능력을 준다. 
  • Just as Paul finished the first section of this chapter with a prayer-wish (v. 6), he now concludes the second part with another, asking that the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace(v. 13). Most of the themes here summarize key emphases elsewhere. This is the God who brings people hope, stressed not only in verses 4 and 12 of this chapter but throughout the epistle (see on v. 4). In other words, the hope that the Gentiles have in the Root of Jesse (v. 12) is given them by God. Moreover, the peace and joyrefer to the internal harmony and joyous spirit that come to the church through the Holy Spirit in 14:17. So this prayer-wish is already in process of being fulfilled as God is at work in the community. The key is that this only comes as you trust him,referring to the active dependence on the power of God that alone makes all this possible. Trustor belief/faith is the key aspect in the work of salvation within (see especially 3:21–4:25) and means not just a mystical trust but a total reliance on God. In addition, “faith” in 14:1, 2, 22–23 is that belief in God that enables one to understand his covenant promises and appropriate the lifestyle he has for us. In this latter sense the weak and the strong had differing degrees of “faith,” but Paul wants the larger fact of faith in Christ to bring peace and joy into their different degrees of “faith.” This is only possible when they live by the power of the Holy Spiritand find his strength to forge a greater unity out of their differences. In chapter 8 the work of the Holy Spirit is seen as the enabling presence in the church and the individual. Without his empowering, hope, peace and joy are beyond our reach. With him we do not just have hope but overflow with hope,meaning that our cup of hope is “full and running over.” In 5:15 the grace of God and his gift of salvation “overflow,” and this in a sense is the result of that; in our mutual salvation hope overflows to us all and gives us the spiritual strength to “accept one another” (v. 7).
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 384.  

