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Remind them xto be submissive to rulers and authorities, yto be obedient, to be ready for every good work, zto speak evil of no one, ato avoid quarreling, to be gentle, and bto show perfect courtesy toward all people.
x Rom. 13:1; 1 Pet. 2:13
y See 2 Tim. 2:21
 See 2 Tim. 2:21
z Eph. 4:31
a 1 Tim. 3:3
b See 2 Tim. 2:25
 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2016), 딛 3:1–2.
 
3 너는 그들로 하여금 통치자들과 권세 잡은 자들에게 복종하며 순종하며 모든 선한 일 행하기를 준비하게 하며
2 아무도 비방하지 말며 다투지 말며 관용하며 범사에 온유함을 모든 사람에게 나타낼 것을 기억하게 하라
 대한성서공회, 성경전서: 개역개정, 전자책. (서울시 서초구 남부순환로 2569: 대한성서공회, 1998), 딛 3.
 
본 1-2절은 성도들의 사회 생활에 대한 일반적인 지도 지침을 제공한다. 이는 바울 서신과 일반 서신에 여러번 등장한다.(롬 13:1-7; 딤전 2:1-3; 벧전 2:13-17) 우리 성도들은 하나님나라의 백성인 동시에 이 땅을 살아가는 시민으로서의 삶을 살아가는 이들이다. 
 
1절) 헬라어 원문은 ‘휘포밈네스케’, ‘기억하게 하라’라는 표현이 1절 맨 앞에 등장하는데 한글 번역은 이를 2절의 마지막에 번역하고 있다. 
 
 
 ‘통치자들과 권세 잡은 자들’은 바울이 자주 사용하는 표현이다.(롬 13:1-7; 고전 15:24; 엡 1:21; 3:10; 6:12; 골 1:16; 2:10, 15) 먼저 통치자들이라고 번역된 표현은 이전 개역한글에서는 ‘정사’로 번역된 표현으로 ‘아르카이스’로 이것의 원형 ‘아르케’는 ‘시작하다’라는 뜻의 동사 ‘아르코마이’에서 유래하여 원래 시간의 연속에서 새로운 시작의 기점을 말하는 ‘시작, 태초’라는 의미를 지녔으나 점점 ‘개시하는 사람’이라는 의미에서 ‘지도자’(골 1:18; 계 1:8; 21:6; 22:13)라는 의미로도 사용되었다. 바울이 자신의 서신서에서 이 ‘아르케’를 대부분 영적 존재인 천사를 지칭했지만 본 문맥속에서는 국가의 위정자들을 지칭하는 것으로 보는 것이 타당하다. ‘권세잡은 자들’로 번역된 ‘엑수시아이스’의 원형 ‘엑수시아’는 ‘선택권, 정신적 육체적인 힘, 권위와 권리, 통치권’등을 의미한다. 힘이나 능력은 아나태는 유사어로 ‘두나미스’도 있다. 두나미스가 체력과 정신력에서 나오는 힘에 강조가 있다면 ‘엑수시아’는 그것이 신적 권위이든 국가적 권위이든 위로부터 주어진 권위에서 발휘되는 힘을 의미한다. 이 통치자들과 권세 잡은 자들은 모두 국가의 공직자들을 의미한다. 
 
