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13 o“Their throat is pan open grave;
they use their tongues to deceive.”
q“The venom of asps is under their lips.”
14 r“Their mouth is full of curses and bitterness.”
15 s“Their feet are swift to shed blood;
16 in their paths are ruin and misery,
17 and tthe way of peace they have not known.”
18 u“There is no fear of God before their eyes.”
The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2016), Ro 3:13–18.
10-18절은 일반적인 죄로 구약에서 인용한 것들이다. 10, 11, 12, 18절은 모두 죄의 힘, 즉 의인은 없음을 강조하고 있다. 13-14절은 인간의 말에 있어서의 죄를, 15-17절은 일반적인 삶의 방식에 있어서의 죄에 대한 증거를 제시하고 있다.
- Paul uses five quotations from different parts of the OT to underline that sin is universal. It is possible, though by no means certain, that early Christians gathered together this series of references before Paul’s ministry began. It echoes a Jewish practice called “pearlstringing,” citing OT texts on a particular theme. The series is framed by quotations using the opening words “there is no” to show that all people, without exception, are caught in sin’s power (vv. 10, 11, 12, 18). In between, quotations focus on the evidence of sin in human speaking (vv. 13–14) and general lifestyle (vv. 15–17).
Douglas J. Moo, “The Letters and Revelation,” in NIV Zondervan Study Bible: Built on the Truth of Scripture and Centered on the Gospel Message, ed. D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2015), 2296.
13-14절) 그들의 목구멍은 열린 무덤이요 그들의 혀는 속이는데 사용하고 그들의 입술 밑에는 독사의 독이 있다. 그 입은 저주와 악독이 가득하다.
이는 전체적으로 말의 중요성을 강조하고 있다. 열린 무덤이란 바로 시체의 부패함으로 말미암아 나오는 역한 냄새를 의미하는데 말을 할때마다 죽음의 냄새를 내는 이들을 말한다. 또한 그 혀는 속임을 행하는데 그 입술에는 독사의 독이 있어서 모든 사람들을 죽이거나 마비시키는 역할을 한다는 것이다. 사람들은 말을 통해서 다른 이들을 살리기도 하고 죽이기도 한다.
나의 입은 무엇으로 가득차 있는가? 입을 벌려 말을 뱉어낼때마다 그것이 사람을 살리는 말이 되는가 아니면 사람을 죽이는 말이 되는가? 아니면 공동체를 세우는 말이 되는가 공동체를 무너뜨리는 말이 되는가? '말로 천냥빚을 갚는다'는 말이 있지만 반대로 말로 서로 원수가 될 수도 있기에 우리의 입을 잘 관리하는 것은 매우 중요하다.
문화권마다 이 말이 혀에서, 입에서, 입술에서, 목구멍에서 나오는 것으로 달리 표현된다.
- Some receptor languages identify speech with the lips, others with the mouth, still others with the throat, while some do use the tongue in this figurative sense. It may be necessary, therefore, to say “with the throat men speak wicked lies” or “with their lips men utter wicked words.”
Barclay Moon Newman and Eugene Albert Nida, A Handbook on Paul’s Letter to the Romans, UBS Handbook Series (New York: United Bible Societies, 1973), 61.
- The sins of speech (3:13–14) combine three different Old Testament passages held together by the organs of speech—the throat, the tongue, the lips and the mouth. The first is taken from Psalm 5:9 and depicts the throats of the wicked as open graves, a particularly apt metaphor for that which continually produces unclean things (like a corpse). Coming out of it will be decay and death. It does not take much imagination to see the many connections between evil speech and the grave. Morris adds, “An open tomb may be thought of as a tomb ready to receive the dead; taken this way the words point to the murderous impulses of the wicked (cf. Luther, ‘they devour the dead’ … )” (1988:167). As such this would prepare for verses 15–17. The next three statements give illustrations of the deadly results of this. First, their tongues practice deceit, noting the treacherous trickery that always accompanies evil deeds. Second (from Ps 140:3), the poison of vipers is on their lips, referring to the destructive effects of the tongue, but even more to the desire to inflict harm on the other person. Sanday and Headlam (1902:79) note that the text actually says it is under their lips, the actual “position of the poison-bag of the serpent,” possibly referring to the bite (Num 21:9; Prov 23:32) rather than the forked tongue. Third (from Ps 10:7), their mouths are full of cursing and bitterness, noting the habitual tendency of sinful human beings to complain and curse when they fail to get their way.
Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 87–88.
15-18절) 그 발은 피흘리는데 빠르다. 또한 파멸과 고생이 그 길에 있고 평강의 길을 알지 못하고 그들의 눈앞에 하나님을 두려워함이 없다. 이처럼 불의한 사람들의 삶은 이와 같다. 이 반대의 삶은 바로 하나님을 인식함으로 그분을 경외하고 두려워하는 삶을 살아가는 것이다. 그러할때 우리는 복있는 사람의 삶을 살아가게 될 것이다.
본문의 눈 앞에라는 표현은 우리의 세계관을 말한다. 하나님을 두려워함은 하나님을 인정하는 세계관을 가지고 있다는 것이다. 우리가 이면의 영원을 바라보는 안목이 없다면 우리의 삶은 필연적으로 자기중심성에 사로잡혀서 죄를 짓는데 빠르게 될 것이다. 하나님께서는 우리의 영원이 어디를 향하게 될지, 영생인지 영벌인지를 심판하시는 분이시다. 그렇기에 하나님을 인식하지 않고 두려워하지 않는 것은 어리석은 일이다.
- The sins of violence (3:15–17) are drawn from Isaiah 59:7–8, where they are part of a section describing the sinful corruption of Israel. Another part of the body, their feet, probably chosen to symbolize the direction of one’s life, are swift to shed blood (see also Prov 1:16), a reference to the ease with which people hurt and kill each other. As in the image of their mouths are full (v. 14), so their feet are swift points to the frequency with which these terrible things occur. The results of these violent acts are seen in the other two statements: (1) ruin and misery, pointing to the destruction and sorrow that inevitably flow out of such violent occasions, and (2) the rejection of any way of peace, with do not know referring not to ignorance but to willful repudiation (as in 1:18–21; 3:11) of any possibility of peace. Their desire is to destroy others, not to establish peaceful relations.
Finally (v. 18), they have no fear of God, a phrase drawn from Psalm 36:1, where the sinfulness of humanity is contrasted to the righteousness of God. In Proverbs the “fear of God” is the basis of wisdom (Prov 1:7; 9:10; 15:33). As so often in Scripture, fear means not just reverence for God but terror of his judgment (cf. 1 Pet 1:17). In verse 18 the final part of the body is noted, namely, their eyes, probably referring to their outlook on life. The illogical extent to which people think only of the here and now and ignore eternity (or even deny the possibility of eternity) is a tragic byproduct of human self-centeredness. Even more illogical is the incredible effort people give to preparing for the few years of retirement and the corresponding total neglect of preparing for eternity. God is the final Judge who will determine where we spend eternity, and to refuse to give any thought to the ultimate future is the height of folly.
Grant R. Osborne, Romans, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004), 88–89.
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