14:1-15:13의 내용이 현대의 여러 상황과 문제에 얼마나 적실한가? Moo는 첫째로 구체적인 상황은 관련성이 제한적이라는 사실을 지적한다. 왜냐하면 실제적인 상황은 단지 신학적인 의견의 차이가 아니라 유대 그리스도인들에게 새 언약적인 상황을 적합하게 적용시키는 것에 대한 믿음의 차이때문이었다. 그러므로 앞서 제시된 고기나 포도주의 금지, 특별한 절기를 지키는 것에 대한 문제들중에 안식일 준수만이 오늘날 진정한 의미를 지닌다.  그러나 이 원칙은 ‘아디아포라’ 즉 우리가 동의 하거나 동의하지 않을 수 있는 성경적으로 열려있는 현재의 문제들에 폭넓게 적용할 수 있다. 그는 세가지 포인트를 지적한다. 첫번째로 사실주의자로서 그리스도인들이 서로 다른 차원에 살고 있다는 사실을 알고 있었고 그러므로 약한자로서 유대 그리스도인들은 이 뮨제들을 실제로 죄로 여겼다. 같은 차원에서 오늘날 신자들의 양심은 그들에게 매우 실제적이고 그들의 양심을 어겨서는 안된다. 둘째로 더 강한 자들은 이러한 양심을 나눠서는 안된다 그들은 약한 자들을 이해해야하고 그들의 확신을 존중해야하며 다른 이들의 신앙을 무너뜨려서는 안되고 세워야한다. 그들은 약한 자들이 상처를 받지 않고 문제를 발생시키는 것을 줄일때에만 그들의 자유를 사용할수 있다. 세번째로 기본 원칙은 교회의 하나됨이다. 약한 자들은 강한 자들을 비난해서는 안되고 강한 자들은 약한 자들을 얕봐서도 안된다. 도리어 교회의 하나됨은 모든 분야에 있어서 개방성, 열린 관점(근본 교리가 침해받지 않는 한에서)에서 지켜져야한다. 성경의 내용을 상황화 하는데 두가지 방식이 있는데 구체적인 수준(음식벅, 포도주 성일) 혹은 일반적인 수준으로 그 원칙은 성경의 상황과 평행한 문제들에 적용되어야 한다. 앞서 논의한대로 일반적인 상황에 맞는 두가지 영역이 있는데 첫째는 비기본 교리에 해당하는 것과 실제 생활의 상황이 있다. 이 두 영역 모두에서 그리스도인들은 서로를 받아들이는 것을 배우고 그러한 차이를 인정하고 받아들이는 폭넓은 하나됨을 만들어야 한다. 
  • Moo (1996:881–83) has an excellent discussion on the applicability of 14:1–15:13 to current issues. He makes two points: First, the specifics have limited relevance, for the actual situation was not just a difference of theological opinion but limited faith on the part of the Jewish Christians to appropriate the new covenant situation. Therefore, of the three issues—prohibition of meat and of wine and the observance of special days—only the issue of Sabbath observance today is a real parallel. However, the principles do apply more broadly to current issues on matters of adiaphora, that is, issues that are open biblically and on which we can “agree to disagree.” He notes three points made by Paul: (1) as a realist, he knew that Christians actually live at different levels, and for the weak Jewish Christians these issues were indeed “sin” (14:14, 20); in the same way, the scruples of believers today are very real to them, and they should not violate their conscience. (2) Other believers are stronger and do not share these scruples; they must understand the weaker believers, respect their convictions and make sure to build up rather than tear down the others’ “faith.” They can practice their freedom whenever the “weaker” Christians are not there to be “harmed” (cf. 1 Cor 10:25–29) but curtail their practices whenever it will cause problems. (3) The “ ‘bottom line’ is the unity of the church” (Moo 1996:883). The weak are not to condemn the strong, and the strong are not to look down on the weak (14:10). Rather, the unity of the church must be preserved in all areas where it is a matter of openness (that is, where it does not impinge on a cardinal doctrine). There are two ways to contextualize biblical material, at the specific level (food laws, wine, holy days) or at the general level, in which the principles are applied to issues that parallel the biblical situation (see Osborne 1991:336–38). As discussed in this chapter, there are two areas that fit the general situation, first noncardinal doctrines (see on 14:3, 5, 9) and practical life situations (see on 14:13, 14). In both these areas Christians must learn to accept each other and forge a larger unity that recognizes and allows such differences.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 384–385.

그리스도께서 유대인들이나 이방인들, 약한 자나 강한자 모두의 소망이 되신다. 


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sWe who are strong thave an obligation to bear with the failings of the weak, and not to please ourselves. uLet each of us please his neighbor for his good, to build him up. For vChrist did not please himself, but as it is written, w“The reproaches of those who reproached you fell on me.” For xwhatever was written in former days was written for our yinstruction, that through endurance and through zthe encouragement of the Scriptures we might have hope. May the God of endurance and encouragement grant you ato live in such harmony with one another, in accord with Christ Jesus, that together you may with one voice glorify bthe God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. Therefore welcome one another as Christ has welcomed you, for the glory of God. 
s[Gal. 6:1]
t1 Thess. 5:14; See ch. 14:1
u1 Cor. 10:33; [1 Cor. 9:19, 22; 10:24; Phil. 2:4]
vPhil. 2:5, 8; [John 5:30; 6:38]
wCited from Ps. 69:9
xch. 4:23
y2 Tim. 3:16
zPs. 119:50
aSee ch. 12:16
b2 Cor. 1:3; Eph. 1:3; 1 Pet. 1:3; [John 20:17; Eph. 1:17; Rev. 1:6]
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version(Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), 롬 15:1–7.


1절) 믿음이 강한 우리들은 마땅히 믿음이 약한 자의 약점을 감당하고 자기를 기쁘게 하지 말아야 한다. 
믿음이 강한 자들은 무엇이든 먹을 자유가 있고, 모든 날을 같게 여기며 포도주를 마실 자유를 가지고 있는 자들이다. 
  • Those who are convinced that their faith gives them liberty to eat anything (14:2), treat every day alike (14:5), and drink wine (14:21). Even though he is a Jewish Christian, Paul aligns himself with the “strong” (14:14).
  •  Douglas J. Moo, “The Letters and Revelation,”in NIV Zondervan Study Bible: Built on the Truth of Scripture and Centered on the Gospel Message, ed. D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2015), 2319.