바울은 성도들에게 이러한 세상 통치자들과 공직자들의 권위에 복종할 것을 교훈한다. ‘복종’을 의미하는 단어 ‘휘포탓소’는 노예가 주인에게 대하여 절대 복종함을 나타내는데 주로 사용하는 표현이다. 이어서 ‘순종’할 것을 말하는데 ‘페이다르케인’의 원형 ‘페이다르케오’는 하나님께 복종하는 것을 의미할 때 사용되는 표현으로 행 5:29, 32에만 사용되었다. 이처럼 바울은 하나님께만 사용하던 단어를 이 땅의 통치자들에게 사용함으로 그들의 권위가 하나님께로부터 주어진다는 것을 암시하며 그 통치에 순종해야할 것을 권면한다.(마 17:24-27; 22:15-22; 롬 13:1-7; 딤전 2:1-7; 벧전 2:13-17) 특히 바울은 ‘복종하며’로 번역된 ‘휘포탓세스다이’는 현재 수동태 부정사로 쓰고 ‘순종하며’로 번역된 ‘페이다르케인’은 현재 능동태 부정사로 쓰고 있다. 여기서 현재 시제가 사용된 것은 위정자에대한 복종과 순종이 끊임없이 계속되어야 함을 보여준다. 그리고 수동태와 능동태가 교차 사용된 것은 위정자에 대한 복종이 스스로 결정할 수 있는 문제가 아니라 이미 주어진 명령으로 선택의 여지가 없음을 보여줌과 동시에 성도는 이에 대해 보다 능동적인 태도로 임해야함을 말해주는 것이다. 당시의 상황속에서 본 표현을 생각해본다면 그레데인들은 로마의 통치권에서 벗어나기 위해 끊임없이 폭동, 살인 등에 가담하여 격렬하게 저항했다. 바울은 이런이들을 향해 폭력적인 대항 보다는 하나님게로 부터 온 권위에 복종하는 것이 성도의 역할임을 가르쳐주고 있는 것이다. 
 
 
 
 
3:1 Paul charges Titus to continually “remind” (present active imperative of ὑπομιμνῄσκω with accusative of the person and infinitives following) “them” (αὐτούς) of what he has taught about their relation to the state (for such teaching cf. Rom. 12:14–13:10). Those to be reminded are the Christians on Crete, not non-Christians, because only Christians have been previously taught by Paul. Paul addresses the Cretan Christians as a whole, rather than in separate groups as in 2:1–10, because what he now says applies to them all.
If the UBSGNT is correct in having no καί between ἀρχαῖς and ἐξουσίαις, as is found in some manuscripts, most of the versions, and the Fathers (see TCGNT for the argument), then we have a double asyndeton of two pairs, these two dative nouns and the two infinitives that follow them (cf. BDF §460.1). It is most likely that the second infinitive, πειθαρχεῖν, is not to be taken by itself and therefore absolutely, but rather that it is to be taken with both of the nouns. This would mean that the two nouns are governed by both of the infinitives. Parry suggests that “in each case the second word has the effect of qualifying the first: = ‘to ruling powers which have due authority render the submission of an active obedience.’ ” This seems likely even if one might express the qualification differently.
ἀρχαῖς is used here in its sense of earthly “rulers,” as the plural is also used in Lk. 12:11 (BAGD s.v. 3). ἐξουσίαις has as one of its meanings “the power exercised by rulers or others in high position by virtue of their office” (BAGD s.v. 4). It is used here in a particular application of that meaning, i.e., of “human authorities” as “the bearers of the authority” (BAGD s.v. 4c α). The other occurrences of the word in this sense are in Lk. 12:11 (with the plural of ἀρχή as here) and Rom. 13:1, 2, 3 (the only other instance in Paul, with the same subject under discussion).
The first infinitive, ὑποτάσσεσθαι, means here “to subject oneself” or “to be subject” and is used elsewhere in the NT with reference to secular authorities in Rom. 13:1, 5 and 1 Pet. 2:13. The second, πειθαρχεῖν** (also in Acts 5:29, 32; 27:21), “obey,” is probably used here not in a general sense, because it is not used in that way elsewhere in the NT, but rather in the sense of obeying the “rulers and authorities.” LSJM give “obey one in authority” as its basic meaning. Paul makes no qualifications here, just as he does not in Rom. 13:1ff. and as Peter does not in 1 Pet. 2:13. But we know from Acts 5:29 that this obedience is under God, and that, as Peter says there, there are times when one “must obey God rather than humans.”