본문은 앞선 14장의 문제를 이어서 이야기하고 있다. 14:2에서 음식의 문제를 다룬다. 모든 음식이 깨끗하다는 새 언약의 내용을 인정하는 것이 부담스러운 이들이 있었다. 믿음이 약한 자들은 그래서 음식을 먹거나 날을 지키는 문제에 있어서 부담을 가지고 있었고 반대로 믿음이 강한 유대인들을 이러한 규정을 강제적으로 요구하며 믿음이 약한 이들을 힘들게 하였다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 주도권은 물론 강한 자들에게 있다. 
(갈 6:2, 개정) 『너희가 짐을 서로 지라 그리하여 그리스도의 법을 성취하라』
  • As in 14:2 the issue is the strength of one’s faith to accept the new-covenant reality in which all foods are clean and there is no longer an obligation to observe the Jewish holy days (14:2, 5, 14). But many weakJewish Christians are unable to grasp this truth, and this has caused innumerable problems in the Roman church, not only in the deficient faith of this group but also in the overreaction of many of the strongGentile believers. So Paul must once again counsel the strong to curtail their reactions, telling them to bear with the failings of the weak,using language reminiscent of Galatians 6:2, “carry each other’s burdens, and in this way you will fulfill the law of Christ.” In fact, this is a Christian “obligation” (niv, ought to) meaning God requires them to do this. The failingsare most likely the weak faith that forces them to obey the food laws and observe the holy days.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 374–375.

바울은 본문을 통해서 약한 자들의 약점을 지적하거나 비방하는 것에서 한걸음 더 나아가서 이제 그들의 약점을 직접 담당할 것을 적극적으로 요청하고 있다. 

2절) 바울은 한걸음 더 나아가서 이제 자신을 기쁘게 하는 삶이 아니라 이웃을 기쁘게하고 선을 이루고 덕을 세우는 삶으로 초청하고 있다. 
  • Instead of pleasing ourselves, Paul adds, each of usshould live to please his neighbor.Certainly Paul was including both the weak and the strong (the weak were judging, and the strong were showing contempt; cf. 14:10), but primarily he is addressing the strong, who had the greater obligation (v. 1). This returns their attention to the section on loving your neighbor (13:8–10) and redefines love as a desire to please. They were to accept the weak as they were and to avoid looking down on them; to understand where they were coming from and try to bring them spiritual pleasure (as in Rom 12:1, 2, the “pleasing” will of God). Paul defines this pleasure in two ways—their goodand their “edification” (14:19). This means to seek what is best for them spiritually (again 12:2), to make certain we do not bring them the type of spiritual harm that can destroy them (14:15). The goal is to help them grow in the Lord, to build them upin Christ. “Mutual edification” was also the goal in 14:19, referring to strengthening fellow believers in the Lord. So the strong were to understand the present spiritual state of the weak and help them to grow in the Lord from that position rather than to castigate them for their deficiencies and try to force them to adopt the “superior” stance.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 375–376.

3절) 바울은 예수님의 예를 들고 있다. 그리스도께서도 자기를 기쁘게 하지 아니하셨다. 마 4장에서 예수님의 시험당하시는 사건의 핵심이 이것이다. 주님은 자신의 유익을 위해서가 아니라 자신의 사명에 따라서 선택하시고 행동하셨다. 사단은 하나님이 원하시는 것이 아니라 예수님이 자신의 영광을 위해서 행동할 것을 촉구했으나 실패했다. 그런데 본문에서는 시 69:9을 인용하고 있다. 
(시 69:6, 개정) 『주 만군의 여호와여 주를 바라는 자들이 나를 인하여 수치를 당하게 하지 마옵소서 이스라엘의 하나님이여 주를 찾는 자가 나로 말미암아 욕을 당하게 하지 마옵소서』
본문에서 주는 하나님을, 나는 예수님을 지칭한다. 본문은 죄 많은 인류가 하나님께 쌓아 올린 모든 비방을 이제 그리스도께서 감당시켰다라는 것을 의미합니다. 본문의 시편은 의로운 이의 시험에 초점을 맞춘 애가이다. 이것이 그리스도께 적용되었고 시편중에 가장 많이 언급되는 것중의 하나가 되었다. 바울은 예수님의 십자가에서 당하신 고난이 자기 자신을 주신 가장 극적인 희생적인 행동으로 여겼다. 그리스도는 이러한 고난을 기꺼이 당하셨다. 따라서 로마의 그리스도인들(특히 강한 자들) 또한 이러한 본을 따를 것을 요청하고 있다. 만약 그리스도께서 이러한 모욕을 견디셨다면 강한 이들이 그리스도를 위해서 자신의 자유의 일부를 포기할 수 없단 말입니까? 게다가 시 69편에서 그 비난은 적들 뿐만 아니라 친구들로부터 왔다. 그러므로 약한 자들의 심판 또한 강한 자들에게 평정을 가지고 감당해야한다는 것을 암시한다.  슈레이너는 이렇게 말합니다. “예수님께서는 하나님의 큰 영광을 위해서 이러한 모욕과 죽음을 기꺼이 감당하셨다. 이와 같은 방식으로 강한 자는 하나님의 이름이 그분의 백성 가운데서 높임을 받으시기 위해서 자신의 자유를 제한 받는 고통을 기꺼이 감당해야 한다.”
  • Paul turns to the example of Christ (v. 3) to anchor his argument. Christ did not please himself,that is, live his life to fit what met his own desires. This in essence was the heart of the temptation narratives (Mt 4:1–11 = Lk 4:1–13), where Satan tempted Christ to seek his own glory rather than what God wanted. It is somewhat surprising that Paul quotes Psalm 69:9 (lxx 68:10), for we would expect a statement of Jesus’ sacrificial lifestyle, especially his death for us. But for Paul the entire Old Testament pointed forward to Jesus, so to place these words on Jesus’ lips was completely valid: The insults of those who insult you have fallen on me.In this statement, yourefers to God and meto Jesus. This means that all the contempt that sinful humanity has heaped upon God has now been borne by Christ. The psalm itself was a lament psalm focusing on the trials of the righteous sufferer. It was applied to Christ and became one of the most often quoted of the psalms (Mk 15:35–36 and parallels; Jn 2:17, 15:25; Acts 1:20; Rom 11:9). Most likely these insults were especially borne by Jesus on the cross, and Paul considers this the supreme act of self-sacrificial giving (Rom 5:8, where Jesus’ death “demonstrates [God’s] love for us”). The Messiah willingly bore insult, and the Roman Christians (especially the strong) should consider this model and imitate it. If Christ endured such insults for them, could not the strong endure the loss of some of their freedoms for Christ? Moreover, in Psalm 69 the reproach came from friends as well as enemies, and there may be a hint here as well that the judgment of the weak against them should also be borne with equanimity by the strong. As Schreiner says (1998:748), Jesus was willing to suffer such indignity and death for the sake of the greater glory of God, and in the same way the strong should be willing to suffer the loss of their freedom so that God’s name will be honored among his people.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 376–377.