The next infinitive clause, “to be ready for every good deed,” could be a request for readiness to perform good deeds in society in general or could refer to a readiness to do so in relation to government in particular. The general form of the statement would incline one to regard it as relating to society in general, but its position immediately after the demand to obey authorities suggests that it goes with this demand and explains what such obedience entails. In Rom. 13:3 and 1 Pet. 2:13–15 as well, doing good is mentioned in relation to the state. But even in these other contexts doing good is not restricted to that which relates directly to the government, even though it includes such—in submission, paying of taxes, etc. (cf. Rom. 13:6–7), but seems to include doing good in the larger context. The same is likely the case here, i.e., that the immediate connection is with the government but the statement is not meant to be confined to that.
“Every good work” (πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθόν)** is nearly exclusively a Pauline phenomenon in the NT: It occurs 8x in Paul (2 Cor. 9:8; Col. 1:10; 2 Thes. 2:17; 1 Tim. 5:10 [see the comments there]; Tit. 1:16; here; 2 Tim. 2:21; 3:17) and only once elsewhere (Heb. 13:21). By using πᾶν in the singular and thus specifying “every” individual good work, Paul is speaking as broadly as possible and encouraging Christians to be “prepared” (or “ready,” ἑτοίμους) “for” (πρός), i.e., to be “ready” and willing to do, whatever good work might need doing (cf. for the same phrase 2 Tim. 3:17, and especially 2 Tim. 2:21, which uses it with the cognate verb).
UBSGNT K. Aland, M. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, The Greek New Testament (United Bible Societies). 3rd ed. corrected, Stuttgart, 1983.
TCGNT B. M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. New York, 1971.
BDF F. Blass and A. Debrunner, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, tr. and rev. R. W. Funk from the 10th German ed. Chicago, 1961.
BAGD W. Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, tr. W. F. Arndt and F. W. Gingrich. 2nd ed. rev. and augmented by F. W. Gingrich and F. W. Danker from Bauer’s 5th ed. (1958), Chicago, 1979.
BAGD W. Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, tr. W. F. Arndt and F. W. Gingrich. 2nd ed. rev. and augmented by F. W. Gingrich and F. W. Danker from Bauer’s 5th ed. (1958), Chicago, 1979.
BAGD W. Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, tr. W. F. Arndt and F. W. Gingrich. 2nd ed. rev. and augmented by F. W. Gingrich and F. W. Danker from Bauer’s 5th ed. (1958), Chicago, 1979.
** all occurrences of the word or phrase in the New Testament are listed or it is identified as a New Testament hapax legomenon
LSJM H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, rev. and augmented by H. S. Jones and R. McKenzie, with a Supplement by E. A. Barber. Oxford, 1968.
** all occurrences of the word or phrase in the New Testament are listed or it is identified as a New Testament hapax legomenon
 George W. Knight, The Pastoral Epistles: a commentary on the Greek text, New International Greek Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI; Carlisle, England: W.B. Eerdmans; Paternoster Press, 1992), 332–333.
 