4절) 전에 기록된 것들, 구약의 내용은 우리의 교훈하기 위해서 기록되었다. 이는 우리로 하여금 인내와 성경의 위로를 통해서 우리로 소망을 가지게 하기 위함이다. 
구약은 그리스도로 말미암아 성취되었고 또한 폐지되었다다. 하지만 여전히 하나님의 백성들을 교훈하기 위한 경전으로서의 기능을 가지고 있다. 구약이 그리스도를 지시했기 때문에 그것은 여전히 하나님의 계획의 일부이며 이 원칙들은 여전히 핵심적이다. 딤후 3:16에서 교훈은 영감받은 성서의 4가지 목적중의 첫번째이다. 따라서 로마 교회의 성도들은 그 메시지를 주의깊게 들어야만 한다. 이 교훈의 목적은 소망을 가지게 하는 것이다. 이 소망에 관한 내용이 본문의 논점에서 벗어난듯이 보이지만 참으로 고난의 삶을 살아가는 그리스도인들에게 넓은 관점에서 매우 중요한 주제이다. 이 소망은 이미 이전의 여러 본문을 통해서 강조되었다. 교회 내외의 압력속에서 그들은 더욱 복음의 소망이 필요하다. 
그 소망의 기초는 3절에서 지적한 대로 첫번째 바로 그리스도의 사역이고 두번째는 그분에 대한 성경의 증거이다. 그 소망은 먼저 인내를 통해서 증거된다. 이는 삶의 어려움을 지속적으로 견뎌내는 것으로 앞서 롬 5:3-4에서 본 바 있다. 환난은 인내를 이루고 인내는 연단을 연단을 소망을 이루어 낸다. 환난중의 인내는 소망으로 나아가는 경로이다. 소망을 가지게하는 두번째 수단은 바로 성경의 위로이다. 본문의 위로 또한 환난 가운데 성경이 우리에게 제공하는 것이다. 바울은 지금 로마 교회를 생각하면서 로마교회가 이러한 것을 겪고 있기에 그들에게 이렇게 이야기하고 있는 것이다. 그들은 그리스도와 성경 안에서 인내와 위로를 발견했다. 이처럼 소망은 교회가 서로 다른 의견들로 나뉘어질때 위협을 받는다. 강한 이방 그리스도인들은 하나님 안에서 그들의 다름을 넘어서서 약한 유대 그리스도인들과 하나됨을 발견하기 위해서 노력해야 한다. 
그들은 그리스도와 성경을 함께 가졌고 이제 이것을 서로 나누어야 한다. 
  • Paul then swerves from his argument briefly to explain his use of the Old Testament text (v. 4). He wants his readers to understand that everything that was written in the past was written to teach us.While the Old Testament had been fulfilled by Jesus (Mt 5:17–20) and had been abolished as a salvific force (Eph 2:15), it still had a canonical function for the instruction of God’s people. Since the Old Testament pointed to Christ, it still had a part in God’s plan, and its principles were still essential. In 2 Timothy 3:16 “teaching” is the first of four purposes of the inspired Scriptures. So the Roman believers should listen closely to its message. The basic purpose of this is so that … we might have hope. This seems out of place in a section on internal problems, but we must remember that all of this is taking place in the broader context of living the Christian life in a difficult world, and hopehas already been emphasized in 4:18; 5:2–5; 8:20, 24; and 12:12. In the midst of pressure from outside and now inside the church, they need the hope of the gospel more than ever. The basis of that hope is first in the work of Christ and second in the witness of the Scriptures to him, both stressed in verse 3. The means by which this is manifest in the church is first through endurance,*that is, steadfastly enduring the difficulties of life. This is seen in the chain of 5:3–4, where suffering produces endurance and that in turn leads to proven character and then hope. Endurance in the midst of suffering (note the connection with the suffering of Christ in v. 3) is the path to hope. The second means by which we find hope is the encouragement of the Scriptures,which here probably means more the “comfort” or “consolation” that the Scriptures bring us in the midst of suffering. Paul’s point is that the Roman church has experienced these things together, and they have found both endurance and comfort in Christ and the Scriptures together, not as separate groups in conflict. Hope is endangered when the church is fractured by dissension. The “strong” Gentile believers are “obligated” before God (v. 1) to go beyond their differences and find unity with the “weak” Jewish Christians. They share both Christ and the Word and now must share each other.
  • *15:4Most scholars understand through enduranceto be attendant circumstances (so Cranfield 1979; Käsemann 1980; Dunn 1988b; Moo 1996), meaning that we experience hope “along with” endurance, but it is better to see the two as parallel diaphrases telling the means throughwhich hope is secured (so Godet 1969; Lenski 1945; Schreiner 1998). This is more natural and makes good sense in the context.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 377–378.

5-6절) 이제 바울은 하나됨의 주제를 위해서 기도를 올린다. 
인내와 위로의 하나님이 우리로 그리스도 예수를 본 받아서 서로 뜻이 같게 하여 주시고 한 마음과 한 입으로 하나님 곧 우리 주 예수 그리스도의 아버지에게 영광을 돌리게 하옵소서. 
앞서 4절의 소망의 두가지 수단이었던 인내와 위로의 하나님을 부르고 있다. 강한 자나 약한 자나 모두 자기 자신들 안에서는 현재의 문제들을 해결할 수 있는 해결책을 찾을 수 없다는 것을 알아야 한다. 하나님 만이 우리를 하나되게 하실 수 있다. 그렇게 하나되는 방법은 바로 그리스도 예수를 본받는 것이다 
다양한 사람들이 모이는 교회가 하나되는 방법은 같은 생각을 하는 것이다. 이 같은 생각은 다름 아닌 그리스도 예수를 본받는 것, 한 마음과 한입으로 아버지께 영광을 돌릴때 남녀노소, 빈부귀천의 든 차이를 극복할 수 있다. 바로 인내와 위로의 하나님께서 이를 이루실 수 있다. 교회가 한마음과 한입으로, 한 뜻으로 오직 하나님께만 영광을 돌린다면 분열이란 있을 수 없다. 문제는 부패한 우리의 본성이 하나님을 영화롭게 하지 않기 때문이다.(롬 1:21) 우리들에게는 다양한 교단적 배경, 신앙 방식의 차이, 정치에 대한 견해의 차이, 삶의 수준이나 방식에 있어서의 차이가 상존하지만 그럼에도 불구하고 우리가 같은 하나님을 예배한다면 우리는 연합을 이루어 낼 수 있다. 
본문속에서 서로는 성도들의 하나됨을 묘사하기 위해서 로마서에서 10번이나 사용되었다. 
  • This theme of unity becomes the subject of the prayer-wish (a type of liturgical prayer; cf. 2 Thess 3:5; 2 Tim 1:16; Heb 13:20–21) of verses 5–6. It combines prayer to God (the major purpose) and exhortation to the church (so Murray 1968). The two means of hope in verse 4 are now linked to endurance and encouragement,or “comfort,” with God the source of both. This is emphasized because Paul wants the Roman Christians to focus on these needs rather than on their differences. Both sides must realize that they cannot endure or find comfort in their present problems without each other. So Paul prays that God will give you a spirit of unity among yourselves.Literally, Paul asks that they learn to “think the same thing” or find a harmony of mental outlook, the very thing he commanded of the Philippians in Philippians 2:2 and 5 and of the Corinthians in 2 Corinthians 13:11. It is of course certain that he is not asking for them to come to agreement on the issues, for that is his whole theme in 14:13–18 and 15:1–2, that they learn to live with their differences. So it must mean that they learn to focus on the major issues of agreement and “agree to disagree” in the areas of conflict. They need to cultivate an attitude of thinking “with one another,” a phrase used ten times in Romans to describe the united fellowship of the saints (1:12; 12:5, 10, 16; 13:8; 14:13; 15:5, 7, 14; 16:16). The basis of this unity is that both sides follow Christ Jesusand center on the salvation he has wrought with his atoning sacrifice.
  •  Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 378.



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