2절) 본절에서 바울은 성도가 다른 이들과의 관계에서 지녀야할 네가지 덕목을 다룬다. 
첫번째는 ‘비방하지 말며’이다. 비방하다라는 의미의 동사 ‘블라스페메인’의 원형 ‘블라스페메오’는 ‘비난하다, 욕하다, 모독하다, 중상하다’라는 의미를 가진다. 복음서에서 유대인들이 예수님을 향해 ‘참람하다’라는 말을 했다(막 2:7). 이 표현은 신성한 것, 즉 하나님이나 성령처럼 마땅히 숭상해야할 대상에 대해 모독하거나 방해하는 것을 말할 때 쓰인다. 그런데 본문에서는 하나님에 대한 신성 모독의 표현이라기 보다는 사람 사이에서 벌어지는 모독적 언사를 의미하는 것으로 ‘아무도 모독하지 말라’라는 의미이다. 
두번째는 ‘다투지 말며’이다. ‘아마쿠스’의 원형 ‘아마코스’는 부정 불변사 ‘아’와 ‘다툼’을 의미하는 명사 ‘마케’의 합성어로 ‘싸움을 삼가는’이라는 뜻이 있다.(딤전 3:3) 싸우지 않는 것은 감독이 지녀야할 덕목일 뿐 아니라 모든 성도들이 지녀야할 덕목이다. 
세번째는 ‘관용하며’이다. ‘에피에이케이스’의 원형 ‘에피에이케스’는 ‘~의 근거 위에, ~을 근거로 하여’란 의미의 전치사 ‘에피’와 ‘자리를 내주다’라는 의미가 있는 동사 ‘에이코’의 합성어로 기꺼이 자래릴 내준다는 의미에서 관용을 의미하게 되었다. 이는 인간의 내면의 중요한 덕목으로 인정이 사려 있는 태도 및 모욕을 받고도 화를 내지 않는 것을 말한다. 헬라 철학에서 ‘에피에이케스’는 이어 나오는 온유함과 더불어 현인이 갖추어야할 가장 중요한 덕목이었다. 
네번째는 ‘온유함을 나타내는 것’이다. 온유함은 예수님의 대표적 성품이며(마 11:29) 성령의 열매 가운데 하나이다.(갈 5:23) 그러한 온유는 만왕의 왕으로서 승리의 백마를 탈 수 있는 자격을 지니신 분이 겸손히 나귀 새끼를 타는 모습으로 나타난다(마 21:5). 하나님께서는 이러한 온유함을 지니고 그 성품을 세상에 나타내는 자들에게 땅을 기업으로 주신다(마 5:5) 힘이 있으나 교만과 자기 과시용으로 사용하지 않는 온유함, 성품이 부드러워서 다른 사람에게 상처를 주지 않는 온유함, 신사적이며 남을 배려할 줄 아는 온유함을 그리스도를 믿는 모든 성도들의 삶에 나타냐야 할 영적 모습이다.(controlled power, 유단자의 겸손) 
‘나타낼 것을’에 해당하는 ‘엔데이크뉘메누스’의 원형 ‘엔데이크뉘미’는 강조의 접두어 ‘엔’과 ‘보이다’라는 의미의 동사 ‘데이크뉘오’의 합성어로서 ‘증명해 보이다, 자기가 지니고 있는 것을 겉으로 나타내 보이다’라는 의미이다. 이렇게 겉으로 나타내는 것은 구체적인 행위를 통해서만 가능하다. 여기서는 현재 분사형을 사용함으로 구체적 인간관계에서 계속하여 온유하게 행해야 한다는 것을 교훈한다. 
여기서 말하는 다른 사람들과의 관계에서 나타나는 덕목들은 모두 자신을 죽이고 양보하고 절제하며 인내하는 요소를 내포한다. 
 
 
 
3:2 Paul continues his list of reminders with four more items. The first is μηδένα βλασφημεῖν, “to speak ill of no one.” Does he still have government officials in mind here or is he now speaking in more general terms? In favor of the latter is the indefiniteness and breadth of the word μηδένα, “no one.” Paul seems to be including any and all people under that word and thereby self-consciously broadening the horizon. Similarly, the conclusion of this verse says that Christians should show consideration to “all people” (πάντας ἀνθρώπους), and this wider perspective is picked up in v. 3. This is not to say that government officials are excluded, but only that they are not exclusively in view.
βλασφημεῖν is used here in the sense of “to speak ill or evil of,” as in Rom. 3:8; 14:16; 1 Cor. 10:30. Paul is not saying by this admonition that Christians must be naive and never correctly evaluate and speak about the evil that they see in anyone, since this is what he himself does in 1:10–16. Rather, he is urging Christians to restrain their natural inclination to say the worst about people. As he puts it in Romans 12, Christians should not “pay back evil for evil to anyone” and should bless rather than curse those who persecute them (vv. 17, 14).
The next two items, ἀμάχους εἶναι, ἐπιεικεῖς, “to be uncontentious, gentle,” go together, as the one infinitive governing them indicates and as they do in the only other NT occurrence of the first, albeit in reverse order, 1 Tim. 3:3 (see the comments there). ἄμαχος is used metaphorically in the NT and means “peaceable” in the sense of “uncontentious” (cf. 2 Tim. 2:23–24). ἐπιεικής** (also in Phil. 4:5; 1 Tim. 3:5; Jas. 3:17; 1 Pet. 2:18) means “gentle,” “kind,” with a concomitant note of graciousness (see the related noun ἐπιείκεια** in Acts 24:4 and especially 2 Cor. 10:1, where Paul urges his readers “by the meekness and gentleness of Christ”). It is often contrasted with severity in Greek literature. See Spicq’s discussion of both words in Notes I, 263–67, and H. Preisker, TDNT II, 588–90 for the second word.
In the last item the participle ἐνδεικνυμένους (see 1 Tim. 1:16; Tit. 2:10) means here “showing” or “demonstrating.” The verb (ἐνδείκνυμι) is used here in a way similar to that of 2 Cor. 8:24, where Paul urges his readers “openly before the churches [to] show them the proof of your love.” Paul concluded the previous section of Titus on ethical admonition with this same participle and also with the same universal πᾶς (2:10: πᾶσαν πίστιν ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀγαθήν).
πραΰτης means “gentleness, humility, courtesy, considerateness, meekness” (BAGD; see also Spicq, Notes III, 570–81; Leivestad, “Meekness”). It may be best understood by its contrast to its opposites, roughness, bad temper, sudden anger, and brusqueness (see F. Hauck and S. Schulz, TDNT VI, 646, who give “mild and gentle friendliness” as the general meaning). English translations vary trying to find the right words to render this term with the qualification πᾶσαν: “perfect courtesy” (RSV), “a consistently gentle disposition” (NEB), “every consideration” (NASB), “always … a gentle attitude” (TEV), “true humility” (NIV). Whatever the nuance for πραΰτητα may be, Paul urges that it be shown not partially but fully (πᾶσαν placed before the verb for emphasis; see BAGD s.v. πᾶς 1aβ). πᾶσαν πραΰτητα is to be shown πρὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους, “toward all people,” i.e., “to everyone” without exception (cf. the occurrences of πάντες ἄνθρωποι in the PE*: 1 Tim. 2:1, 4; 4:10; Tit. 2:11). The double use of πᾶς is quite emphatic: Paul is urging “all” gentleness to “all” people.
This section deals, therefore, with Christians’ relationships to both the civil government and to humanity in general. That Paul speaks of “all people” with non-Christians particularly in mind is made evident by the following verse, where he indicates by the use of “also” that the past condition of the Christians, i.e., their pre-conversion and thus non-Christian state, is what these “all people” are now like. His awareness of the sinfulness of “all people” and the call, nevertheless, for Christians to live with them in gentle and considerate ways leads to the next section, which identifies the theological basis for such action in God’s own action.
** all occurrences of the word or phrase in the New Testament are listed or it is identified as a New Testament hapax legomenon
** all occurrences of the word or phrase in the New Testament are listed or it is identified as a New Testament hapax legomenon
TDNT G. Kittel and G. Friedrich, eds., Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, tr. G. W. Bromiley, I–X. Grand Rapids, 1964–76.
BAGD W. Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, tr. W. F. Arndt and F. W. Gingrich. 2nd ed. rev. and augmented by F. W. Gingrich and F. W. Danker from Bauer’s 5th ed. (1958), Chicago, 1979.
TDNT G. Kittel and G. Friedrich, eds., Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, tr. G. W. Bromiley, I–X. Grand Rapids, 1964–76.
RSV Revised Standard Version
NEB New English Bible
NASB New American Standard Bible
TEV Today’s English Version (Good News Bible)
NIV New International Version
BAGD W. Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, tr. W. F. Arndt and F. W. Gingrich. 2nd ed. rev. and augmented by F. W. Gingrich and F. W. Danker from Bauer’s 5th ed. (1958), Chicago, 1979.
PE Pastoral Epistles
* all occurrences of the word or phrase in Paul or in the Pastoral Epistles are cited
 George W. Knight, The Pastoral Epistles: a commentary on the Greek text, New International Greek Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI; Carlisle, England: W.B. Eerdmans; Paternoster Press, 1992), 333–334.
 
 

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